One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle...One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.展开更多
The isospin asymmetry and quadrupole deformation value of drip-line nuclei are investigated using the Weizsäcker-Skyrme nuclear mass formula.We observe that for heavy nuclei at the neutron drip line,the Coulomb e...The isospin asymmetry and quadrupole deformation value of drip-line nuclei are investigated using the Weizsäcker-Skyrme nuclear mass formula.We observe that for heavy nuclei at the neutron drip line,the Coulomb energy heightened by an aug-mented charge could not be mitigated completely by symmetry energy because of isospin asymmetry saturation but is resisted complementally by strong nuclear deformation.The positions of saltation for the difference in proton numbers between two neighboring nuclei at the neutron drip line,and the isospin asymmetry of the neutron drip-line nucleus as a function of the neutron number distinctly correspond to the known magic numbers,which can serve as a reference to verify the undeter-mined neutron magic number.Through fitting of the binding energy difference between mirror nuclei(BEDbMN),a set of Coulomb energy coefficients with greater accuracy is obtained.A high-precision description of the BEDbMN is useful for accurately determining the experimentally unknown mass of the nucleus close to the proton drip line if the mass of its mirror nucleus is measured experimentally.展开更多
In the present work, the classical Bethe–Weizs?cker(BW) mass formula with five energy terms is revisited and updated. We use the least-squares adjustments on the binding energy of 2497 different nuclides from the las...In the present work, the classical Bethe–Weizs?cker(BW) mass formula with five energy terms is revisited and updated. We use the least-squares adjustments on the binding energy of 2497 different nuclides from the last update of the atomic mass evaluation,AME2016 published in March 2017, to provide a new set of energy coefficients of the mass formula. The obtained set of formula coefficients allowed us to reproduce most of the experimental values of the binding energies for each nucleus with A ≥50. The comparison between the binding energies provided with updated mass formula and those of AME2016 on the one hand, and those of previous works,on the other hand, yields relative errors that oscillate between less than 0.05% and 1.5%. The revisited BW formula is in very good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian...The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian,respectively.For Einstein's GR in the stationary,axisymmetric black holes,the mass formula in vacuum can be derived from this Noether current although it definitely vanishes.This indicates that the mass formula of black holes is a vanishing Noether charge in this case.The first law of black hole thermodynamics can also be derived from the variation relation of this vanishing Noether current.展开更多
Nuclear mass is a fundamental property of nuclear physics and a necessary input in nuclear astrophysics.Owing to the complexity of atomic nuclei and nonperturbative strong interactions,conventional physical models can...Nuclear mass is a fundamental property of nuclear physics and a necessary input in nuclear astrophysics.Owing to the complexity of atomic nuclei and nonperturbative strong interactions,conventional physical models cannot completely describe nuclear binding energies.In this study,the mass formula was improved by considering an additional term from the Fermi gas model.All nuclear masses in the Atomic Mass Evaluation Database were reproduced with a root-mean-square deviation(RMSD)of -1.86 MeV(1.92 MeV).The new mass formula exhibits good performance in the neutron-rich nuclear region.The RMSD decreases to 0.393 MeV when the ratio of the neutron number to the proton number is≥1.6.展开更多
An analytic phenomenological shell model mass formula for light nuclei is constructed. The formula takes into account the non locality of the self consistent single particle potential and the special features of light...An analytic phenomenological shell model mass formula for light nuclei is constructed. The formula takes into account the non locality of the self consistent single particle potential and the special features of light nuclei, namely： （a） charge and mass distributions are closer to a Gaussian shape than to the shape characteristic in medium and heavy nuclei; （b） the central charge and mass densities are larger than, and decrease towards, the ＂asymptotic＂ values that are the reference parameters for nuclear matter; and （c） after a shell closure, the next level has a larger orbital angular momentum and a noticeably larger mean square radius. Only then a good numerical fit is obtained with parameters consistent with optical model analysis and empirical spin-orbit couplings. A correlation between the ＂skin effect＂ and the symmetry dependence of the optical potential is established. Towards the neutron drip line the potential well depth, the spin-orbit splitting of the single particle levels and the gap between major shells decrease, as has been observed. The ensuing shift and contraction of the single particle level scheme may lead to： （a） to strong configuration mixing and new magic numbers, and （b） the onset of the halo effect, to avoid the expulsion of single particle levels to the continuum.展开更多
