The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons,...The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.展开更多
This paper presents theoretical investigation on explanation of the mass defect estimating a new value for the proton mass inside the nucleus in the presence of the gravitational potential, the work has been done by u...This paper presents theoretical investigation on explanation of the mass defect estimating a new value for the proton mass inside the nucleus in the presence of the gravitational potential, the work has been done by using a new theory called the generalized special relativity (GSR).展开更多
Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and met...Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and metabolites in plasma is of great significance for understanding potentially effective compounds.The aim of this study is to elucidate the metabolites and main metabolic pathways of LQL in vivo.Methods:In this study,a reliable approach integrated background subtraction and mass defect filtering(MDF),based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(QTOF-MS)technology,was performed to systematically scan the metabolites of LOL in rat plasma.In addition,according to the prototype mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern and combined with metabolic pathway analysis,a biotransformation oriented analysis strategy was established and applied to the identification of metabolites in LOL in vivo.Results:As a result,159 compounds(58 prototypes and 101 metabolites)were identified or tentatively characterized in drug-containing plasma,including 74 flavonoids,30 alkaloids,34 terpenoids,five phenylpropanoids,six phenolic acids,five fatty acids,and five other type components.The main metabolic pathways include methylation,demethylation,hydroxylation,hydrogenation,glucuronidation,and sulfation.Conclusions:This study provides an overall characterization of the metabolites of LOL in vivo for the first time,providing a solid material basis for exploring the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of LOL.展开更多
In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the author is applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from space considered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological...In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the author is applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from space considered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, and induces a deformation coat in its surrounding. The principles of the interaction of particles with space and through space between themselves are considered in detail. The approach states that real quarks possess only an integer charge (±e) and when moving they periodically change to the monopole state (⇄g) and hence, canonical particles are dynamic dyons. A neutrino emerges as a squeezed quark when it is in a monopole state, or in other words, the quark monopole state (a bubble in the tessellattice) is transferred to the appropriate lepton monopole state (a speck in the tessellattice). The self-mass (a “rest” mass) for each neutrino flavour is calculated. The calculated value of the self-mass for the electron anti-neutrino is 1.22873978 × 10<sup>-36</sup> kg = 0.68927247 eV/c<sup>2</sup>. The concept of neutrino oscillations is revised, and another postulation is proposed, namely, that the transition from lighter to heavier flavors is due to the inelastic scattering of neutrinos on oncoming scatterers. As a result, the neutrino captures the mass defect, becomes heavier, and therefore the transitions V<sub>e</sub>⟶V<sub>μ</sub> and V<sub>μ</sub>⟶V<sub>τ</sub> occur;thus, the number of light neutrinos decreases in the neutrino flux studied.展开更多
飞行时间二次离子质谱(time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,TOF-SIMS)作为一种高灵敏度、高分辨率的表面分析技术,在材料科学领域应用广泛。聚焦于TOF-SIMS在钢铁材料分析中的应用,探讨了其在薄膜/钝化膜分析、微量元素残...飞行时间二次离子质谱(time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,TOF-SIMS)作为一种高灵敏度、高分辨率的表面分析技术,在材料科学领域应用广泛。聚焦于TOF-SIMS在钢铁材料分析中的应用,探讨了其在薄膜/钝化膜分析、微量元素残留、晶界富集、表面基团表征及氢元素分析等方面的潜力。凭借高空间分辨率和卓越的化学灵敏度,TOF-SIMS能提供高精度的表面成分分布、深度剖析与三维成像结果,有效克服了能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)等传统分析方法在灵敏度与元素检测范围上的局限性。通过镀锡板黄斑缺陷、ZM镀层钢板残油及BW600钢晶界元素富集等案例,展示了该技术的实际应用。特别是在氢脆研究中,TOF-SIMS能够高效、精确地表征氢在材料中的分布,为揭示氢脆机理提供了独特优势。综上,TOF-SIMS技术在钢铁材料缺陷分析中具有广阔的应用前景,可为钢铁行业提供精准的分析手段,从而推动相关领域的技术进步。展开更多
