Marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection(MAS)provides an effective complementary approach for conventional rice breeding with precise and speedy mobilization of target genes into elite genetic backgrounds.T...Marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection(MAS)provides an effective complementary approach for conventional rice breeding with precise and speedy mobilization of target genes into elite genetic backgrounds.The targeted genes,however,may not be selected in the course of MAS due to the occasional recombination between the marker and the target gene/QTL during the many cycles of meiosis involved in breeding programs.This leads to failure in the selection of target traits(Gopalakrishnan et al,2008).展开更多
Rice line 1892S is an elite thermo-sensitive genic male sterile(TGMS)line for two-line hybrid rice production.However,1892S is susceptible to rice blast,bacterial blight and submergence.Here we reported the introducti...Rice line 1892S is an elite thermo-sensitive genic male sterile(TGMS)line for two-line hybrid rice production.However,1892S is susceptible to rice blast,bacterial blight and submergence.Here we reported the introduction of blast resistance(R)gene Pi9,bacterial blight R gene Xa21 and submergence tolerance gene Sub1A into 1892S genetic background through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection.The improved TGMS line 31892S and its hybrids conferred disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and showed submergence tolerance for over 14 d without significant loss of viability.The sterility-fertility conversion of 31892S was similar to that of 1892S.31892S and its derived hybrid rice had similar agronomic traits and grain quality with 1892S and the control hybrid rice,respectively.The newly developed 31892S provided an improved TGMS line for two-line hybrid rice production with disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and submergence tolerance with no yield penalty or change in grain quality.展开更多
Hefeng 25 variety with low vitamin E content in Heilongjiang Province and Bayfield variety with high vitamin E content in Canada were crossed.A total of 144 F_(2:7) recombinant inbred lines(RILs)were used as materials...Hefeng 25 variety with low vitamin E content in Heilongjiang Province and Bayfield variety with high vitamin E content in Canada were crossed.A total of 144 F_(2:7) recombinant inbred lines(RILs)were used as materials.The genetic linkage mapping of soybean vitamin E was constructed.Soybean varieties were marker-assisted selected in the interval of refined quantitative trait locus(QTLs).QTLs were identified in α-,γ-,δ-and the total tocopherol contents of soybean seeds.Fine QTLs of soybean vitamin E content were identified in the interval between Sat_239 and Satt022 on N linkage group.It was valuable to narrow the interval by marker-assisted selection(MAS).There were seven major QTLs of vitamin E content in soybean.MAS related to vitamin E content in soybean was carried out in the intervals between Sat_239 and Satt022.Considering all the kinds of agronomic traits,six strains with high yield and good quality of vitamin E were chosen,numbered 4,54,104,114,122 and 135.展开更多
Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant chal...Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant challenges in privacy-sensitive and distributed settings,often neglecting label dependencies and suffering from low computational efficiency.To address these issues,we introduce a novel framework,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO—federated MFS via dual-layer hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm with manifold and sparsity regularization(DHBCPSO-MSR).Leveraging the federated learning paradigm,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO allows clients to perform local feature selection(FS)using DHBCPSO-MSR.Locally selected feature subsets are encrypted with differential privacy(DP)and transmitted to a central server,where they are securely aggregated and refined through secure multi-party computation(SMPC)until global convergence is achieved.Within each client,DHBCPSO-MSR employs a dual-layer FS strategy.The inner layer constructs sample and label similarity graphs,generates Laplacian matrices to capture the manifold structure between samples and labels,and applies L2,1-norm regularization to sparsify the feature subset,yielding an optimized feature weight matrix.The outer layer uses a hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm to further refine the feature weight matrix and identify the optimal feature subset.The updated weight matrix is then fed back to the inner layer for further optimization.Comprehensive experiments on multiple real-world multi-label datasets demonstrate that Fed-MFSDHBCPSO consistently outperforms both centralized and federated baseline methods across several key evaluation metrics.展开更多
Humankind has been through different periods of agricultural improvement aiming at enhancing our food supply and the performance of food crops. In recent years, whole genome sequencing and deep understanding of geneti...Humankind has been through different periods of agricultural improvement aiming at enhancing our food supply and the performance of food crops. In recent years, whole genome sequencing and deep understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have facilitated new plant breeding approaches to meet the challenge of growing population, dwindling resources, and changing climate. Here we proposed a simple and fast molecular breeding method, marker-assisted reverse breeding（MARB）, which will revert any maize hybrid into inbred lines with any level of required similarity to its original parent lines. Since all the pericarp DNA of a hybrid is from the maternal parent, whereas one half of the embryo DNA is from the maternal parent and the other half from the paternal parent, so we firstly extract DNA from seed embryo and pericarp of a selected elite hybrid separately and then we derived the genotypes of the two parents with high-density single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） chips. The