The commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has garnered worldwide attention and many efforts were devoted on the improvement of efficiency and stability.Here,we estimated the cost effectivities of PSCs based...The commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has garnered worldwide attention and many efforts were devoted on the improvement of efficiency and stability.Here,we estimated the cost effectivities of PSCs based on the current industrial condition.Through the analysis of current process,the manufacturing cost and the levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of PSCs is estimated as 0.57$W^(−1) and 18-22 US cents(kWh)^(−1),respectively,and we demonstrate the materials cost shares 70%of the total cost.Sensitivity analysis indicates that the improvement of efficiency,yield and decrease in materials cost significantly reduce the cost of the modules.Analysis of the module cost and LCOE indicates that the PSCs have the potential to outperform the silicon solar cells in the condition of over 25%efficiency and 25-year lifetime in future.To achieve this target,it is essential to further refine the fabrication processes of each layer in the module,develop stable inorganic transport materials,and precisely control material formation and processing at the microscale and nanoscale to enhance charge transport.展开更多
In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumpt...In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumption relationships in a complex manufacturing environment are first expressed. The consumption characteristics （mainly presented by the activity rates） of all production activities are extracted by solving these relationships. Then with the con- sumption characteristics and operating parameters of these activities, the detailed cost consumption of a product in its manufacturing process is estimated. A case study is finally given based on the compressor products of a manufacturing company, and its effectiveness is shown. As the cost influ- ence of complex consumption relationships is fully considered, the limitation of traditional ABC method is overcome, and therefore a high accuracy in product cost estimation under the complex manufacturing environment can be achieved.展开更多
Under the concept of sustainable development, the development direction of the construction industry has changed a lot, and the importance of green building is also increasing. There are great differences between gree...Under the concept of sustainable development, the development direction of the construction industry has changed a lot, and the importance of green building is also increasing. There are great differences between green building engineering and traditional building engineering in design and construction, and there are also great particularities in cost budget and cost control. Both the traditional construction field and the new green building projects attach great importance to the control of the construction cost. Therefore, before carrying out all kinds of construction projects, the relevant construction units should do a good job in the cost budget and control the cost of the whole project within a certain range, which is not only the premise for the construction enterprises to obtain economic benefits, it is also an important guarantee for further promotion of green building technology.展开更多
In the whole construction project, the construction project cost link is a particularly important link. It can not only effectively control the construction budget, but also bring greater benefits to the enterprise. U...In the whole construction project, the construction project cost link is a particularly important link. It can not only effectively control the construction budget, but also bring greater benefits to the enterprise. Use advanced technical means to improve the cost management level of construction projects in decision-making, design and construction stages, and scientifically control the investment cost of construction projects, so as to obtain higher economic benefits. This paper analyzes the control measures of project cost in construction project management, the main problems existing in project cost management and control, the principles of project cost management and control, and the development strategy of project cost management and control in construction project management.展开更多
With the continuous development of economy and society, China's construction industry has also seen unprecedented progress in recent years. In the process of cost management of current construction projects, whole...With the continuous development of economy and society, China's construction industry has also seen unprecedented progress in recent years. In the process of cost management of current construction projects, whole-process project cost management is a major development trend. In the field of construction engineering, to ensure the all-round implementation of the work, we must pay attention to the management effect, change the concept of cost control, and effectively implement the work concept. In view of the shortcomings of the whole process cost control in the construction project management, this paper puts forward relevant countermeasures and explorations. In order to ensure the safety of construction project funds and improve the overall quality of the project.展开更多