The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the rea...The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the realization that the mass of an elementary particle of SM is not “God-given” but is created by interactions with involved energy fields. Nevertheless, a sophisticated model to answer fundamental questions is still missing. Further research is needed to compensate for the existing deficit. The current paper is aimed to contribute to such research by using “harmonic quark series”. Harmonic quark series were introduced between 2003 and 2005 by O. A. Teplov and represented a relatively new approach to understanding the physical masses of elementary particles. Although they are not generally recognized, some research works have revealed very interesting and exciting facts regarding the mass quanta. The original harmonic quark series consists of mathematical “quark” entities with an energy-mass quantum between 7.87 MeV and 69.2 GeV. They obey a strict mathematical rule derived from the general harmonic oscillation theory. Teplov showed some quantitative relations between the masses of his harmonic quarks and the SM particles, especially in the intermediate mass range, i.e. mesons and hadrons up to 1000 MeV. Early research work also includes the investigation of H. Yang/W. Yang in the development of their so-called YY model for elementary particles (Ying-Yang model with “Ying” and “Yang” as quark components for a new theoretical particle framework). Based on Teplov’s scheme and its mathematical formula, they introduced further harmonic quarks down to 1 eV and showed some quantitative relationships between the masses of these harmonic quarks and the masses of electrons and up and down quarks. In this article, we will extend the harmonic quark series according to the Teplov scheme up to a new entity with a mass quantum of 253.4 GeV and show some interesting new mass relations to the heavy particles of the Standard Model (W boson, Z boson, top quark and Higgs boson). Based on these facts, some predictions will be made for experimental verification. We also hope that our investigation and result will motivate more researcher to dedicate their work to harmonic quark series in theory and in experiments.展开更多
In this paper we consider a model in which the masses of elementary particles are formed and stabilized thanks to confining potential, which is caused by recoil momentum at emission of specific virtual bosons by parti...In this paper we consider a model in which the masses of elementary particles are formed and stabilized thanks to confining potential, which is caused by recoil momentum at emission of specific virtual bosons by particle itself. The calculation of this confining potential Ф(R) is carried out. It is shown that Ф(R) may be in the form const or const depending on continuous or discrete nature of the spectrum of emitted bosons.展开更多
In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus ...In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.展开更多
In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus ...In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.展开更多
A solid sustained-release energetic material sample,an eruption device and a complete test system were prepared further to analyse the combustion characteristics of solid sustainedrelease energetic materials.The high-...A solid sustained-release energetic material sample,an eruption device and a complete test system were prepared further to analyse the combustion characteristics of solid sustainedrelease energetic materials.The high-temperature heat flux generated by the combustion of the samples from the eruption device was used to penetrate the Q235 target plate.In addition,the meaning and calculation formula of energy density characterising the all-around performance of heat flux were proposed.The numerical simulation of the combustion effect of samples was carried out.According to the data comparison,the numerical simulation results agreed with the experimental results,and the maximum deviation between the two was less than 8.9%.In addition,the structure of the combustion wave and high-temperature jet was proposed and analysed.Based on theoretical analysis,experimental research and numerical simulation,the theoretical burning rate formula of the sample was established.The maximum error between the theoretically calculated mass burning rate and the experimental results was less than 9.8%.Therefore,using the gas-phase steady-state combustion model to study the combustion characteristics of solid sustained-release energetic materials was reasonable.The theoretical burning rate formula also had high accuracy.Therefore,the model could provide scientific and academic guidance for the theoretical research,system design and practical application of solid sustained-release energetic materials in related fields.展开更多