following marker-assisted selection was performed based on an Illumina low-density SNP chip designed with 192 SNPs polymorphic between the two parental genotypes, which were uniformly distributed on 10 maize chromosomes. This method has the advantages of fast speed, fixed heterotic mode, and quick recovery of beneficial parental genotypes compared to traditional pedigree breeding using elite hybrids. Meanwhile, MARB has the advantage of not requiring sophisticated transformation and double haploid（DH） technologies over RNA interference（RNAi）-mediated reverse breeding. In addition, MARB can also be used with feed corn harvested from big farms, which is often similar to F_2 populations, and the relevant transgenes in the population can be eliminated by marker-assisted selection. As a result, the whole global commercial maize hybrids can be utilized as germplasm for breeding with MARB technology. Starting with an F_2 population derived from an elite hybrid, our experiment indicates that with three cycles of marker-assisted selection, selected lines could recover over 80% of the parental genotypes and associated beneficial genes in a fixed heterotic mode. The success application of MARB in maize suggests that this technology is applicable to any hybrid crop to breed new inbreds with improved hybrid performance but the same heterotic mode. As chip technology becomes cheap, it would be expected that polymorphism screening and following marker-assisted selection could be done with one all-purpose high density chip. Several issues associated with MARB were discussed, including its rationale, efficiency and advantages, along with food/feed and environmental safety issues and applications of MARB in variety protection and marker-assisted plant breeding.展开更多
Two bacterial blight （BB） resistance genes, Xa21 and Xa4, from IRBB24 were introduced into hybrid rice restorer line Mianhui 725, which is highly susceptible to BB, by using hybridization and molecular marker-assist...Two bacterial blight （BB） resistance genes, Xa21 and Xa4, from IRBB24 were introduced into hybrid rice restorer line Mianhui 725, which is highly susceptible to BB, by using hybridization and molecular marker-assisted selection technology. Four homologous restorer lines were obtained through testing the R target genes with molecular markers and analyzing parental genetic background. Inoculation of the four lines and their hybrids with the specific strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, P1, P6 and seven representative strains of Chinese pathotype, C Ⅰ -CⅦ, showed that all of the four lines and their hybrids were highly resistant and presented broad resistance-spectrum to BB. The hybrids of G46A / R207-2 displayed good agronomic characters and high yield potential, and R207-2 was named Shuhui 207.展开更多
The coincidence rates were more than 96% among the instar-weighted average of bioassaysin the lab, the percentage of resistance to Km in the field and the percentage of plantscontaining Bt gene. So, the performance of...The coincidence rates were more than 96% among the instar-weighted average of bioassaysin the lab, the percentage of resistance to Km in the field and the percentage of plantscontaining Bt gene. So, the performance of resistance to Km in the field can be used torepresent the transgenic Bt gene for selecting the resistance to bollworm. The instar-weighted averages were 30.585, 24.182, 16.615, 10.601, 10.123, 7.440 and 7.215 for theC0, P1, M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2 populations, respectively. The variance analysisindicated that the instar-weighted average in C0 was greatly significantly higher thanthat in all other populations, i.e., the performance of resistance to bollworm in C0 washighly significantly lower than all other populations. And the resistance in P1 wasgreatly lower than that of M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2, and M1 greatly lower than that of M2,MP1, P2 and MP2. There were no significant differences among M2, MP1, P2 and MP2. Withinthe populations of the first cycle selection, MP1 and M1 were greatly significantlyhigher than P1, and MP1 significantly higher than M1. The populations of the second cycleselection were significantly higher than their initial population M1, but no significantdifference among them. The boll size, seed index, the percent of the first harvest yield,fiber length, strength and elongation of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantlylower than that of sensitive plants to bollworm. And the yield of seed and lint cottonof the resistant plant to bollworm were lower than that of the sensitive to bollworm, butno significant difference between them. The boll numbers per plant, lint percent andmicronaire of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantly higher than that of thesensitive plant to bollworm.展开更多
We reported a novel rice variety developed by integrating the advantages of high eating quality from Xiangwanxiaa 17(XWX17)and rice blast resistance from Gumei 4(GM4)using a combination of traditional breeding and mar...We reported a novel rice variety developed by integrating the advantages of high eating quality from Xiangwanxiaa 17(XWX17)and rice blast resistance from Gumei 4(GM4)using a combination of traditional breeding and marker-assisted selection(MAS).Using molecular markers for QTLs/genes responsible for amylose content(AC),fragrance and blast resistance,three inbred lines were selected.展开更多
