Global marine ecosystems are signiicantly endangered by microplastic pollution,leading to comprehensive investigations into its distribution and impacts on the health of ecosystem.This research employs the Alseamar Au...Global marine ecosystems are signiicantly endangered by microplastic pollution,leading to comprehensive investigations into its distribution and impacts on the health of ecosystem.This research employs the Alseamar Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV)known as Glider to investigate microplastic concentrations within the Al Hoceima Marine Protected Area(MPA).Our objective is to identify spatial patterns that reveal pollution hotspots and furnish data for targeted conservation efforts and pollution prevention.We aim to identify regions with elevated microplastic concentrations by meticulously analyzing microplastic level graphs,with a speciic focus on temporal variations.The results reveal notable patterns,such as increased densities aroundishing harbors and near urban centers,potentially linked to anthropogenic activities.Additionally,we observe variations in pollution levels throughout different glider operation cycles,underscoring the importance of understanding the spatio‑temporal dynamics of microplastic distribution.Al Hoceima Marine protected areas exhibiting lower microplastic concentrations illustrate the eficacy of such zones in alleviating pollution impacts,thereby underscoring the signiicance of conservation efforts in safeguarding marine biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.Ultimately,our research enhances our comprehension of the pressures exerted by humans on marine environments and underscores the necessity of proactive conservation measures to shield marine ecosystems from the threats posed by microplastic pollution.展开更多
Marine protected areas(MPAs)play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health,conserving biodiversity,and sustaining coastal livelihoods and socio-economic benefits.However,MPAs in China still face significa...Marine protected areas(MPAs)play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health,conserving biodiversity,and sustaining coastal livelihoods and socio-economic benefits.However,MPAs in China still face significant design and management limitations,including a lack of a robust scientific basis for boundary delineation,weak enforcement capacity,poor adaptability to environmental and socio-economic changes,and insufficient integration of the ocean’s three-dimensional characteristics.These limitations are particularly evident in the context of climate change,overexploitation of marine resources,and the complex dynamics of ecosystems.This study systematically reviews the current status and challenges of MPAs in China,with a specific focus on the need for and benefits of dynamic and threedimensional protected areas for marine conservation.Dynamic protected areas,supported by real-time monitoring and flexible boundary adjustments,can more effectively respond to the migratory patterns of marine species and seasonal distribution shifts along China’s coast.On the other hand,three-dimensional protected areas enhance ecosystem protection by incorporating vertical ecological gradients and ocean depth,offering a vital complement to the predominantly two-dimensional protection approach currently in use.The study indicates that,with current technological and data capabilities,effective implementation of these advanced approaches requires precision marine observations,advanced analysis methods,and coordinated efforts among diverse stakeholders.In response,the study synthesizes multiple case studies to illustrate the potential ecological,managerial,and policy-related outcomes of dynamic and three-dimensional MPAs.It proposes strategies for optimization,implementation pathways,and targeted policy recommendations.Ultimately,the study emphasizes the critical role of scientific planning and technological innovation in enhancing the effectiveness of MPAs in China.It calls upon policymakers and the broader society to increase attention and investment in dynamic and three-dimensional marine conservation approaches.This work not only provides a scientific foundation for more precise and efficient marine governance in China,but also lays crucial foundation for achieving ocean-related sustainable development goals aligned with China’s national context.展开更多
In this research,we examine how the Al Hoceima Marine Protected Area(MPA),located in the southwest Mediterranean Sea,can be effectively monitored using the SeaExplorer glider—an advanced autonomous underwater vehicle...In this research,we examine how the Al Hoceima Marine Protected Area(MPA),located in the southwest Mediterranean Sea,can be effectively monitored using the SeaExplorer glider—an advanced autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)designed for long‑duration oceanographic missions.The study focuses on the glider’s ability to simultaneously observe a variety of environmental parameters,including temperature,conductivity,oxygen,and chlorophyll,during its deployment across multiple transects.The primary objective of the mission is to improve understanding of the vertical thermal structure and seasonal dynamics of the water column in this ecologically signiicant region.To achieve this,we apply Gaussian Process(GP)regression techniques to the glider‑derived temperature data.This statistical method enables the smoothing and interpolation of irregularly spaced in situ measurements,thereby improving the visibility and interpretation of stratiication patterns throughout the water column.Although the glider followed a predetermined course,the data‑driven analysis suggests that adaptive sampling strategies—such as adjustments based on real‑time outliers—could be valuable in future missions.Our results,which show distinct thermal layering and seasonal variability,are crucial for informing ecosystem function assessments and climate resilience planning.This study also discusses how integrating machine learning into glider‑based monitoring could enhance MPA observation systems and promote adaptive,evidence‑based management.展开更多
Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ec...Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ecological importance and unique value for scientific research. In response to climate change and growing commercial fishing interests in the Southern Ocean and their impacts on the marine ecosystem, the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) is reacting to growing international pressure to establish a system of MPAs in the Southern Ocean to manage fisheries and conserve vital species—such as the keystone resource Antarctic krill and the dominant fish predator Antarctic toothfish—as well as to protect whole ecosystems. This review summarizes progress in the establishment of MPAs in the Southern Ocean by focusing on several major topics:(1) the current status of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(2) the purpose and objective of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(3) a short description of the largest high-sea MPA(the Ross Sea MPA);(4) ecological observation and monitoring for the planned MPAs in the Southern Ocean; and(5) the importance of international cooperation in the design, establishment and future management of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.展开更多