The Concept of MOND (Modifying Newtonian Dynamics) was proposed by Mordehai Milgrom as a possible way to reconcile the difference between the experimentally observed high values and the calculated values using Newton...The Concept of MOND (Modifying Newtonian Dynamics) was proposed by Mordehai Milgrom as a possible way to reconcile the difference between the experimentally observed high values and the calculated values using Newton’s Law of Gravity for the dynamical parameters of orbiting stars in a galaxy, without having to introduce the concept of dark matter. Milgrom’s MOND concept challenges the need for dark matter to account for the above difference. The experimentally observed velocity rotation curves of stars in a galaxy show that for small values of r (distance of the star from the centre of the galaxy), the velocity observed (VO) for the orbiting star fairly agrees with values (VN) calculated using Newton’s law of gravity. But as r increases, the difference between VO and VN gradually increases. For very large values of r, VO increases with a constant slope. Finally, VO becomes fairly constant with distance. The above features of VO cannot be explained by Newton’s law of gravity. Milgrom successfully showed that the above features can be explained by modifying Newton’s law of gravity as F=GMmr2μwhere μ is a function just added by Milgrom without a supporting theory behind and is assumed to have certain special properties to suit the purpose. In this paper, it is shown that when the attenuation of dark energy by the space medium is taken into account, Newton’s law of gravity gets modified with a correction term in it. This correction term surprisingly gives rise to the required properties of the function μ added by Milgrom to the existing conventional law of gravity. The work presented here therefore can be considered as a theoretical support for the successful phenomenological scheme proposed by Milgrom.展开更多
We propose and test a new method of estimating the model parameters of the phenomenological BetheWeizsacker mass formula.Based on the Monte Carlo sampling of a large dataset,we obtain,for the first time,a Cauchy-type ...We propose and test a new method of estimating the model parameters of the phenomenological BetheWeizsacker mass formula.Based on the Monte Carlo sampling of a large dataset,we obtain,for the first time,a Cauchy-type parameter distribution formed by the exact solutions of linear equation systems.Using the maximum likelihood estimation,the location and scale parameters are evaluated.The estimated results are compared with those obtained by solving overdetermined systems,e.g.,the solutions of the traditional least-squares method.Parameter correlations and uncertainty propagation are briefly discussed.As expected,it is also found that improvements in theoretical modeling(e.g.,considering microscopic corrections)decrease the parameter and propagation uncertainties.展开更多
A nuclear mass formula based on the macroscopic microscopic approach is proposed,in which the number of model parameters is reduced compared with other macroscopic microscopic models.The root mean square(RMS)deviation...A nuclear mass formula based on the macroscopic microscopic approach is proposed,in which the number of model parameters is reduced compared with other macroscopic microscopic models.The root mean square(RMS)deviation with respect to 2314 training sets(measured nuclear masses)is reduced to 0.447 MeV,and the calculated value of each nucleus is no more than 0.8%different from the experimental value.The single and two nucleon separation energies and the shell gaps are calculated to test the model.The shell corrections and double magic number of superheavy nuclei are also analyzed.展开更多
We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental d...We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental data. It is also shown that the two-gluon exchange interactions bring a significant correction to the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula.展开更多
This paper was published online on 28 June 2025,and there is a numerical error in Fig.1 of the published version.This correction only resulted in minor changes to the last decimal places of the root mean square(rms)de...This paper was published online on 28 June 2025,and there is a numerical error in Fig.1 of the published version.This correction only resulted in minor changes to the last decimal places of the root mean square(rms)deviation of the BWK formula,and through rigorous verification,such discrepancies will not have any impact on the key conclusions of the paper.The Fig.1 in the published version is corrected as Fig.1 in this erratum.Fig.1.Differences between the experimental binding energies and predictions calculated using the BWK*and BWK formulas,respectively.The dashed lines denote the traditional magic numbers.展开更多
This paper contains two parts toward studying abelian varieties from the classification point of view.In a series of papers[Doc.Math.,21,1607–1643(2016)],[Taiwan Residents J.Math.,20(4),723–741(2016)],etc.,the curre...This paper contains two parts toward studying abelian varieties from the classification point of view.In a series of papers[Doc.Math.,21,1607–1643(2016)],[Taiwan Residents J.Math.,20(4),723–741(2016)],etc.,the current authors and T.C.Yang obtain explicit formulas for the numbers of superspecial abelian surfaces over finite fields.In this paper,we give an explicit formula for the size of the isogeny class of simple abelian surfaces with real Weil number q1/2.This establishes a key step that extends our previous explicit calculation of superspecial abelian surfaces to those of supersingular abelian surfaces.The second part is to introduce the notion of genera and idealcomplexes of abelian varieties with additional structures in a general setting.The purpose is to generalize the previous work by the second named author[Forum Math.,22(3),565–582(2010)]on abelian varieties with additional structures to similitude classes,which establishes more results on the connection between geometrically defined and arithmetically defined masses for further investigations.展开更多
文摘One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2022YFE0103400)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(No.2021GXNSFAA196052)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11965004).