The sequencing of radish genome aids in the better understanding and tailoring of traits associated with economic importance.In order to accelerate the genomics assisted breeding and genetic selection,transcriptomes o...The sequencing of radish genome aids in the better understanding and tailoring of traits associated with economic importance.In order to accelerate the genomics assisted breeding and genetic selection,transcriptomes of 33 radish inbred lines with diverse traits were sequenced for the development of single nucleotide polymorphic(SNP)markers.The sequence reads ranged from 2,560,543,741 bp to 20,039,688,139 bp with the GC(%)of 47.80–49.34 and phred quality score(Q30)of 96.47–97.54%.A total of 4951 polymorphic SNPs were identified among the accessions after stringent filtering and 298 SNPs with efficient marker assisted backcross breeding(MAB)markers were generated from the polymorphic SNPs.Further,functional annotations of SNPs revealed the effects and importance of the SNPs identified in the flowering process.The SNPs were predominantly associated with the four major flowering related transcription factors such as MYB,MADS box(AG),AP2/EREB,and bHLH.In addition,SNPs in the vital flowering integrator gene(FT)and floral repressors(EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1,2,and FRIGIDA)were identified among the radish inbred lines.Further,50 SNPs were randomly selected from 298 SNPs and validated using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping system(KASP)in 102 radish inbred lines.The homozygosity of the inbred lines varied from 56 to 96%and the phylogenetic analysis resulted in the clustering of inbred lines into three subgroups.Taken together,the SNP markers identified in the present study can be utilized for the discrimination,seed purity test,and adjusting parental combinations for breeding in radish.展开更多
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici(Bgt), is one of the most devastating diseases of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). The wheat line 92145 E8-9 is immune to Bgt isolate E09. Genetic analysis ...Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici(Bgt), is one of the most devastating diseases of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). The wheat line 92145 E8-9 is immune to Bgt isolate E09. Genetic analysis reveals that the powdery mildew resistance in 92145 E8-9 is controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated Ml92145 E8-9. Bulkedsegregant analysis(BSA) with simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers indicates that Ml92145 E8-9 is located on chromosome 2 AL. According to the reactions of 92145 E8-9,VPM1(Pm4 b carrier), and Lankao 906(PmLK906 carrier) to 14 Bgt isolates, the resistance spectrum of 92145 E8-9 differs from those of Pm4 b and PmLK906, both of which were previously localized to 2 AL. To test the allelism among Ml92145 E8-9, Pm4 b and PmLK906, two F2 populations of 92145 E8-9 × VPM1(Pm4 b) and 92145 E8-9 × Lankao 906(PmLK906) were developed in this study. Screening of 784 F2 progeny of 92145 E8-9 × VPM1 and 973 F2 progeny of 92145 E8-9 × Lankao 906 for Bgt isolate E09 identified 37 and 19 susceptible plants, respectively. These findings indicated that Ml92145 E8-9 is non-allelic to either Pm4 b or PmLK906. Thus, Ml92145 E8-9 is likely to be a new powdery mildew resistance gene on2 AL. New polymorphic markers were developed based on the collinearity of genomic regions of Ml92145 E8-9 with the reference sequences of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium(IWGSC). Ml92145 E8-9 was mapped to a 3.6 c M interval flanked by molecular markers Xsdauk13 and Xsdauk682. This study also developed five powdery mildew-resistant wheat lines(SDAU3561, SDAU3562, SDAU4173, SDAU4174, and SDAU4175)using flanking marker-aided selection. The markers closely linked to Ml92145 E8-9 would be useful in marker-assisted selection for wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.展开更多
Genetic improvement is one of the most effective strategies to prevent rice from blast and bacterial blight （BB） diseases, the two most prevalent diseases jeopardizing rice production. Rice hybrids with dural resist...Genetic improvement is one of the most effective strategies to prevent rice from blast and bacterial blight （BB） diseases, the two most prevalent diseases jeopardizing rice production. Rice hybrids with dural resistance to blast and BB are needed for sustainable production of food. An incomplete diallele design resulted in 25 crosses between five blast and five BB resistant germplasm accessions. Only one pair of parents, DH146 ×TM487, showed polymorphism for all the markers to identify one blast resistance gene Pi25 and three BB resistance genes, Xa21, xa13 and xa5, thus it was used in the marker-assisted selection （MAS）. F2 individuals of DH146× TM487 were genotyped using flanking markers of RM3330 and sequence tagged site （STS） marker SA7 for Pi25. The resistant F2 plants with Pi25 were used for pyramiding BB resistance genes Xa21, xa13 and xa5 identified by the markers pTA248, RM264 and RM153, respectively in subsequent generations. Finally, after selection for agronomic traits and restoration ability among 12 pyramided lines, we acquired an elite restorer line, R8012 including all four target genes （Pi25＋Xa21＋xa13＋xa5）. Hybrid Zhong 9NR8012 derived from the selected line showed stronger resistance to blast and BB, and higher grain yield than the commercial checks uniformally in experimental plots, 2007 state-wide yield trial and 2008 nation-wide yield trial. This study provides a paradigmatic example to show that MAS is a practically feasible tool in effectively pyramiding multiple resistance genes. The resultant restoring line and its hybrid would play an important role in securing rice production in China.展开更多
The full-length of intact Zea mays gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene （ZmC4Ppc） is 6 781 bp. The products of PCR for this gene were not clear with poor repeatability, resulting in that it was difficult fo...The full-length of intact Zea mays gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene （ZmC4Ppc） is 6 781 bp. The products of PCR for this gene were not clear with poor repeatability, resulting in that it was difficult for marker-assisted selection （MAS） both in rice and maize. For selecting the markers for MAS, sequences presented only in maize rather than in rice were identified by BLAST, and used for primer design using Primer Premier 5.0. A pair of specific primer termed MRpc （Forward： 5＇ AAGCAGGGAAGCGAGACG 3＇, Reverse： 5＇ GATTGCCGCCAGCAGTAG 3＇） was used for selection of transformed rice, and ZmC4Ppc could be highly and constitutively expressed at each tested developmental stages in the transformed rice