By prohibiting fishing, marine protected areas （MPAs） provide a refuge for harvested species. Humans are often perceived as predators by prey and therefore respond fearfully to humans. Thus, fish responses to humans...By prohibiting fishing, marine protected areas （MPAs） provide a refuge for harvested species. Humans are often perceived as predators by prey and therefore respond fearfully to humans. Thus, fish responses to humans inside and outside of an MPA can provide insights into their perception of humans as a predatory threat. Previous studies have found differences in the distance that har- vested species of fish initiate flight （flight initiation distance--FID） from humans inside and outside an MPA, but less is known about unharvested species. We focused on whether the lined bristle- tooth Ctenochaetus striatus, an unharvested surgeonfish, can discriminate between a snorkeler and a snorkeler with a spear gun inside and outside of a no-take MPA in Mo＇orea, French Polynesia. Additionally, we incorporated starting distance （the distance between the person and prey at the start of an experimental approach）, a variable that has been found to be important in as- sessing prey escape decisions in terrestrial species, but that has not been extensively studied in aquatic systems. Lined bristletooth FID was significantly greater in the presence of a spear gun and varied depending on if the spear gun encounter was inside or outside of the MPA. These results imply a degree of sophistication of fish antipredator behavior, generate questions as to how a non- targeted species of fish could acquire fear of humans, and demonstrate that behavioral surveys can provide insights about antipredator behavior.展开更多
Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force （ADF） is increasingly concerned with susta...Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force （ADF） is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area （SWBTA） as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park （GBRMP）, the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area （GBRWHA）, and abutting Queensland＇s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System （EMS） is widely used by the ADE This paper exanlines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber （TS） exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.展开更多
The MARGov Project consisted in strengthening the interaction among the Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park stakeholders, and to collaboratively construct, with social and institutional actors, a governance model for ...The MARGov Project consisted in strengthening the interaction among the Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park stakeholders, and to collaboratively construct, with social and institutional actors, a governance model for the Marine Park, located in the municipality of Sesimbra （Portugal）. To pursue this goal, a PPGIS （public participation geographic information system） was developed, allowing the interaction, discussion and public participation of the stakeholders and actors involved. This PPGIS emerged as a crowdsourcing tool, with the purpose of assisting the georeferenced contributes from the local users of the Marine Park, regarding several relevant subjects, such as pollution, economic activities, opportunities and threats to the Marine Park, providing visual, analytical, and demonstrative qualities.展开更多
The article discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in marine conservation, specifically in relation to the protection of marine ecosystems and the definition of marine protected areas...The article discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in marine conservation, specifically in relation to the protection of marine ecosystems and the definition of marine protected areas (MPAs). It highlights the threats that marine ecosystems face due to human activities and emphasizes the importance of effective management and conservation efforts. By improving data gathering, processing, monitoring, and analysis, artificial intelligence, and automation, they can revolutionize marine research. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of AI and automation in marine conservation responsibly and ethically. In order to integrate these technologies into decision-making processes, stakeholders and marine conservation professionals must collaborate. Through the use of artificial intelligence and automation, marine conservation efforts can be transformed by establishing new methods of collecting and analyzing data, making informed decisions, and managing marine ecosystems.展开更多
The environmental protection of tropical marine and coastal areas faces different challenges due to the diversity of aspects related to these areas, which include natural, social and economical issues. Despite these c...The environmental protection of tropical marine and coastal areas faces different challenges due to the diversity of aspects related to these areas, which include natural, social and economical issues. Despite these challenges, efforts for the protection of these areas are urgent nowadays because of the dramatical increase of human related threats like habitat destruction and population growth. Malaga Bay (MB) is a tectonic estuarine system located in Panama Bight (central region of the Colombian Pacific coast), which due to its origin shows important environmental characteristics of few sites in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) match. For these reasons, the government of Colombia declared in 2010, the bay’s marine area as a Marine National Natural Park in order to preserve its unique estuarine marine biodiversity. Despite this measure, MB presents several conditions that make environmental protection a very difficult task. In this paper, we present the geographical context, biodiversity and natural resources, environmental threats, the complexity of economic and social context, and the institutional and legal context of MB, to exemplify the difficulty that the protection of marine areas face in the TEP.展开更多
Fishing is a significant global food source,providing protein for millions of people.The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)is committed to ensuring access to high-quality food,reducing hunger,and promoting sustain...Fishing is a significant global food source,providing protein for millions of people.The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)is committed to ensuring access to high-quality food,reducing hunger,and promoting sustainable fisheries to address global population growth and hunger.However,illegal,unreported,and unregulated fishing poses a significant challenge,threatening marine biodiversity and food security.Portugal has the 10th largest Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ),with waters around mainland Portugal,the Azores,and Madeira.This research focuses on the Azores region,known for its traditional multispecific fishery around the island slopes and seamounts.The region’s fisheries face data scarcity issues and complicating effective management.By combining Vessel Monitoring System(VMS)records from 2016 to 2022 and Portuguese Navy(PoN)Fiscalization Reports(FISCREP)from 2015 to 2022,it was possible to use appropriate metrics to characterize the fishing effort and analyze the effectiveness of the inspections conducted in the Azores EEZ.The Total Boat-Meter(TBM)metric combines the number and length of boats to quantify the fishing effort better.The analysis shows that the fishing effort in the protected areas is very high,highlighting the pressure on the protected ecosystems.The findings aim to assist regulatory institutions and researchers in assessing fishing pressure and promoting sustainable fisheries management in the Azores to preserve marine ecosystems.展开更多
Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic ma...Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic management practices,these regions can adapt more rapidly and effectively to environmental fluctuations via real-time data.Scientific research indicates that the engagement of local communities in decision-making results in conservation initiatives that more closely reflect socio-economic conditions.By seeking sustainable economic activities,they further drive economic growth at the local level.However,the implementation of SMPAs faces several challenges.High costs,lack of technological infrastructure,and regional digital disparities can limit their diffusion and effectiveness.Therefore,increasing international cooperation and strengthening local capacity is of utmost importance.Drawing on traditional marine protected areas,this study provides a roadmap on how these areas can be more effectively integrated with advanced technologies.It also covers the pros and cons that you might face throughout and the ways to cope with it,along with an alternative view.A comprehensive framework is suggested for a more just,inclusive,and sustainable design and implementation of SMPAs.展开更多
Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of ove...Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of overexploitation.To ensure sustainable fisheries,a primary goal of science-based fisheries policy is to provide an adequate conservation status of marine habitats that are directly,or indirectly,fundamental for the lifecycle of fish populations of commercial interest.The National Park of Banc d’Arguin has been recognized for its nursery and fish biomass export functions.In this paper,we present the economic value of the fish provisioning service of marine coastal ecosystems of the protected area.We estimated the added value of artisanal fisheries,the spatial distribution of fishing activities,the contribution of the Park to the Mauritanian fisheries and the heritage value of artisanal fisheries.Overall,the average added value for artisanal fisheries is about 43 million MRU(1 million euros)over the period 2006–2017.It mainly benefits to the ship-owners,which generates inequalities and threatens the livelihoods of the Imraguen.The spatial distribution of fishing activities and associated revenues shows high variability throughout the years,the seasons and the geographic areas,and reveals the high adaptability of Imraguen fishers.Fishing grounds are mostly located close to the shore,associated with seagrass beds,confirming the service of fish provisioning rendered by this ecosystem.Furthermore,the high productivity of seagrass beds contributes to the spill-over of biomass.The contribution of the Park to fishing activities that occur within the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone is estimated to 15%,representing an added value creation of 3.2 billion MRU(71 million euros).The heritage value of the fisheries is assessed,through fishers’willingness to accept to stop their fishing activities,at 17.5 million MRU(0.4 million euros).Thus,this paper highlights the necessity of incorporating an ecosystem-based approach along with fishers’knowledge and adaptability into future conservation plan of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin and fisheries management at the local,national and regional scale.展开更多
Marine protected areas(MPAs)across various countries have contributed to safeguarding coastal and marine environments.Despite these efforts,marine non-native species(NNS)continue to threaten biodiversity and ecosystem...Marine protected areas(MPAs)across various countries have contributed to safeguarding coastal and marine environments.Despite these efforts,marine non-native species(NNS)continue to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems,even within MPAs.Currently,there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the inventories,distribution patterns,and effect factors of NNS within MPAs.Here we show a database containing over 15,000 occurrence records of 2714 marine NNS across 16,401 national or regional MPAs worldwide.To identify the primary mechanisms driving the occurrence of NNS,we utilize model selection with proxies representing colonization pressure,environmental variables,and MPA characteristics.Among the environmental predictors analyzed,sea surface temperature emerged as the sole factor strongly associated with NNS richness.Higher sea surface temperatures are linked to increased NNS richness,aligning with global marine biodiversity trends.Furthermore,human activities help species overcome geographical barriers and migration constraints.Consequently,this influences the distribution patterns of marine introduced species and associated environmental factors.As global climate change continues to alter sea temperatures,it is crucial to protect marine regions that are increasingly vulnerable to intense human activities and biological invasions.展开更多
The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fi...The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fishers'perceptions about the MPA and the impact it had on the fishing activity over time were identified just before the full implementation of the zoning and regulations of the management plan and 10 years later.This study aimed to investigate fishers'knowledge,acceptance and perceptions about the MPA changed with time,if support for the MPA was linked to the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity,and if fishers'perceptions about the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity match with local landings trends.Results show that although knowledge about the marine park significantly improved over time,fishers'acceptance did not.A decrease on fishers'support was not substantial but occurred.Issues such as the disagreement with regulations reinforced concerns raised during the implementation of the marine park,particularly in relation to the top-down decision-making,which commonly confers minor participation,recognition and legitimacy to fishers.Apparently,fisheries benefits were still not perceived by local fishers,though they are central for fishers'support.Further,the perceived negative impacts of the park seemed to be more related to social aspects and individual interests than to impacts on catches.Addressing adequate management,enforcement and participation of local fishers is still possible and are advocated here as to contribute to the expected socioecological outcomes and respective support,leading to the future successful performance of the Arrábida Marine Park.Assessing fishers’perceptions towards an MPA over time is central and should be included on periodical socioecological monitoring and inform an effective adaptive management.展开更多
Marine Protected Areas(MPAs)have long been recognized to be effective tools for spatial management,conservation of biodiversity and fisheries enhancement(Rodríguez-Rodríguez,2016;Claudet et al.,2020),leading...Marine Protected Areas(MPAs)have long been recognized to be effective tools for spatial management,conservation of biodiversity and fisheries enhancement(Rodríguez-Rodríguez,2016;Claudet et al.,2020),leading Member States Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)in 2010 to agree to cover 10%of their coastal and marine areas with MPAs by 2020(Aichi Target 11).In 2020 MPAs cover 5.3%world’s oceans,with 2.5%in no-take marine reserves offering protection,even though a global no-take coverage of at least 30%of the world’s oceans by 2030 has been proposed(Marine Conservation Institute;http://www.mpatlas.org/progress/proposals/).展开更多
Iranian nesting populations of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle(Eretmochelys imbricate) are some of the most important in the Indian Ocean. In this study, four of the most important hawksbill nesting grounds...Iranian nesting populations of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle(Eretmochelys imbricate) are some of the most important in the Indian Ocean. In this study, four of the most important hawksbill nesting grounds in the Persian Gulf, situated within three Iranian marine protected areas, were surveyed during nesting season,including Nakhiloo, Ommolgorm and Kharko Islands and the mainland beaches of the Naiband Marine-Coastal National Park(NMCNP). We present GIS maps of these key nesting grounds and describe sand texture of key nesting zones, along with conservation recommendations. About 9.2(28.3%) out of 32.5 km of all shores surveyed in this study were used by nesting hawksbill turtles follows: Nakhiloo: 1.4 km(52% of potential nesting area);Ommolgorm: 1.94 km(40%);Kharko: 3.4 km(28%), and NMCNP: 2.46 km(18.9%). The average nesting density was calculated as 131 nests/km at Nakhiloo, 76 nests/km at Ommolgorm, 7 nests/km at Kharko, and 15 nests per km at NMCNP. Highest nesting density was observed in Nakhiloo and Ommolgorm. It is thought that high hawksbill nesting density in these islands seems likely a result of limiting adequate nesting shores rather than the size of population, and also low density in Kharko and NMCNP more related to past and current pressures and low population density. With the exception of Ommolgorm Island, sands at the nesting grounds were well sorted.Grain size indicated that female hawksbill turtles in the Iranian Persian Gulf nest in sands that are generally mixed, with mean grain size ranging from coarse sands(0.4Φ;~0.5–1 mm) to fine sands(2Φ;~0.25 mm). We provide and discuss conservation recommendations and suggestions for future.展开更多