文摘The isospin asymmetry and quadrupole deformation value of drip-line nuclei are investigated using the Weizsäcker-Skyrme nuclear mass formula.We observe that for heavy nuclei at the neutron drip line,the Coulomb energy heightened by an aug-mented charge could not be mitigated completely by symmetry energy because of isospin asymmetry saturation but is resisted complementally by strong nuclear deformation.The positions of saltation for the difference in proton numbers between two neighboring nuclei at the neutron drip line,and the isospin asymmetry of the neutron drip-line nucleus as a function of the neutron number distinctly correspond to the known magic numbers,which can serve as a reference to verify the undeter-mined neutron magic number.Through fitting of the binding energy difference between mirror nuclei(BEDbMN),a set of Coulomb energy coefficients with greater accuracy is obtained.A high-precision description of the BEDbMN is useful for accurately determining the experimentally unknown mass of the nucleus close to the proton drip line if the mass of its mirror nucleus is measured experimentally.
文摘In the present work, the classical Bethe–Weizs?cker(BW) mass formula with five energy terms is revisited and updated. We use the least-squares adjustments on the binding energy of 2497 different nuclides from the last update of the atomic mass evaluation,AME2016 published in March 2017, to provide a new set of energy coefficients of the mass formula. The obtained set of formula coefficients allowed us to reproduce most of the experimental values of the binding energies for each nucleus with A ≥50. The comparison between the binding energies provided with updated mass formula and those of AME2016 on the one hand, and those of previous works,on the other hand, yields relative errors that oscillate between less than 0.05% and 1.5%. The revisited BW formula is in very good agreement with the experimental data.
文摘The Noether current and its variation relation with respect to diffeomorphism invariance of gravitational theories have been derived from the horizontal variation and vertical-horizontal bi-variation of the Lagrangian,respectively.For Einstein's GR in the stationary,axisymmetric black holes,the mass formula in vacuum can be derived from this Noether current although it definitely vanishes.This indicates that the mass formula of black holes is a vanishing Noether charge in this case.The first law of black hole thermodynamics can also be derived from the variation relation of this vanishing Noether current.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175199 and U2267205)a ZSTU intramural grant(No.22062267-Y).
文摘Nuclear mass is a fundamental property of nuclear physics and a necessary input in nuclear astrophysics.Owing to the complexity of atomic nuclei and nonperturbative strong interactions,conventional physical models cannot completely describe nuclear binding energies.In this study,the mass formula was improved by considering an additional term from the Fermi gas model.All nuclear masses in the Atomic Mass Evaluation Database were reproduced with a root-mean-square deviation(RMSD)of -1.86 MeV(1.92 MeV).The new mass formula exhibits good performance in the neutron-rich nuclear region.The RMSD decreases to 0.393 MeV when the ratio of the neutron number to the proton number is≥1.6.
文摘An analytic phenomenological shell model mass formula for light nuclei is constructed. The formula takes into account the non locality of the self consistent single particle potential and the special features of light nuclei, namely： （a） charge and mass distributions are closer to a Gaussian shape than to the shape characteristic in medium and heavy nuclei; （b） the central charge and mass densities are larger than, and decrease towards, the ＂asymptotic＂ values that are the reference parameters for nuclear matter; and （c） after a shell closure, the next level has a larger orbital angular momentum and a noticeably larger mean square radius. Only then a good numerical fit is obtained with parameters consistent with optical model analysis and empirical spin-orbit couplings. A correlation between the ＂skin effect＂ and the symmetry dependence of the optical potential is established. Towards the neutron drip line the potential well depth, the spin-orbit splitting of the single particle levels and the gap between major shells decrease, as has been observed. The ensuing shift and contraction of the single particle level scheme may lead to： （a） to strong configuration mixing and new magic numbers, and （b） the onset of the halo effect, to avoid the expulsion of single particle levels to the continuum.