selected by using MRpc. Thus, MRpc was used for MAS of progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene in rice and some restorer lines with ZmC4Ppc （e.g. FPM881） derived from ZmC4Ppc-transformed Kitaake backcrossed with a restorer line Shuhui 881 were obtained. The analyses on genetic background, PEPCase activity, net photosynthetic rate, general combining ability （GCA） and specific combining ability （SCA） of FPM881 showed that similarity of genetic background reached above 95%, the PEPCase and net photosynthetic rate were higher than those of the control, and some of the progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene had better GCA and SCA for grain yield per plant, number of panicles per plant, and 1000-grain weight than those of the control. This suggested that the introduction of maize ZmC4Ppc gene via MAS and its stable expression could increase grain yield of rice and would likely provide a pathway for rice varietal improvement.展开更多
Guangxi common wild rice variety brown planthopper highly resistant introgression line HS204 was taken as antigen donor material,hybridization,backcrossing,and molecular marker-assisted selection methods were adopted,...Guangxi common wild rice variety brown planthopper highly resistant introgression line HS204 was taken as antigen donor material,hybridization,backcrossing,and molecular marker-assisted selection methods were adopted,to select maintainer line and sterile line materials,so as to provide excellent material foundation for resistance breeding of hybrid rice. Through the marker-assisted selection,it obtained 4 pieces of homozygous resistance gene maintainer line intermediate materials( 100B,101B,102B and 103B),and 2 pieces of resistant sterile line materials( 100A and 103A). All 10 combinations that have testcross with highly resistant sterile 100A showed higher level of brown planthopper resistance: 100A/R2586,100A/KR838,and 100A/KR527 had high resistance level,the others had low to intermediate resistance;100A/KR527,100A/R2586,100A/Minghui 63,100A/Fuhui 838 and 100A/Gui 99 combinations had yield per plant significantly higher than the control group( Teyou 7118),increasing by 14. 45%-49. 26%. The obtained resistant lines are expected to provide a better gene source for the breeding of resistant sterile lines of hybrid rice and the obtained resistant sterile lines can be directly used in the selection of three-line hybrid rice.展开更多
The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This...The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.展开更多
1000-Grain weight and spikelet number per panicle are two important components for rice grain yield. In our previous study, eight quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain ...1000-Grain weight and spikelet number per panicle are two important components for rice grain yield. In our previous study, eight quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were mapped through sequencing-based genotyping of 150 rice recombinant inbred lines （RILs）. In this study, we validated the effects of four QTLs from Nipponbare using chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs）, and pyramided eight grain yield related QTLs. The new lines containing the eight QTLs with positive effects showed increased panicle and spikelet size as compared with the parent variety 93-11. We further proposed a novel pyramid breeding scheme based on marker-assistant and phenotype selection （MAPS）. This scheme allowed pyramiding of as many as 24 QTLs at a single hybridization without massive cross work. This study provided insights into the molecular basis of rice grain yield for direct wealth for high-yielding rice breeding.展开更多
Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in...Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.展开更多
Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints stil...Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.展开更多
Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models...Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.展开更多
Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing populati...Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.展开更多
This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the ni...This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the nitrogen nutrient balance method.We investigate nitrogen supply and demand and livestock carrying capacity in northeast China by comparing emissions from 2000-2022 over the past several decades.The poultry and livestock industry in northeast China has changed significantly over the past two decades:pigs are now the most bred animal and poultry production has increased dramatically.Regional livestock nitrogen emissions are influenced primarily by the size of the local livestock industry chain.Due to regional differences,each region has unique breeding structures.We also predict the anticipated situation in 2050 using the business-as usual scenario.High-risk livestock carrying capacity areas will be concentrated in the northeast and southeast regions,with significantly increased risk indices,compared with those of 2022,particularly in Shenyang,Fushun,and Tieling.Therefore,promoting farming and breeding,improving livestock manure utilization,and returning manure to nearby farmlands are crucial for meeting agricultural green development goals.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Project of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.2016YFD0101106)Program of Shanghai Technology Research Leader(Grant No.18XD1424300)Agriculture Research System of Shanghai,China(Grant No.201903)。
文摘Marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection(MAS)provides an effective complementary approach for conventional rice breeding with precise and speedy mobilization of target genes into elite genetic backgrounds.The targeted genes,however,may not be selected in the course of MAS due to the occasional recombination between the marker and the target gene/QTL during the many cycles of meiosis involved in breeding programs.This leads to failure in the selection of target traits(Gopalakrishnan et al,2008).