The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f...The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f., especially those in trace concentrations, with a focus on antitumor activity. The cardiac glycosides(CGs)-enriched part was determined using in vitro bioactive assays in three cancer cell lines and then isolated using macroporous resins. The MS and MS/MS data were acquired using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time of flight(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system. To acquire data of trace compound in the extract, a multiple segment program was applied to modify the HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. A mass defect filter(MDF) approach was employed to make a primary MS data filtration. Utilizing a MATLAB program, the redundant peaks obtained by imprecise MDF template calculated with limited references were excluded by fragment ion classification, which was based on the ion occurrence number in the MDF-filtered total ion chromatograms(TIC). Additionally, the complete cleavage pathways of CG aglycones were proposed to assist the structural identification of 29 common fragment ions(CFIs, ion occurrence number ≥ 5) and diagnostic fragment ions(DFIs, ion occurrence number < 5). As a result, 30 CGs were filtered out from the MDF results, among which 23 were identified. This newly developed strategy may provide a rapid and effective tool for identifying structure-related compounds in herbal medicines.展开更多
An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primar...An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primary group with an average geometrical size larger than or in the same order of magnitude of wavelength of a concerned stress wave is defined as 'macro-joints',while the secondary group with a high density and relatively small geometrical size compared to the wavelength is known as 'micro-defects'.The rock mass with micro-defects is modeled as an equivalent viscoelastic medium while the macro-joints in the rock mass are modeled explicitly as physical discontinuities.Viscoelastic properties of a micro-defected sedimentary rock are obtained by longitudinally impacting a cored long sedimentary rod with a pendulum.Wave propagation coefficient and dynamic viscoelastic modulus are measured.The EDDM is then successfully employed to analyze the wave propagation across macro-joint in VRM.The effect of the rock viscosity on the stress wave propagation is evaluated by comparing the results of VRM from the presented EDDM with those of an elastic rock mass (ERM) from the conventional displacement discontinuity method (CDDM).The CDDM is a special case of the EDDM under the condition that the rock viscosity is ignored.Comparison of the reflected and transmitted waves shows that the essential rock viscosity has a significant effect on stress wave attenuation.When a short propagation distance of a stress wave is considered,the results obtained from the CDDM approximate to the EDDM solutions,however,when the propagation distance is sufficiently long relative to the wavelength,the effect of rock viscosity on the stress wave propagation cannot be ignored.展开更多
This study presents a scheme for the identification and trimming of the first three harmonics of mass defects in micro hemispherical resonators(MHRs),aiming to refine their mass balancing techniques.Given the manufact...This study presents a scheme for the identification and trimming of the first three harmonics of mass defects in micro hemispherical resonators(MHRs),aiming to refine their mass balancing techniques.Given the manufacturing and structural uniqueness of MHRs,a multimodal elastic electrode substrate is designed to respond to the first three harmonics.Configured as cantilever beams with a load platform,this substrate forms an identification assembly with the MHR.The radial eccentric forces generated by the 1st and 3rd harmonics in the MHR can excite the swing modes of the assembly,while the axial force generated by the 2nd harmonic can induce axial mode vibrations along the Z-axis.A method is proposed to decompose the vibration information of the elastic electrode substrate into doublecycle,single-cycle,and offset components under the N=2 modes,enabling the extraction of swing mode and Z-axis translational mode response signals and the retro-calculation of the first three harmonics.Finite element simulation,based on a model of the identification assembly,validates the proposed scheme by simulating the identification and trimming process.Subsequently,an identification assembly sample is fabricated and subjected to identification and trimming of the first three harmonics using a laser vibrometer and femtosecond laser ablation process.After multiple iterations,the first three harmonics are reduced by 92.8%,89.3%,and 75.5%,respectively,effectively suppressing the swing modes and axial translation modes induced by unbalanced mass.展开更多
文摘The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.