Population growth, food security, conservation of wildlife, and ecosystem services are topics of huge concern in underdeveloped areas where people rely on what land and sea can provide to support their survival needs....Population growth, food security, conservation of wildlife, and ecosystem services are topics of huge concern in underdeveloped areas where people rely on what land and sea can provide to support their survival needs. In the North of Mozambique, the reality is not different from other parts of Africa. Despite the natural patrimony of extraordinary landscapes and wildlife and the diversity of cultural heritage, human populations are impoverished, and natural resources are overexploited. Here, the authors present a conceptual proposal for a chain of land and marine protected areas that encompasses not only the Rovuma estuary, but all the islands that belong to the Quirimbas archipelago and part of the coastal zone until Pemba Bay. In this study, this is considered a fundamental action for the recovery of damaged areas, maintenance of ecosystem services, sustainable development of the region, and preservation of several potential biodiversity hotspots. For the proposal’s idealization, satellite images were analyzed, and the results of fieldwork and published literature were explored. This chain of areas includes existing protected areas, such as the Quirimbas National Park and the protected area on Vamizi island, and a proposed but currently unestablished area—the Messalo wilderness area. A need for multisectoral involvement in a bottom-up approach is recognized for the management cycle of protected areas in Mozambique.展开更多
Gazetted in 1997, The TCMP （Tobago Cays Marine Park） is the only marine protected area within the territorial boundaries of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Sea turtles are an important species in TCMP, and because t...Gazetted in 1997, The TCMP （Tobago Cays Marine Park） is the only marine protected area within the territorial boundaries of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Sea turtles are an important species in TCMP, and because their globally endangered status have become the focus of an in-water monitoring program, primarily for green turtles （Chelonia mydas）. Preliminary assessment indicated that the TCMP contains an important foraging aggregation of sub-adult green turtles. Since then two additional years of data has been collected; this data was analyzed to assess the health of the turtle population. The data also indicated that the weight was predictable according to carapace width and length and that the population is dominated by larger sub-adults.展开更多
A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitat...A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitats. Many of these environments are in decline due to changes in ecosystem structure and function resulting from multiple stressor effects. In addition, inadequate governance has supported a patchwork of single issues or sectoral approaches rather than integrated management of multiple human uses and activities to maintain healthy, productive, resilient, and sustainable ecosystems and the provision of goods and services. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a viable framework for a more effective governance structure and management of these vital coastal environments. An important component of this approach is a holistic effort to assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is preferred that links ecological, physical, and socio-economic systems, increasing the protection of resources and societal benefits. For degraded estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives are important intervention strategies used to reverse the loss of habitats and biotic resources and to support management programs. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an integral element of marine management plans to conserve and sustain estuarine and coastal marine environments by protecting threatened ecosystems and their resources from anthropogenic activities. National and international regulatory frameworks and directives are also in place to protect and conserve these environments.展开更多
Although debates exist,marine reserves play an important role in fisheries management.Based on stable equilibrium state,theoretical frameworks of various systems suggest that fisheries management with the implementati...Although debates exist,marine reserves play an important role in fisheries management.Based on stable equilibrium state,theoretical frameworks of various systems suggest that fisheries management with the implementation of marine reserves has obvious advantage in achieving multiple goals such as improving the target fisheries yields as well as maintaining species persistence in comparison with strategy of traditional fishing effort control.More recently,ecologists pay attention to the transient dynamics of fisheries yields when marine reserves are established.Simulation results suggest that the relative advantages between different fisheries management strategies(the implementation of marine reserves vs.traditional fishing effort control)depend on not only life histories but also the measurement metrics of fisheries yields(measured by number vs.measured by weight).Further research on transient dynamic pattern of fisheries yields can help fishery managers adjust relevant policies at an appropriate ecological time scale to achieve both conservation and economic goals,which provide a theoretical foundation for adaptive marine reserve management.展开更多
文摘Global marine ecosystems are signiicantly endangered by microplastic pollution,leading to comprehensive investigations into its distribution and impacts on the health of ecosystem.This research employs the Alseamar Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV)known as Glider to investigate microplastic concentrations within the Al Hoceima Marine Protected Area(MPA).Our objective is to identify spatial patterns that reveal pollution hotspots and furnish data for targeted conservation efforts and pollution prevention.We aim to identify regions with elevated microplastic concentrations by meticulously analyzing microplastic level graphs,with a speciic focus on temporal variations.The results reveal notable patterns,such as increased densities aroundishing harbors and near urban centers,potentially linked to anthropogenic activities.Additionally,we observe variations in pollution levels throughout different glider operation cycles,underscoring the importance of understanding the spatio‑temporal dynamics of microplastic distribution.Al Hoceima Marine protected areas exhibiting lower microplastic concentrations illustrate the eficacy of such zones in alleviating pollution impacts,thereby underscoring the signiicance of conservation efforts in safeguarding marine biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.Ultimately,our research enhances our comprehension of the pressures exerted by humans on marine environments and underscores the necessity of proactive conservation measures to shield marine ecosystems from the threats posed by microplastic pollution.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42176173.