文摘Rice line 1892S is an elite thermo-sensitive genic male sterile(TGMS)line for two-line hybrid rice production.However,1892S is susceptible to rice blast,bacterial blight and submergence.Here we reported the introduction of blast resistance(R)gene Pi9,bacterial blight R gene Xa21 and submergence tolerance gene Sub1A into 1892S genetic background through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection.The improved TGMS line 31892S and its hybrids conferred disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and showed submergence tolerance for over 14 d without significant loss of viability.The sterility-fertility conversion of 31892S was similar to that of 1892S.31892S and its derived hybrid rice had similar agronomic traits and grain quality with 1892S and the control hybrid rice,respectively.The newly developed 31892S provided an improved TGMS line for two-line hybrid rice production with disease resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight,and submergence tolerance with no yield penalty or change in grain quality.
基金Supported by Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(31701446)。
文摘Hefeng 25 variety with low vitamin E content in Heilongjiang Province and Bayfield variety with high vitamin E content in Canada were crossed.A total of 144 F_(2:7) recombinant inbred lines(RILs)were used as materials.The genetic linkage mapping of soybean vitamin E was constructed.Soybean varieties were marker-assisted selected in the interval of refined quantitative trait locus(QTLs).QTLs were identified in α-,γ-,δ-and the total tocopherol contents of soybean seeds.Fine QTLs of soybean vitamin E content were identified in the interval between Sat_239 and Satt022 on N linkage group.It was valuable to narrow the interval by marker-assisted selection(MAS).There were seven major QTLs of vitamin E content in soybean.MAS related to vitamin E content in soybean was carried out in the intervals between Sat_239 and Satt022.Considering all the kinds of agronomic traits,six strains with high yield and good quality of vitamin E were chosen,numbered 4,54,104,114,122 and 135.
文摘Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant challenges in privacy-sensitive and distributed settings,often neglecting label dependencies and suffering from low computational efficiency.To address these issues,we introduce a novel framework,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO—federated MFS via dual-layer hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm with manifold and sparsity regularization(DHBCPSO-MSR).Leveraging the federated learning paradigm,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO allows clients to perform local feature selection(FS)using DHBCPSO-MSR.Locally selected feature subsets are encrypted with differential privacy(DP)and transmitted to a central server,where they are securely aggregated and refined through secure multi-party computation(SMPC)until global convergence is achieved.Within each client,DHBCPSO-MSR employs a dual-layer FS strategy.The inner layer constructs sample and label similarity graphs,generates Laplacian matrices to capture the manifold structure between samples and labels,and applies L2,1-norm regularization to sparsify the feature subset,yielding an optimized feature weight matrix.The outer layer uses a hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm to further refine the feature weight matrix and identify the optimal feature subset.The updated weight matrix is then fed back to the inner layer for further optimization.Comprehensive experiments on multiple real-world multi-label datasets demonstrate that Fed-MFSDHBCPSO consistently outperforms both centralized and federated baseline methods across several key evaluation metrics.