文摘This paper presents theoretical investigation on explanation of the mass defect estimating a new value for the proton mass inside the nucleus in the presence of the gravitational potential, the work has been done by using a new theory called the generalized special relativity (GSR).
文摘Objective:Lanqin oral liquid(LOL),as a traditional Chinese medicine prescription,has obvious clinical efficacy in the treatment of pharyngeal inflammation.Exploring the distribution of LOL prototype components and metabolites in plasma is of great significance for understanding potentially effective compounds.The aim of this study is to elucidate the metabolites and main metabolic pathways of LQL in vivo.Methods:In this study,a reliable approach integrated background subtraction and mass defect filtering(MDF),based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(QTOF-MS)technology,was performed to systematically scan the metabolites of LOL in rat plasma.In addition,according to the prototype mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern and combined with metabolic pathway analysis,a biotransformation oriented analysis strategy was established and applied to the identification of metabolites in LOL in vivo.Results:As a result,159 compounds(58 prototypes and 101 metabolites)were identified or tentatively characterized in drug-containing plasma,including 74 flavonoids,30 alkaloids,34 terpenoids,five phenylpropanoids,six phenolic acids,five fatty acids,and five other type components.The main metabolic pathways include methylation,demethylation,hydroxylation,hydrogenation,glucuronidation,and sulfation.Conclusions:This study provides an overall characterization of the metabolites of LOL in vivo for the first time,providing a solid material basis for exploring the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of LOL.
文摘In this paper, the submicroscopic deterministic concept developed by the author is applied to the problem of the neutrino mass. A particle appears from space considered as a mathematical lattice of primary topological balls, and induces a deformation coat in its surrounding. The principles of the interaction of particles with space and through space between themselves are considered in detail. The approach states that real quarks possess only an integer charge (±e) and when moving they periodically change to the monopole state (⇄g) and hence, canonical particles are dynamic dyons. A neutrino emerges as a squeezed quark when it is in a monopole state, or in other words, the quark monopole state (a bubble in the tessellattice) is transferred to the appropriate lepton monopole state (a speck in the tessellattice). The self-mass (a “rest” mass) for each neutrino flavour is calculated. The calculated value of the self-mass for the electron anti-neutrino is 1.22873978 × 10<sup>-36</sup> kg = 0.68927247 eV/c<sup>2</sup>. The concept of neutrino oscillations is revised, and another postulation is proposed, namely, that the transition from lighter to heavier flavors is due to the inelastic scattering of neutrinos on oncoming scatterers. As a result, the neutrino captures the mass defect, becomes heavier, and therefore the transitions V<sub>e</sub>⟶V<sub>μ</sub> and V<sub>μ</sub>⟶V<sub>τ</sub> occur;thus, the number of light neutrinos decreases in the neutrino flux studied.
