Background: Immunization averts a large number of children in each year. The burden of vaccine preventable diseases remains high in developing countries compared to developed countries. To overcome from this burden di...Background: Immunization averts a large number of children in each year. The burden of vaccine preventable diseases remains high in developing countries compared to developed countries. To overcome from this burden different types of immunization programs have been implemented. For better immunization coverage in developing countries, considerable progress is to be made to improve the knowledge and awareness regarding importance of vaccines. In this study a compara-tive study of immunization coverage under two sampling methods has been performed. Methods: In this study variance and design effect of proportion of children vaccinated against different types of vaccines (BCG, OPV, DPT, Hepatitis B, Hib, Measles and MMR) are estimated under two stage (30 × 30) cluster and systematic sampling for comparison of these two survey sampling methods. Also the homogeneity of clusters has been tested by using chi-square test. Results: It is observed that BCG, OPV and DPT vaccination coverage is more than 90% whereas Hepatitis B, Measles, Hib and MMR vaccination coverage is between 50% - 64% only. Here systematic random sampling is more complicated than two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling. Also the result shows that the clusters are homogeneous with respect to proportion of children vaccinated. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the two survey methodologies regarding the point estimation of vaccination coverage but estimation of variances of vaccination coverage is less in two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling than that of the systematic sampling. Also the clusters are homogeneous. Very less improvement has been observed in case of fully vaccination coverage than the previous study. From the study it can be said that two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling will be preferred to systematic sampling and simple random sampling method.展开更多
Globally, hypertension is one of the leading causes of death. It can potentially lead to heart disease and stroke, among others, that could result to premature death. In Ghana, hypertension is considered as a disease ...Globally, hypertension is one of the leading causes of death. It can potentially lead to heart disease and stroke, among others, that could result to premature death. In Ghana, hypertension is considered as a disease that contributes to an increase in outpatients’ attendance. To assess the trend differentials of hypertension-induced deaths in Ghana, Chi-square test for equal proportions and Marascuilo procedure for pairwise comparison were performed using surveillance data on reported number of deaths from 2012 to 2016 across the then ten regions. The results show that incidence of hypertension-induced mortality was significantly different for almost all the regions and over the years. The incidence of hypertension-induced mortality has significantly reduced from 2012 to 2016. However, Volta Region recorded the highest incidence of mortality cases (<em>p</em>-value less of 0.0001) than the other regions during the period under review, while the Upper East Region recorded continuous increase in incidence of mortality cases with the highest in 2016. The Eastern Region, Central Region, and Greater Accra Region recorded significantly (<em>p</em>-value less of 0.0001) higher incidence of hypertension-induced mortality than the Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region, Northern Region, Western Region and Upper West Region. The Upper West Region and Western Region had the lowest incidence of mortality. The decline in trend of hypertension-induced mortality could be attributed to some healthcare interventions put in place during the period. One of these interventions was the introduction of health insurance in 2003, a development which has been shown to affect the health seeking behaviors of the people. It is, therefore, important to investigate factors affecting these spatial and temporal dynamics in order to determine appropriate ways to actively control the hypertension-induced deaths in the country. Public education on health should be intensified so as to totally curb hypertension and its attendant risks.展开更多
文摘Background: Immunization averts a large number of children in each year. The burden of vaccine preventable diseases remains high in developing countries compared to developed countries. To overcome from this burden different types of immunization programs have been implemented. For better immunization coverage in developing countries, considerable progress is to be made to improve the knowledge and awareness regarding importance of vaccines. In this study a compara-tive study of immunization coverage under two sampling methods has been performed. Methods: In this study variance and design effect of proportion of children vaccinated against different types of vaccines (BCG, OPV, DPT, Hepatitis B, Hib, Measles and MMR) are estimated under two stage (30 × 30) cluster and systematic sampling for comparison of these two survey sampling methods. Also the homogeneity of clusters has been tested by using chi-square test. Results: It is observed that BCG, OPV and DPT vaccination coverage is more than 90% whereas Hepatitis B, Measles, Hib and MMR vaccination coverage is between 50% - 64% only. Here systematic random sampling is more complicated than two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling. Also the result shows that the clusters are homogeneous with respect to proportion of children vaccinated. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the two survey methodologies regarding the point estimation of vaccination coverage but estimation of variances of vaccination coverage is less in two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling than that of the systematic sampling. Also the clusters are homogeneous. Very less improvement has been observed in case of fully vaccination coverage than the previous study. From the study it can be said that two stage (30 × 30) cluster sampling will be preferred to systematic sampling and simple random sampling method.
文摘Globally, hypertension is one of the leading causes of death. It can potentially lead to heart disease and stroke, among others, that could result to premature death. In Ghana, hypertension is considered as a disease that contributes to an increase in outpatients’ attendance. To assess the trend differentials of hypertension-induced deaths in Ghana, Chi-square test for equal proportions and Marascuilo procedure for pairwise comparison were performed using surveillance data on reported number of deaths from 2012 to 2016 across the then ten regions. The results show that incidence of hypertension-induced mortality was significantly different for almost all the regions and over the years. The incidence of hypertension-induced mortality has significantly reduced from 2012 to 2016. However, Volta Region recorded the highest incidence of mortality cases (<em>p</em>-value less of 0.0001) than the other regions during the period under review, while the Upper East Region recorded continuous increase in incidence of mortality cases with the highest in 2016. The Eastern Region, Central Region, and Greater Accra Region recorded significantly (<em>p</em>-value less of 0.0001) higher incidence of hypertension-induced mortality than the Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region, Northern Region, Western Region and Upper West Region. The Upper West Region and Western Region had the lowest incidence of mortality. The decline in trend of hypertension-induced mortality could be attributed to some healthcare interventions put in place during the period. One of these interventions was the introduction of health insurance in 2003, a development which has been shown to affect the health seeking behaviors of the people. It is, therefore, important to investigate factors affecting these spatial and temporal dynamics in order to determine appropriate ways to actively control the hypertension-induced deaths in the country. Public education on health should be intensified so as to totally curb hypertension and its attendant risks.