基金supported by the Jilin Spring Corn and Rice High Yield Production System in Large Area,a project of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(2012BAD04B02)the Open Fund from Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region,China(NT201405)+1 种基金the Agriculture Technological Innovation and Industrialization Project of Nantong City,China(HL2013026)Autonomous Innovation Project of Jiangsu Agricultural Science&Technology,China(CX(15)1005)
文摘Humankind has been through different periods of agricultural improvement aiming at enhancing our food supply and the performance of food crops. In recent years, whole genome sequencing and deep understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have facilitated new plant breeding approaches to meet the challenge of growing population, dwindling resources, and changing climate. Here we proposed a simple and fast molecular breeding method, marker-assisted reverse breeding（MARB）, which will revert any maize hybrid into inbred lines with any level of required similarity to its original parent lines. Since all the pericarp DNA of a hybrid is from the maternal parent, whereas one half of the embryo DNA is from the maternal parent and the other half from the paternal parent, so we firstly extract DNA from seed embryo and pericarp of a selected elite hybrid separately and then we derived the genotypes of the two parents with high-density single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） chips. The following marker-assisted selection was performed based on an Illumina low-density SNP chip designed with 192 SNPs polymorphic between the two parental genotypes, which were uniformly distributed on 10 maize chromosomes. This method has the advantages of fast speed, fixed heterotic mode, and quick recovery of beneficial parental genotypes compared to traditional pedigree breeding using elite hybrids. Meanwhile, MARB has the advantage of not requiring sophisticated transformation and double haploid（DH） technologies over RNA interference（RNAi）-mediated reverse breeding. In addition, MARB can also be used with feed corn harvested from big farms, which is often similar to F_2 populations, and the relevant transgenes in the population can be eliminated by marker-assisted selection. As a result, the whole global commercial maize hybrids can be utilized as germplasm for breeding with MARB technology. Starting with an F_2 population derived from an elite hybrid, our experiment indicates that with three cycles of marker-assisted selection, selected lines could recover over 80% of the parental genotypes and associated beneficial genes in a fixed heterotic mode. The success application of MARB in maize suggests that this technology is applicable to any hybrid crop to breed new inbreds with improved hybrid performance but the same heterotic mode. As chip technology becomes cheap, it would be expected that polymorphism screening and following marker-assisted selection could be done with one all-purpose high density chip. Several issues associated with MARB were discussed, including its rationale, efficiency and advantages, along with food/feed and environmental safety issues and applications of MARB in variety protection and marker-assisted plant breeding.
文摘Two bacterial blight （BB） resistance genes, Xa21 and Xa4, from IRBB24 were introduced into hybrid rice restorer line Mianhui 725, which is highly susceptible to BB, by using hybridization and molecular marker-assisted selection technology. Four homologous restorer lines were obtained through testing the R target genes with molecular markers and analyzing parental genetic background. Inoculation of the four lines and their hybrids with the specific strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, P1, P6 and seven representative strains of Chinese pathotype, C Ⅰ -CⅦ, showed that all of the four lines and their hybrids were highly resistant and presented broad resistance-spectrum to BB. The hybrids of G46A / R207-2 displayed good agronomic characters and high yield potential, and R207-2 was named Shuhui 207.
基金supported in part by the National High Tech Program(2001AA211101)Trans-century Training Program Foundation for the Talents by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology Program(J99-A-023).
文摘The coincidence rates were more than 96% among the instar-weighted average of bioassaysin the lab, the percentage of resistance to Km in the field and the percentage of plantscontaining Bt gene. So, the performance of resistance to Km in the field can be used torepresent the transgenic Bt gene for selecting the resistance to bollworm. The instar-weighted averages were 30.585, 24.182, 16.615, 10.601, 10.123, 7.440 and 7.215 for theC0, P1, M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2 populations, respectively. The variance analysisindicated that the instar-weighted average in C0 was greatly significantly higher thanthat in all other populations, i.e., the performance of resistance to bollworm in C0 washighly significantly lower than all other populations. And the resistance in P1 wasgreatly lower than that of M1, M2, MP1, P2 and MP2, and M1 greatly lower than that of M2,MP1, P2 and MP2. There were no significant differences among M2, MP1, P2 and MP2. Withinthe populations of the first cycle selection, MP1 and M1 were greatly significantlyhigher than P1, and MP1 significantly higher than M1. The populations of the second cycleselection were significantly higher than their initial population M1, but no significantdifference among them. The boll size, seed index, the percent of the first harvest yield,fiber length, strength and elongation of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantlylower than that of sensitive plants to bollworm. And the yield of seed and lint cottonof the resistant plant to bollworm were lower than that of the sensitive to bollworm, butno significant difference between them. The boll numbers per plant, lint percent andmicronaire of the resistant plants to bollworm were significantly higher than that of thesensitive plant to bollworm.
文摘We reported a novel rice variety developed by integrating the advantages of high eating quality from Xiangwanxiaa 17(XWX17)and rice blast resistance from Gumei 4(GM4)using a combination of traditional breeding and marker-assisted selection(MAS).Using molecular markers for QTLs/genes responsible for amylose content(AC),fragrance and blast resistance,three inbred lines were selected.
基金supported by the National Institute of Horticultural&Herbal Science,Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea(Project No:PJ01417301)Abinaya Manivannan was supported by the RDA Research Associate Fellowship Program of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science,Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea.