文摘飞行时间二次离子质谱(time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,TOF-SIMS)作为一种高灵敏度、高分辨率的表面分析技术,在材料科学领域应用广泛。聚焦于TOF-SIMS在钢铁材料分析中的应用,探讨了其在薄膜/钝化膜分析、微量元素残留、晶界富集、表面基团表征及氢元素分析等方面的潜力。凭借高空间分辨率和卓越的化学灵敏度,TOF-SIMS能提供高精度的表面成分分布、深度剖析与三维成像结果,有效克服了能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)等传统分析方法在灵敏度与元素检测范围上的局限性。通过镀锡板黄斑缺陷、ZM镀层钢板残油及BW600钢晶界元素富集等案例,展示了该技术的实际应用。特别是在氢脆研究中,TOF-SIMS能够高效、精确地表征氢在材料中的分布,为揭示氢脆机理提供了独特优势。综上,TOF-SIMS技术在钢铁材料缺陷分析中具有广阔的应用前景,可为钢铁行业提供精准的分析手段,从而推动相关领域的技术进步。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81673567 and 81703382)
文摘The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f., especially those in trace concentrations, with a focus on antitumor activity. The cardiac glycosides(CGs)-enriched part was determined using in vitro bioactive assays in three cancer cell lines and then isolated using macroporous resins. The MS and MS/MS data were acquired using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time of flight(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system. To acquire data of trace compound in the extract, a multiple segment program was applied to modify the HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. A mass defect filter(MDF) approach was employed to make a primary MS data filtration. Utilizing a MATLAB program, the redundant peaks obtained by imprecise MDF template calculated with limited references were excluded by fragment ion classification, which was based on the ion occurrence number in the MDF-filtered total ion chromatograms(TIC). Additionally, the complete cleavage pathways of CG aglycones were proposed to assist the structural identification of 29 common fragment ions(CFIs, ion occurrence number ≥ 5) and diagnostic fragment ions(DFIs, ion occurrence number < 5). As a result, 30 CGs were filtered out from the MDF results, among which 23 were identified. This newly developed strategy may provide a rapid and effective tool for identifying structure-related compounds in herbal medicines.
文摘An extended displacement discontinuity method (EDDM) is proposed to analyze the stress wave propagation in jointed viscoelastic rock mass (VRM).The discontinuities in a rock mass are divided into two groups.The primary group with an average geometrical size larger than or in the same order of magnitude of wavelength of a concerned stress wave is defined as 'macro-joints',while the secondary group with a high density and relatively small geometrical size compared to the wavelength is known as 'micro-defects'.The rock mass with micro-defects is modeled as an equivalent viscoelastic medium while the macro-joints in the rock mass are modeled explicitly as physical discontinuities.Viscoelastic properties of a micro-defected sedimentary rock are obtained by longitudinally impacting a cored long sedimentary rod with a pendulum.Wave propagation coefficient and dynamic viscoelastic modulus are measured.The EDDM is then successfully employed to analyze the wave propagation across macro-joint in VRM.The effect of the rock viscosity on the stress wave propagation is evaluated by comparing the results of VRM from the presented EDDM with those of an elastic rock mass (ERM) from the conventional displacement discontinuity method (CDDM).The CDDM is a special case of the EDDM under the condition that the rock viscosity is ignored.Comparison of the reflected and transmitted waves shows that the essential rock viscosity has a significant effect on stress wave attenuation.When a short propagation distance of a stress wave is considered,the results obtained from the CDDM approximate to the EDDM solutions,however,when the propagation distance is sufficiently long relative to the wavelength,the effect of rock viscosity on the stress wave propagation cannot be ignored.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62204261,51935013 and 52075540).
文摘This study presents a scheme for the identification and trimming of the first three harmonics of mass defects in micro hemispherical resonators(MHRs),aiming to refine their mass balancing techniques.Given the manufacturing and structural uniqueness of MHRs,a multimodal elastic electrode substrate is designed to respond to the first three harmonics.Configured as cantilever beams with a load platform,this substrate forms an identification assembly with the MHR.The radial eccentric forces generated by the 1st and 3rd harmonics in the MHR can excite the swing modes of the assembly,while the axial force generated by the 2nd harmonic can induce axial mode vibrations along the Z-axis.A method is proposed to decompose the vibration information of the elastic electrode substrate into doublecycle,single-cycle,and offset components under the N=2 modes,enabling the extraction of swing mode and Z-axis translational mode response signals and the retro-calculation of the first three harmonics.Finite element simulation,based on a model of the identification assembly,validates the proposed scheme by simulating the identification and trimming process.Subsequently,an identification assembly sample is fabricated and subjected to identification and trimming of the first three harmonics using a laser vibrometer and femtosecond laser ablation process.After multiple iterations,the first three harmonics are reduced by 92.8%,89.3%,and 75.5%,respectively,effectively suppressing the swing modes and axial translation modes induced by unbalanced mass.