文摘The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the realization that the mass of an elementary particle of SM is not “God-given” but is created by interactions with involved energy fields. Nevertheless, a sophisticated model to answer fundamental questions is still missing. Further research is needed to compensate for the existing deficit. The current paper is aimed to contribute to such research by using “harmonic quark series”. Harmonic quark series were introduced between 2003 and 2005 by O. A. Teplov and represented a relatively new approach to understanding the physical masses of elementary particles. Although they are not generally recognized, some research works have revealed very interesting and exciting facts regarding the mass quanta. The original harmonic quark series consists of mathematical “quark” entities with an energy-mass quantum between 7.87 MeV and 69.2 GeV. They obey a strict mathematical rule derived from the general harmonic oscillation theory. Teplov showed some quantitative relations between the masses of his harmonic quarks and the SM particles, especially in the intermediate mass range, i.e. mesons and hadrons up to 1000 MeV. Early research work also includes the investigation of H. Yang/W. Yang in the development of their so-called YY model for elementary particles (Ying-Yang model with “Ying” and “Yang” as quark components for a new theoretical particle framework). Based on Teplov’s scheme and its mathematical formula, they introduced further harmonic quarks down to 1 eV and showed some quantitative relationships between the masses of these harmonic quarks and the masses of electrons and up and down quarks. In this article, we will extend the harmonic quark series according to the Teplov scheme up to a new entity with a mass quantum of 253.4 GeV and show some interesting new mass relations to the heavy particles of the Standard Model (W boson, Z boson, top quark and Higgs boson). Based on these facts, some predictions will be made for experimental verification. We also hope that our investigation and result will motivate more researcher to dedicate their work to harmonic quark series in theory and in experiments.
文摘In this paper we consider a model in which the masses of elementary particles are formed and stabilized thanks to confining potential, which is caused by recoil momentum at emission of specific virtual bosons by particle itself. The calculation of this confining potential Ф(R) is carried out. It is shown that Ф(R) may be in the form const or const depending on continuous or discrete nature of the spectrum of emitted bosons.
文摘In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.
文摘In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.
文摘A solid sustained-release energetic material sample,an eruption device and a complete test system were prepared further to analyse the combustion characteristics of solid sustainedrelease energetic materials.The high-temperature heat flux generated by the combustion of the samples from the eruption device was used to penetrate the Q235 target plate.In addition,the meaning and calculation formula of energy density characterising the all-around performance of heat flux were proposed.The numerical simulation of the combustion effect of samples was carried out.According to the data comparison,the numerical simulation results agreed with the experimental results,and the maximum deviation between the two was less than 8.9%.In addition,the structure of the combustion wave and high-temperature jet was proposed and analysed.Based on theoretical analysis,experimental research and numerical simulation,the theoretical burning rate formula of the sample was established.The maximum error between the theoretically calculated mass burning rate and the experimental results was less than 9.8%.Therefore,using the gas-phase steady-state combustion model to study the combustion characteristics of solid sustained-release energetic materials was reasonable.The theoretical burning rate formula also had high accuracy.Therefore,the model could provide scientific and academic guidance for the theoretical research,system design and practical application of solid sustained-release energetic materials in related fields.