文摘Marine protected areas(MPAs)play a critical role in maintaining marine ecosystem health,conserving biodiversity,and sustaining coastal livelihoods and socio-economic benefits.However,MPAs in China still face significant design and management limitations,including a lack of a robust scientific basis for boundary delineation,weak enforcement capacity,poor adaptability to environmental and socio-economic changes,and insufficient integration of the ocean’s three-dimensional characteristics.These limitations are particularly evident in the context of climate change,overexploitation of marine resources,and the complex dynamics of ecosystems.This study systematically reviews the current status and challenges of MPAs in China,with a specific focus on the need for and benefits of dynamic and threedimensional protected areas for marine conservation.Dynamic protected areas,supported by real-time monitoring and flexible boundary adjustments,can more effectively respond to the migratory patterns of marine species and seasonal distribution shifts along China’s coast.On the other hand,three-dimensional protected areas enhance ecosystem protection by incorporating vertical ecological gradients and ocean depth,offering a vital complement to the predominantly two-dimensional protection approach currently in use.The study indicates that,with current technological and data capabilities,effective implementation of these advanced approaches requires precision marine observations,advanced analysis methods,and coordinated efforts among diverse stakeholders.In response,the study synthesizes multiple case studies to illustrate the potential ecological,managerial,and policy-related outcomes of dynamic and three-dimensional MPAs.It proposes strategies for optimization,implementation pathways,and targeted policy recommendations.Ultimately,the study emphasizes the critical role of scientific planning and technological innovation in enhancing the effectiveness of MPAs in China.It calls upon policymakers and the broader society to increase attention and investment in dynamic and three-dimensional marine conservation approaches.This work not only provides a scientific foundation for more precise and efficient marine governance in China,but also lays crucial foundation for achieving ocean-related sustainable development goals aligned with China’s national context.
文摘In this research,we examine how the Al Hoceima Marine Protected Area(MPA),located in the southwest Mediterranean Sea,can be effectively monitored using the SeaExplorer glider—an advanced autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)designed for long‑duration oceanographic missions.The study focuses on the glider’s ability to simultaneously observe a variety of environmental parameters,including temperature,conductivity,oxygen,and chlorophyll,during its deployment across multiple transects.The primary objective of the mission is to improve understanding of the vertical thermal structure and seasonal dynamics of the water column in this ecologically signiicant region.To achieve this,we apply Gaussian Process(GP)regression techniques to the glider‑derived temperature data.This statistical method enables the smoothing and interpolation of irregularly spaced in situ measurements,thereby improving the visibility and interpretation of stratiication patterns throughout the water column.Although the glider followed a predetermined course,the data‑driven analysis suggests that adaptive sampling strategies—such as adjustments based on real‑time outliers—could be valuable in future missions.Our results,which show distinct thermal layering and seasonal variability,are crucial for informing ecosystem function assessments and climate resilience planning.This study also discusses how integrating machine learning into glider‑based monitoring could enhance MPA observation systems and promote adaptive,evidence‑based management.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(Grant no.2018YFC1406801)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant no.41876217)+1 种基金the Chinese Polar Environmental Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs(Grant no.CHINARE 2017-03)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Plan of China(Grant no.2015ASKJ02-02)
文摘Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ecological importance and unique value for scientific research. In response to climate change and growing commercial fishing interests in the Southern Ocean and their impacts on the marine ecosystem, the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) is reacting to growing international pressure to establish a system of MPAs in the Southern Ocean to manage fisheries and conserve vital species—such as the keystone resource Antarctic krill and the dominant fish predator Antarctic toothfish—as well as to protect whole ecosystems. This review summarizes progress in the establishment of MPAs in the Southern Ocean by focusing on several major topics:(1) the current status of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(2) the purpose and objective of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(3) a short description of the largest high-sea MPA(the Ross Sea MPA);(4) ecological observation and monitoring for the planned MPAs in the Southern Ocean; and(5) the importance of international cooperation in the design, establishment and future management of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.
文摘By prohibiting fishing, marine protected areas （MPAs） provide a refuge for harvested species. Humans are often perceived as predators by prey and therefore respond fearfully to humans. Thus, fish responses to humans inside and outside of an MPA can provide insights into their perception of humans as a predatory threat. Previous studies have found differences in the distance that har- vested species of fish initiate flight （flight initiation distance--FID） from humans inside and outside an MPA, but less is known about unharvested species. We focused on whether the lined bristle- tooth Ctenochaetus striatus, an unharvested surgeonfish, can discriminate between a snorkeler and a snorkeler with a spear gun inside and outside of a no-take MPA in Mo＇orea, French Polynesia. Additionally, we incorporated starting distance （the distance between the person and prey at the start of an experimental approach）, a variable that has been found to be important in as- sessing prey escape decisions in terrestrial species, but that has not been extensively studied in aquatic systems. Lined bristletooth FID was significantly greater in the presence of a spear gun and varied depending on if the spear gun encounter was inside or outside of the MPA. These results imply a degree of sophistication of fish antipredator behavior, generate questions as to how a non- targeted species of fish could acquire fear of humans, and demonstrate that behavioral surveys can provide insights about antipredator behavior.