The project cost management in the process of construction is an important basis to ensure the effect of cost control. If the dynamic management of project cost can be realized, the efficiency of cost control will be ...The project cost management in the process of construction is an important basis to ensure the effect of cost control. If the dynamic management of project cost can be realized, the efficiency of cost control will be improved, which is an important premise to achieve the goal of maximizing the economic benefits of enterprises. Many factors in the actual project will have an impact on the project cost. Dynamic management can reasonably control the construction cost and construction progress through the control and strengthening of the whole process of project construction, and the use of professional and technical means for intervention and management. Dynamic project cost management can also help construction enterprises make timely adjustments to the content of cost management, and formulate more scientific and accurate project cost according to the actual situation of the construction site. This paper first summarizes the significance of dynamic control of construction project cost, and then analyzes the current situation of construction project cost control, Finally, the key points of dynamic management and control of construction cost in the new period are discussed.展开更多
With the acceleration of China's development process, the construction industry has also ushered in new changes. With the development of society and the change of economic structure, construction cost plays an imp...With the acceleration of China's development process, the construction industry has also ushered in new changes. With the development of society and the change of economic structure, construction cost plays an important role in construction projects in China's construction industry. Construction cost plays an important role in project operation and cost control. However, the construction enterprises in our country do not have enough ideas on the management and control of construction cost, which seriously reduces the operating efficiency of the enterprises. Construction cost plays an important role in every link of construction enterprises. This paper discusses the problems of dynamic management and control of engineering cost and the measures of dynamic management and control in construction industry, in order to improve the economic benefits of enterprises and reduce the overall management cost of enterprise engineering cost.展开更多
With the rapid development of various national economic undertakings and the continuous change of social environment, China's construction engineering industry has also ushered in a good opportunity for rapid deve...With the rapid development of various national economic undertakings and the continuous change of social environment, China's construction engineering industry has also ushered in a good opportunity for rapid development. At present, a variety of construction projects are rising, which is both an opportunity and a great challenge for construction enterprises. The efficiency and quality of cost settlement audit determine the cost of the enterprise's investment in the whole construction project to a certain extent. Doing a good job of project settlement can not only help the enterprise improve economic benefits, but also strengthen the supervision and management of the whole construction project to avoid various unnecessary problems. At present, there are always various obstacles in the process of cost settlement audit, and the staff need to seek corresponding methods in combination with relevant regulations. This paper focuses on this topic.展开更多
The rapid development of contemporary social economy promotes the increasing number of construction projects. However, with the rapid development of China's construction industry, there will be some problems, one ...The rapid development of contemporary social economy promotes the increasing number of construction projects. However, with the rapid development of China's construction industry, there will be some problems, one of which is the cost management in the construction stage. At present, in order to improve the profit of the construction project, the cost of the project cost needs to be reduced as much as possible, but the quality assurance of the construction project is the premise, and the project cost fluctuates greatly in the construction stage of the construction project, which also has a great impact on the construction. This paper studies the cost control in the construction stage for reference.展开更多
Due to the traditional thinking of project cost management and the lack of a set of perfect project cost management system in the specific management operation period of construction enterprises, and the construction ...Due to the traditional thinking of project cost management and the lack of a set of perfect project cost management system in the specific management operation period of construction enterprises, and the construction time of specific projects is generally long, different problems are prone to affect the project cost, so the project should have a set of management system to supervise the cost loss of the project from design to construction. For construction enterprises, only by continuously improving the core competitiveness of enterprises, reducing construction costs and improving the engineering cost level of construction enterprises, can they obtain certain profits in the fierce competition. Therefore, the project cost management and control is particularly important.展开更多
Construction project cost management, that is to take scientific methods to control the project cost, so as to improve the economic and social benefits of construction projects.Compared with the static management mode...Construction project cost management, that is to take scientific methods to control the project cost, so as to improve the economic and social benefits of construction projects.Compared with the static management mode, dynamic management combines the application advantages of static management, adjusts and optimizes the management mode according to the specific changes in the market, and further improves the project cost measures according to the economic indicators of the construction industry.Based on this, the implementation of dynamic management of construction project cost and continuous optimization of cost expenditure are important ways for enterprises to realize economic and social benefits.This paper mainly analyzes how to realize the effective control of construction project cost, which is only for reference.展开更多