文摘The sequencing of radish genome aids in the better understanding and tailoring of traits associated with economic importance.In order to accelerate the genomics assisted breeding and genetic selection,transcriptomes of 33 radish inbred lines with diverse traits were sequenced for the development of single nucleotide polymorphic(SNP)markers.The sequence reads ranged from 2,560,543,741 bp to 20,039,688,139 bp with the GC(%)of 47.80–49.34 and phred quality score(Q30)of 96.47–97.54%.A total of 4951 polymorphic SNPs were identified among the accessions after stringent filtering and 298 SNPs with efficient marker assisted backcross breeding(MAB)markers were generated from the polymorphic SNPs.Further,functional annotations of SNPs revealed the effects and importance of the SNPs identified in the flowering process.The SNPs were predominantly associated with the four major flowering related transcription factors such as MYB,MADS box(AG),AP2/EREB,and bHLH.In addition,SNPs in the vital flowering integrator gene(FT)and floral repressors(EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1,2,and FRIGIDA)were identified among the radish inbred lines.Further,50 SNPs were randomly selected from 298 SNPs and validated using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping system(KASP)in 102 radish inbred lines.The homozygosity of the inbred lines varied from 56 to 96%and the phylogenetic analysis resulted in the clustering of inbred lines into three subgroups.Taken together,the SNP markers identified in the present study can be utilized for the discrimination,seed purity test,and adjusting parental combinations for breeding in radish.
基金financially supported by Geneti-cally Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects(2016ZX08009003-001-006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471488 and 31520203911)the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB138100)
文摘Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici(Bgt), is one of the most devastating diseases of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). The wheat line 92145 E8-9 is immune to Bgt isolate E09. Genetic analysis reveals that the powdery mildew resistance in 92145 E8-9 is controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated Ml92145 E8-9. Bulkedsegregant analysis(BSA) with simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers indicates that Ml92145 E8-9 is located on chromosome 2 AL. According to the reactions of 92145 E8-9,VPM1(Pm4 b carrier), and Lankao 906(PmLK906 carrier) to 14 Bgt isolates, the resistance spectrum of 92145 E8-9 differs from those of Pm4 b and PmLK906, both of which were previously localized to 2 AL. To test the allelism among Ml92145 E8-9, Pm4 b and PmLK906, two F2 populations of 92145 E8-9 × VPM1(Pm4 b) and 92145 E8-9 × Lankao 906(PmLK906) were developed in this study. Screening of 784 F2 progeny of 92145 E8-9 × VPM1 and 973 F2 progeny of 92145 E8-9 × Lankao 906 for Bgt isolate E09 identified 37 and 19 susceptible plants, respectively. These findings indicated that Ml92145 E8-9 is non-allelic to either Pm4 b or PmLK906. Thus, Ml92145 E8-9 is likely to be a new powdery mildew resistance gene on2 AL. New polymorphic markers were developed based on the collinearity of genomic regions of Ml92145 E8-9 with the reference sequences of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium(IWGSC). Ml92145 E8-9 was mapped to a 3.6 c M interval flanked by molecular markers Xsdauk13 and Xsdauk682. This study also developed five powdery mildew-resistant wheat lines(SDAU3561, SDAU3562, SDAU4173, SDAU4174, and SDAU4175)using flanking marker-aided selection. The markers closely linked to Ml92145 E8-9 would be useful in marker-assisted selection for wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30623006,No. 31101209)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2006AA10Z1E8)the Program of Introducing International Advanced Agricultural Science and Technologies (948 Program) of Ministry of Agricultureof China (Grant No. 2006-G51)
文摘Genetic improvement is one of the most effective strategies to prevent rice from blast and bacterial blight （BB） diseases, the two most prevalent diseases jeopardizing rice production. Rice hybrids with dural resistance to blast and BB are needed for sustainable production of food. An incomplete diallele design resulted in 25 crosses between five blast and five BB resistant germplasm accessions. Only one pair of parents, DH146 ×TM487, showed polymorphism for all the markers to identify one blast resistance gene Pi25 and three BB resistance genes, Xa21, xa13 and xa5, thus it was used in the marker-assisted selection （MAS）. F2 individuals of DH146× TM487 were genotyped using flanking markers of RM3330 and sequence tagged site （STS） marker SA7 for Pi25. The resistant F2 plants with Pi25 were used for pyramiding BB resistance genes Xa21, xa13 and xa5 identified by the markers pTA248, RM264 and RM153, respectively in subsequent generations. Finally, after selection for agronomic traits and restoration ability among 12 pyramided lines, we acquired an elite restorer line, R8012 including all four target genes （Pi25＋Xa21＋xa13＋xa5）. Hybrid Zhong 9NR8012 derived from the selected line showed stronger resistance to blast and BB, and higher grain yield than the commercial checks uniformally in experimental plots, 2007 state-wide yield trial and 2008 nation-wide yield trial. This study provides a paradigmatic example to show that MAS is a practically feasible tool in effectively pyramiding multiple resistance genes. The resultant restoring line and its hybrid would play an important role in securing rice production in China.