文摘Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force （ADF） is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area （SWBTA） as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park （GBRMP）, the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area （GBRWHA）, and abutting Queensland＇s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System （EMS） is widely used by the ADE This paper exanlines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber （TS） exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.
文摘The MARGov Project consisted in strengthening the interaction among the Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park stakeholders, and to collaboratively construct, with social and institutional actors, a governance model for the Marine Park, located in the municipality of Sesimbra （Portugal）. To pursue this goal, a PPGIS （public participation geographic information system） was developed, allowing the interaction, discussion and public participation of the stakeholders and actors involved. This PPGIS emerged as a crowdsourcing tool, with the purpose of assisting the georeferenced contributes from the local users of the Marine Park, regarding several relevant subjects, such as pollution, economic activities, opportunities and threats to the Marine Park, providing visual, analytical, and demonstrative qualities.
文摘The article discusses the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in marine conservation, specifically in relation to the protection of marine ecosystems and the definition of marine protected areas (MPAs). It highlights the threats that marine ecosystems face due to human activities and emphasizes the importance of effective management and conservation efforts. By improving data gathering, processing, monitoring, and analysis, artificial intelligence, and automation, they can revolutionize marine research. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of AI and automation in marine conservation responsibly and ethically. In order to integrate these technologies into decision-making processes, stakeholders and marine conservation professionals must collaborate. Through the use of artificial intelligence and automation, marine conservation efforts can be transformed by establishing new methods of collecting and analyzing data, making informed decisions, and managing marine ecosystems.
基金Funding for execution of the Project Vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas marinos y costeros de Bahía Málaga(Pacífico colombiano):amenazas naturales y antrópicas has been supported by Colciencias,through grant No.110652128786,RC 315-2011,Universidad del Valle(Cali,Colombia),and Invemar(Santa Marta,Colombia).
文摘The environmental protection of tropical marine and coastal areas faces different challenges due to the diversity of aspects related to these areas, which include natural, social and economical issues. Despite these challenges, efforts for the protection of these areas are urgent nowadays because of the dramatical increase of human related threats like habitat destruction and population growth. Malaga Bay (MB) is a tectonic estuarine system located in Panama Bight (central region of the Colombian Pacific coast), which due to its origin shows important environmental characteristics of few sites in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) match. For these reasons, the government of Colombia declared in 2010, the bay’s marine area as a Marine National Natural Park in order to preserve its unique estuarine marine biodiversity. Despite this measure, MB presents several conditions that make environmental protection a very difficult task. In this paper, we present the geographical context, biodiversity and natural resources, environmental threats, the complexity of economic and social context, and the institutional and legal context of MB, to exemplify the difficulty that the protection of marine areas face in the TEP.
基金supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(FCT)under the projects-LA/P/0083/2020,UIDP/50009/2020 and UIDB/50009/2020(DOI:10.54499/LA/P/0083/2020,10.54499/UIDP/50009/2020,and 10.54499/UIDB/50009/2020)-Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems(LARSyS)National funds funded the research conducted by Ricardo Moura through the FCT,I.P.,Center for Mathematics and Applications(NOVA Math)under the scope of the projects UIDB/00297/2020 and UIDP/00297/2020(DOI:10.54499/UIDB/00297/2020and 10.54499/UIDP/00297/2020).
文摘Fishing is a significant global food source,providing protein for millions of people.The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)is committed to ensuring access to high-quality food,reducing hunger,and promoting sustainable fisheries to address global population growth and hunger.However,illegal,unreported,and unregulated fishing poses a significant challenge,threatening marine biodiversity and food security.Portugal has the 10th largest Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ),with waters around mainland Portugal,the Azores,and Madeira.This research focuses on the Azores region,known for its traditional multispecific fishery around the island slopes and seamounts.The region’s fisheries face data scarcity issues and complicating effective management.By combining Vessel Monitoring System(VMS)records from 2016 to 2022 and Portuguese Navy(PoN)Fiscalization Reports(FISCREP)from 2015 to 2022,it was possible to use appropriate metrics to characterize the fishing effort and analyze the effectiveness of the inspections conducted in the Azores EEZ.The Total Boat-Meter(TBM)metric combines the number and length of boats to quantify the fishing effort better.The analysis shows that the fishing effort in the protected areas is very high,highlighting the pressure on the protected ecosystems.The findings aim to assist regulatory institutions and researchers in assessing fishing pressure and promoting sustainable fisheries management in the Azores to preserve marine ecosystems.
文摘Smart Marine Protected Areas(SMPAs)are innovative frameworks that integrate advanced technologies and participatory governance and management approaches to protect marine ecosystems effectively.Due to their dynamic management practices,these regions can adapt more rapidly and effectively to environmental fluctuations via real-time data.Scientific research indicates that the engagement of local communities in decision-making results in conservation initiatives that more closely reflect socio-economic conditions.By seeking sustainable economic activities,they further drive economic growth at the local level.However,the implementation of SMPAs faces several challenges.High costs,lack of technological infrastructure,and regional digital disparities can limit their diffusion and effectiveness.Therefore,increasing international cooperation and strengthening local capacity is of utmost importance.Drawing on traditional marine protected areas,this study provides a roadmap on how these areas can be more effectively integrated with advanced technologies.It also covers the pros and cons that you might face throughout and the ways to cope with it,along with an alternative view.A comprehensive framework is suggested for a more just,inclusive,and sustainable design and implementation of SMPAs.