As an important link in the whole bidding work, the project cost should be given enough attention in the process of project cost management. In order to improve the scientificalness and rationality of the bidding work...As an important link in the whole bidding work, the project cost should be given enough attention in the process of project cost management. In order to improve the scientificalness and rationality of the bidding work, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the bidding documents of the owner, at the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen the accounting of the bill of quantities, and make appropriate adjustments to the corresponding deviation problems, and on this basis, to carry out scientific and effective cost control work, to achieve effective control of the construction cost, so as to better avoid the bidding risk and obtain greater economic benefits.展开更多
In recent years, in the process of the modernization of the construction industry, the project cost has become the focus of attention. In any project implementation, the project cost management can not be ignored. At ...In recent years, in the process of the modernization of the construction industry, the project cost has become the focus of attention. In any project implementation, the project cost management can not be ignored. At present, although many project owners have realized the importance of the information construction of project cost management, and also carried out a wealth of exploration and practice, there are still many deficiencies in the information construction of project cost management. In the future development process, the cost management in the engineering field should change the traditional concept and mode, carry out the corresponding information innovation, and improve the overall level of project cost information according to the lack of cost management information construction.展开更多
For the cost management and cost control of construction projects, its main purpose is to ensure that the funds generated from the whole process of investment decision-making, construction implementation and even oper...For the cost management and cost control of construction projects, its main purpose is to ensure that the funds generated from the whole process of investment decision-making, construction implementation and even operation and maintenance stages of the whole project can be within a reasonable range, so that construction enterprises can obtain higher economic benefits while better ensuring the project quality, and effectively improve the utilization rate of enterprise construction funds, realize dynamic management of the whole construction process, and further promote the sustainable development of construction enterprises.展开更多
A larger space PDP cell with patterned aluminum as the addressing electrode and alumina as the dielectric layer was proposed. The aluminum electrode and the alumina dielectric layer formed on the aluminum electrode we...A larger space PDP cell with patterned aluminum as the addressing electrode and alumina as the dielectric layer was proposed. The aluminum electrode and the alumina dielectric layer formed on the aluminum electrode were prepared separately by magnetron sputtering and anodic oxidation for plasma display panel. The properties of the aluminum electrode and the alumina dielectric layer were tested and can meet the demand of PDP application. The resistivity of the aluminum electrode is about 5×10^-8 Ω.m, the voltage withstanding of the alumina dielectric layer exceeds 100 V/μm and the relative permittivity is about 3.5 at 1 MHz. With this structure, the manufacturing cost of PDP could be cut and the addressing discharge formative delay is reduced by 0.67%, which is proved by PIC-MCC simulation.展开更多
We determined the global yield and composition of extracts from vetiver roots cultivated hydroponically. We extracted roots of two varieties collected at different times after planting. The extracts were obtained by s...We determined the global yield and composition of extracts from vetiver roots cultivated hydroponically. We extracted roots of two varieties collected at different times after planting. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）; we also estimated manufacturing costs. Constituents were quantified by gas-chromatography/time ionization detection （GC-FID）. Results demonstrated the efficacy of a hydroponic system in producing vctiver with a high root extract content. The largest yield was obtained from roots collected on days 132 and 92 after planting from varieties National （1.41%） and Bourbon （1.28%）, respectively. The major compounds present in the extract were khusimoi, isovalencenol, alpha-vetivone and beta-vetivone. To determine the economic viability of producing these extracts, manufacturing costs were estimated using a simplified methodology. The manufacturing costs were US$ 22.26/kg and US$ 24.26/kg for varieties national and Bourbon, respectively.展开更多
Perovskite-based photodetectors offer a compelling avenue for cutting-edge photonic applications due to their unique blend of optoelectronic characteristics and cost-efficient manufacturing processes.This comprehensiv...Perovskite-based photodetectors offer a compelling avenue for cutting-edge photonic applications due to their unique blend of optoelectronic characteristics and cost-efficient manufacturing processes.This comprehensive review investigates the advancements and hurdles facing organic and inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors.The introduction sets the stage by underscoring the significance of perovskite photodetectors and outlining the review’s scope.It also provides a primer on perovskite materials and structures,encompassing organic and inorganic variants,their synthesis techniques,and distinct properties.The section on working principles elucidates the fundamental mechanisms governing photovoltaic,photoconductive,phototransistor,and photodiode photodetectors,explaining how these devices