文摘The full-length of intact Zea mays gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene （ZmC4Ppc） is 6 781 bp. The products of PCR for this gene were not clear with poor repeatability, resulting in that it was difficult for marker-assisted selection （MAS） both in rice and maize. For selecting the markers for MAS, sequences presented only in maize rather than in rice were identified by BLAST, and used for primer design using Primer Premier 5.0. A pair of specific primer termed MRpc （Forward： 5＇ AAGCAGGGAAGCGAGACG 3＇, Reverse： 5＇ GATTGCCGCCAGCAGTAG 3＇） was used for selection of transformed rice, and ZmC4Ppc could be highly and constitutively expressed at each tested developmental stages in the transformed rice selected by using MRpc. Thus, MRpc was used for MAS of progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene in rice and some restorer lines with ZmC4Ppc （e.g. FPM881） derived from ZmC4Ppc-transformed Kitaake backcrossed with a restorer line Shuhui 881 were obtained. The analyses on genetic background, PEPCase activity, net photosynthetic rate, general combining ability （GCA） and specific combining ability （SCA） of FPM881 showed that similarity of genetic background reached above 95%, the PEPCase and net photosynthetic rate were higher than those of the control, and some of the progenies carrying ZmC4Ppc gene had better GCA and SCA for grain yield per plant, number of panicles per plant, and 1000-grain weight than those of the control. This suggested that the introduction of maize ZmC4Ppc gene via MAS and its stable expression could increase grain yield of rice and would likely provide a pathway for rice varietal improvement.
基金Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation(31560385)Natural Science Foundation Project of Guangxi(2014GXNSFBA118066 and2015GXNSFAA139060)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangxi(Gui Ke AB16380138)Scientific Development Fund Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2015JM06,2017JM70)
文摘Guangxi common wild rice variety brown planthopper highly resistant introgression line HS204 was taken as antigen donor material,hybridization,backcrossing,and molecular marker-assisted selection methods were adopted,to select maintainer line and sterile line materials,so as to provide excellent material foundation for resistance breeding of hybrid rice. Through the marker-assisted selection,it obtained 4 pieces of homozygous resistance gene maintainer line intermediate materials( 100B,101B,102B and 103B),and 2 pieces of resistant sterile line materials( 100A and 103A). All 10 combinations that have testcross with highly resistant sterile 100A showed higher level of brown planthopper resistance: 100A/R2586,100A/KR838,and 100A/KR527 had high resistance level,the others had low to intermediate resistance;100A/KR527,100A/R2586,100A/Minghui 63,100A/Fuhui 838 and 100A/Gui 99 combinations had yield per plant significantly higher than the control group( Teyou 7118),increasing by 14. 45%-49. 26%. The obtained resistant lines are expected to provide a better gene source for the breeding of resistant sterile lines of hybrid rice and the obtained resistant sterile lines can be directly used in the selection of three-line hybrid rice.
基金partially supported by the Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20240406)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ24037)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330075)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02 and CARS-54)。
文摘The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No. 2011 CB 100205)the Ministry of Agriculture of China (Grant Nos.2011ZX08001-004 and 2011ZX08009-002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 31121063)
文摘1000-Grain weight and spikelet number per panicle are two important components for rice grain yield. In our previous study, eight quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were mapped through sequencing-based genotyping of 150 rice recombinant inbred lines （RILs）. In this study, we validated the effects of four QTLs from Nipponbare using chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs）, and pyramided eight grain yield related QTLs. The new lines containing the eight QTLs with positive effects showed increased panicle and spikelet size as compared with the parent variety 93-11. We further proposed a novel pyramid breeding scheme based on marker-assistant and phenotype selection （MAPS）. This scheme allowed pyramiding of as many as 24 QTLs at a single hybridization without massive cross work. This study provided insights into the molecular basis of rice grain yield for direct wealth for high-yielding rice breeding.
基金funded by the United Arab Emirates UniversityResearch Officegrant number 12F041 to KM。
文摘Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.
文摘Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0407501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31861143003)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.
文摘Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Youth Project“Research on the Environmental-economic Synergistic Mechanism and Promotion Strategy of Farming and Breeding Circular Pattern in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China”[Grant No.72303087].
文摘This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the nitrogen nutrient balance method.We investigate nitrogen supply and demand and livestock carrying capacity in northeast China by comparing emissions from 2000-2022 over the past several decades.The poultry and livestock industry in northeast China has changed significantly over the past two decades:pigs are now the most bred animal and poultry production has increased dramatically.Regional livestock nitrogen emissions are influenced primarily by the size of the local livestock industry chain.Due to regional differences,each region has unique breeding structures.We also predict the anticipated situation in 2050 using the business-as usual scenario.High-risk livestock carrying capacity areas will be concentrated in the northeast and southeast regions,with significantly increased risk indices,compared with those of 2022,particularly in Shenyang,Fushun,and Tieling.Therefore,promoting farming and breeding,improving livestock manure utilization,and returning manure to nearby farmlands are crucial for meeting agricultural green development goals.