基金The study was financially supported under the contract number 3/CPMP/PNBA/2017 by the French Development Agency(AFD-Agence França),the French Facility for Global Environment(FFEM)and the Trust-Fund for the Banc d’Arguin and the Coastal&Marine Biodiversity Trust Fund(BACoMaB-Mauritania.
文摘Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of overexploitation.To ensure sustainable fisheries,a primary goal of science-based fisheries policy is to provide an adequate conservation status of marine habitats that are directly,or indirectly,fundamental for the lifecycle of fish populations of commercial interest.The National Park of Banc d’Arguin has been recognized for its nursery and fish biomass export functions.In this paper,we present the economic value of the fish provisioning service of marine coastal ecosystems of the protected area.We estimated the added value of artisanal fisheries,the spatial distribution of fishing activities,the contribution of the Park to the Mauritanian fisheries and the heritage value of artisanal fisheries.Overall,the average added value for artisanal fisheries is about 43 million MRU(1 million euros)over the period 2006–2017.It mainly benefits to the ship-owners,which generates inequalities and threatens the livelihoods of the Imraguen.The spatial distribution of fishing activities and associated revenues shows high variability throughout the years,the seasons and the geographic areas,and reveals the high adaptability of Imraguen fishers.Fishing grounds are mostly located close to the shore,associated with seagrass beds,confirming the service of fish provisioning rendered by this ecosystem.Furthermore,the high productivity of seagrass beds contributes to the spill-over of biomass.The contribution of the Park to fishing activities that occur within the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone is estimated to 15%,representing an added value creation of 3.2 billion MRU(71 million euros).The heritage value of the fisheries is assessed,through fishers’willingness to accept to stop their fishing activities,at 17.5 million MRU(0.4 million euros).Thus,this paper highlights the necessity of incorporating an ecosystem-based approach along with fishers’knowledge and adaptability into future conservation plan of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin and fisheries management at the local,national and regional scale.
基金Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program[grant number 2019QZKK0501]Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program[grant number 2021xjkk0600]+1 种基金Biodiversity Survey,Monitoring and Assessment Project of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China[grant number 2019HB2096001006]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution[grant number 2020YSKY-008].
文摘Marine protected areas(MPAs)across various countries have contributed to safeguarding coastal and marine environments.Despite these efforts,marine non-native species(NNS)continue to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems,even within MPAs.Currently,there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the inventories,distribution patterns,and effect factors of NNS within MPAs.Here we show a database containing over 15,000 occurrence records of 2714 marine NNS across 16,401 national or regional MPAs worldwide.To identify the primary mechanisms driving the occurrence of NNS,we utilize model selection with proxies representing colonization pressure,environmental variables,and MPA characteristics.Among the environmental predictors analyzed,sea surface temperature emerged as the sole factor strongly associated with NNS richness.Higher sea surface temperatures are linked to increased NNS richness,aligning with global marine biodiversity trends.Furthermore,human activities help species overcome geographical barriers and migration constraints.Consequently,this influences the distribution patterns of marine introduced species and associated environmental factors.As global climate change continues to alter sea temperatures,it is crucial to protect marine regions that are increasingly vulnerable to intense human activities and biological invasions.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the BIOMARES LIFE project(LIFE06 NAT/P/000192)the ERA-Net BiodivERsA project“BUFFER-Partially protected areas as buffers to increase the linked social-ecological resilience”,with the national funders ANR(France),FCT(Portugal),FOR-MAS and SEPA(Sweden)and RCN(Norway).C.P.would also like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM(UID/AMB/50017/2019)+2 种基金through national funds.B.H.C.was supported by national funds through FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology,I.P.,in the scope of Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0038.G.Fwas supported by a PhD grant from Programas de Doutoramento FCT.I.S.was financed by a PhD grant from FCT,SFRH/BD/80771/2011This study received Portuguese national funds from FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through the strategic project UID/Multi/04326/2019 and UID/MAR/04292/2019.
文摘The perceptions of fishers towards the Arrábida Marine Park,a marine protected area(MPA)in the west coast of Portugal,were studied through face-to-face interviews in two different moments of the MPA life cycle.Fishers'perceptions about the MPA and the impact it had on the fishing activity over time were identified just before the full implementation of the zoning and regulations of the management plan and 10 years later.This study aimed to investigate fishers'knowledge,acceptance and perceptions about the MPA changed with time,if support for the MPA was linked to the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity,and if fishers'perceptions about the impact of the MPA on the fishing activity match with local landings trends.Results show that although knowledge about the marine park significantly improved over time,fishers'acceptance did not.A decrease on fishers'support was not substantial but occurred.Issues such as the disagreement with regulations reinforced concerns raised during the implementation of the marine park,particularly in relation to the top-down decision-making,which commonly confers minor participation,recognition and legitimacy to fishers.Apparently,fisheries benefits were still not perceived by local fishers,though they are central for fishers'support.Further,the perceived negative impacts of the park seemed to be more related to social aspects and individual interests than to impacts on catches.Addressing adequate management,enforcement and participation of local fishers is still possible and are advocated here as to contribute to the expected socioecological outcomes and respective support,leading to the future successful performance of the Arrábida Marine Park.Assessing fishers’perceptions towards an MPA over time is central and should be included on periodical socioecological monitoring and inform an effective adaptive management.