文摘The Concept of MOND (Modifying Newtonian Dynamics) was proposed by Mordehai Milgrom as a possible way to reconcile the difference between the experimentally observed high values and the calculated values using Newton’s Law of Gravity for the dynamical parameters of orbiting stars in a galaxy, without having to introduce the concept of dark matter. Milgrom’s MOND concept challenges the need for dark matter to account for the above difference. The experimentally observed velocity rotation curves of stars in a galaxy show that for small values of r (distance of the star from the centre of the galaxy), the velocity observed (VO) for the orbiting star fairly agrees with values (VN) calculated using Newton’s law of gravity. But as r increases, the difference between VO and VN gradually increases. For very large values of r, VO increases with a constant slope. Finally, VO becomes fairly constant with distance. The above features of VO cannot be explained by Newton’s law of gravity. Milgrom successfully showed that the above features can be explained by modifying Newton’s law of gravity as F=GMmr2μwhere μ is a function just added by Milgrom without a supporting theory behind and is assumed to have certain special properties to suit the purpose. In this paper, it is shown that when the attenuation of dark energy by the space medium is taken into account, Newton’s law of gravity gets modified with a correction term in it. This correction term surprisingly gives rise to the required properties of the function μ added by Milgrom to the existing conventional law of gravity. The work presented here therefore can be considered as a theoretical support for the successful phenomenological scheme proposed by Milgrom.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11975209,U2032211,12075287)the Physics Research and Development Program of Zhengzhou University(32410017)+1 种基金the Project of Youth Backbone Teachers of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province(2017GGJS008)the Polish National Science Centre(2016/21/B/ST2/01227)。
文摘We propose and test a new method of estimating the model parameters of the phenomenological BetheWeizsacker mass formula.Based on the Monte Carlo sampling of a large dataset,we obtain,for the first time,a Cauchy-type parameter distribution formed by the exact solutions of linear equation systems.Using the maximum likelihood estimation,the location and scale parameters are evaluated.The estimated results are compared with those obtained by solving overdetermined systems,e.g.,the solutions of the traditional least-squares method.Parameter correlations and uncertainty propagation are briefly discussed.As expected,it is also found that improvements in theoretical modeling(e.g.,considering microscopic corrections)decrease the parameter and propagation uncertainties.
文摘A nuclear mass formula based on the macroscopic microscopic approach is proposed,in which the number of model parameters is reduced compared with other macroscopic microscopic models.The root mean square(RMS)deviation with respect to 2314 training sets(measured nuclear masses)is reduced to 0.447 MeV,and the calculated value of each nucleus is no more than 0.8%different from the experimental value.The single and two nucleon separation energies and the shell gaps are calculated to test the model.The shell corrections and double magic number of superheavy nuclei are also analyzed.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10721063)
文摘We report our investigation on the octet baryon spectrum in the nonrelativistic quark model by taking into account the two-gluon exchange effect. The calculated octet baryon masses agree better with the experimental data. It is also shown that the two-gluon exchange interactions bring a significant correction to the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12375109,11875070,11935001)the Anhui project(Z010118169)+2 种基金the Key Research Foundation of Education Ministry of Anhui Province(2023AH050095)University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2023-007)the University Natural Science Outstanding Youth Research Projects of Anhui Province(2022AH030039)。
文摘This paper was published online on 28 June 2025,and there is a numerical error in Fig.1 of the published version.This correction only resulted in minor changes to the last decimal places of the root mean square(rms)deviation of the BWK formula,and through rigorous verification,such discrepancies will not have any impact on the key conclusions of the paper.The Fig.1 in the published version is corrected as Fig.1 in this erratum.Fig.1.Differences between the experimental binding energies and predictions calculated using the BWK*and BWK formulas,respectively.The dashed lines denote the traditional magic numbers.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11601395)supported by the MoST(Grant Nos.104-2115-M-001-001MY3 and 107-2115-M-001-001-MY2)。
文摘This paper contains two parts toward studying abelian varieties from the classification point of view.In a series of papers[Doc.Math.,21,1607–1643(2016)],[Taiwan Residents J.Math.,20(4),723–741(2016)],etc.,the current authors and T.C.Yang obtain explicit formulas for the numbers of superspecial abelian surfaces over finite fields.In this paper,we give an explicit formula for the size of the isogeny class of simple abelian surfaces with real Weil number q1/2.This establishes a key step that extends our previous explicit calculation of superspecial abelian surfaces to those of supersingular abelian surfaces.The second part is to introduce the notion of genera and idealcomplexes of abelian varieties with additional structures in a general setting.The purpose is to generalize the previous work by the second named author[Forum Math.,22(3),565–582(2010)]on abelian varieties with additional structures to similitude classes,which establishes more results on the connection between geometrically defined and arithmetically defined masses for further investigations.