文摘Marine Protected Areas(MPAs)have long been recognized to be effective tools for spatial management,conservation of biodiversity and fisheries enhancement(Rodríguez-Rodríguez,2016;Claudet et al.,2020),leading Member States Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)in 2010 to agree to cover 10%of their coastal and marine areas with MPAs by 2020(Aichi Target 11).In 2020 MPAs cover 5.3%world’s oceans,with 2.5%in no-take marine reserves offering protection,even though a global no-take coverage of at least 30%of the world’s oceans by 2030 has been proposed(Marine Conservation Institute;http://www.mpatlas.org/progress/proposals/).
基金The Division of Marine Environment/Iranian Department of Environment(IDOE)under contract No.93.823 in 2015
文摘Iranian nesting populations of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle(Eretmochelys imbricate) are some of the most important in the Indian Ocean. In this study, four of the most important hawksbill nesting grounds in the Persian Gulf, situated within three Iranian marine protected areas, were surveyed during nesting season,including Nakhiloo, Ommolgorm and Kharko Islands and the mainland beaches of the Naiband Marine-Coastal National Park(NMCNP). We present GIS maps of these key nesting grounds and describe sand texture of key nesting zones, along with conservation recommendations. About 9.2(28.3%) out of 32.5 km of all shores surveyed in this study were used by nesting hawksbill turtles follows: Nakhiloo: 1.4 km(52% of potential nesting area);Ommolgorm: 1.94 km(40%);Kharko: 3.4 km(28%), and NMCNP: 2.46 km(18.9%). The average nesting density was calculated as 131 nests/km at Nakhiloo, 76 nests/km at Ommolgorm, 7 nests/km at Kharko, and 15 nests per km at NMCNP. Highest nesting density was observed in Nakhiloo and Ommolgorm. It is thought that high hawksbill nesting density in these islands seems likely a result of limiting adequate nesting shores rather than the size of population, and also low density in Kharko and NMCNP more related to past and current pressures and low population density. With the exception of Ommolgorm Island, sands at the nesting grounds were well sorted.Grain size indicated that female hawksbill turtles in the Iranian Persian Gulf nest in sands that are generally mixed, with mean grain size ranging from coarse sands(0.4Φ;~0.5–1 mm) to fine sands(2Φ;~0.25 mm). We provide and discuss conservation recommendations and suggestions for future.
文摘Population growth, food security, conservation of wildlife, and ecosystem services are topics of huge concern in underdeveloped areas where people rely on what land and sea can provide to support their survival needs. In the North of Mozambique, the reality is not different from other parts of Africa. Despite the natural patrimony of extraordinary landscapes and wildlife and the diversity of cultural heritage, human populations are impoverished, and natural resources are overexploited. Here, the authors present a conceptual proposal for a chain of land and marine protected areas that encompasses not only the Rovuma estuary, but all the islands that belong to the Quirimbas archipelago and part of the coastal zone until Pemba Bay. In this study, this is considered a fundamental action for the recovery of damaged areas, maintenance of ecosystem services, sustainable development of the region, and preservation of several potential biodiversity hotspots. For the proposal’s idealization, satellite images were analyzed, and the results of fieldwork and published literature were explored. This chain of areas includes existing protected areas, such as the Quirimbas National Park and the protected area on Vamizi island, and a proposed but currently unestablished area—the Messalo wilderness area. A need for multisectoral involvement in a bottom-up approach is recognized for the management cycle of protected areas in Mozambique.
文摘Gazetted in 1997, The TCMP （Tobago Cays Marine Park） is the only marine protected area within the territorial boundaries of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Sea turtles are an important species in TCMP, and because their globally endangered status have become the focus of an in-water monitoring program, primarily for green turtles （Chelonia mydas）. Preliminary assessment indicated that the TCMP contains an important foraging aggregation of sub-adult green turtles. Since then two additional years of data has been collected; this data was analyzed to assess the health of the turtle population. The data also indicated that the weight was predictable according to carapace width and length and that the population is dominated by larger sub-adults.
文摘A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitats. Many of these environments are in decline due to changes in ecosystem structure and function resulting from multiple stressor effects. In addition, inadequate governance has supported a patchwork of single issues or sectoral approaches rather than integrated management of multiple human uses and activities to maintain healthy, productive, resilient, and sustainable ecosystems and the provision of goods and services. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a viable framework for a more effective governance structure and management of these vital coastal environments. An important component of this approach is a holistic effort to assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is preferred that links ecological, physical, and socio-economic systems, increasing the protection of resources and societal benefits. For degraded estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives are important intervention strategies used to reverse the loss of habitats and biotic resources and to support management programs. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an integral element of marine management plans to conserve and sustain estuarine and coastal marine environments by protecting threatened ecosystems and their resources from anthropogenic activities. National and international regulatory frameworks and directives are also in place to protect and conserve these environments.
基金supported by the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(grant 20210302124141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 32101235)to R.F.C.
文摘Although debates exist,marine reserves play an important role in fisheries management.Based on stable equilibrium state,theoretical frameworks of various systems suggest that fisheries management with the implementation of marine reserves has obvious advantage in achieving multiple goals such as improving the target fisheries yields as well as maintaining species persistence in comparison with strategy of traditional fishing effort control.More recently,ecologists pay attention to the transient dynamics of fisheries yields when marine reserves are established.Simulation results suggest that the relative advantages between different fisheries management strategies(the implementation of marine reserves vs.traditional fishing effort control)depend on not only life histories but also the measurement metrics of fisheries yields(measured by number vs.measured by weight).Further research on transient dynamic pattern of fisheries yields can help fishery managers adjust relevant policies at an appropriate ecological time scale to achieve both conservation and economic goals,which provide a theoretical foundation for adaptive marine reserve management.