capture and convert light into electrical signals.The review explores various device fabrication techniques,offering insights into methods like solution processing,vacuum deposition,and hybrid approaches,each with its merits and challenges.Performance optimization strategies are thoroughly examined,focusing on improving responsivity,detectivity,stability,and reliability,while also reducing noise and optimizing perovskite interfaces.It covers a diverse array of device architectures and configurations,including single-junction,tandem,and multijunction designs,as well as flexible and transparent photodetector configurations.Furthermore,the review discusses the integration and applications of perovskite-based photodetectors across imaging,environmental monitoring,communication,and healthcare,showcasing their versatility in realworld scenarios.Lastly,it addresses the challenges and future prospects of perovskite-based photodetectors,highlighting issues related to stability,toxicity,scalability,and emerging technologies,providing a glimpse into the exciting future of this field.展开更多
Several process parameters affect product reliability.Traditional reliability improvement methods primarily focus on maximizing product lifetime,often overlooking the variation in product lifetime.Manufacturers,howeve...Several process parameters affect product reliability.Traditional reliability improvement methods primarily focus on maximizing product lifetime,often overlooking the variation in product lifetime.Manufacturers,however,aim to produce products with minimal variations in their performance.Robust parameter design offers an effective strategy to help manufacturers enhance product reliability while reducing process variations.In practice,reliability experiments frequently involve constrained randomization due to the selection of specific experimental protocols.This study proposes a framework to achieve robust product reliability under a constrained randomization experiment.To consider random effects,we develop a Bayesian method-based Weibull non-linear mixed model for the lifetime response.Important factors are identified according to Bayesian posterior credible intervals.Subsequently,we propose an integrated multi-objective optimization model to determine the optimal factor levels.This model simultaneously considers minimizing the total costs of the manufacturer,maximizing the product lifetime,and minimizing the lifetime variance.An industrial thermostat experiment is conducted to validate the proposed method.Compared to existing approaches,the proposed method demonstrates superior performance in reducing variance and total cost,particularly for long warranty periods.Finally,we discuss the practical implications of the optimal solutions for manufacturers,finding that variations remain tolerable within a certain range.展开更多
基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3800068)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A20171).
文摘The commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has garnered worldwide attention and many efforts were devoted on the improvement of efficiency and stability.Here,we estimated the cost effectivities of PSCs based on the current industrial condition.Through the analysis of current process,the manufacturing cost and the levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of PSCs is estimated as 0.57$W^(−1) and 18-22 US cents(kWh)^(−1),respectively,and we demonstrate the materials cost shares 70%of the total cost.Sensitivity analysis indicates that the improvement of efficiency,yield and decrease in materials cost significantly reduce the cost of the modules.Analysis of the module cost and LCOE indicates that the PSCs have the potential to outperform the silicon solar cells in the condition of over 25%efficiency and 25-year lifetime in future.To achieve this target,it is essential to further refine the fabrication processes of each layer in the module,develop stable inorganic transport materials,and precisely control material formation and processing at the microscale and nanoscale to enhance charge transport.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61074136)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2009ZX04014)
文摘In order to evaluate and estimate me cosEs oi prouuct~ plt, uu^u e vironment properly, an improved activity-based costing （ABC） model is presented. By utilizing the input-output analysis method, the complex consumption relationships in a complex manufacturing environment are first expressed. The consumption characteristics （mainly presented by the activity rates） of all production activities are extracted by solving these relationships. Then with the con- sumption characteristics and operating parameters of these activities, the detailed cost consumption of a product in its manufacturing process is estimated. A case study is finally given based on the compressor products of a manufacturing company, and its effectiveness is shown. As the cost influ- ence of complex consumption relationships is fully considered, the limitation of traditional ABC method is overcome, and therefore a high accuracy in product cost estimation under the complex manufacturing environment can be achieved.
文摘Under the concept of sustainable development, the development direction of the construction industry has changed a lot, and the importance of green building is also increasing. There are great differences between green building engineering and traditional building engineering in design and construction, and there are also great particularities in cost budget and cost control. Both the traditional construction field and the new green building projects attach great importance to the control of the construction cost. Therefore, before carrying out all kinds of construction projects, the relevant construction units should do a good job in the cost budget and control the cost of the whole project within a certain range, which is not only the premise for the construction enterprises to obtain economic benefits, it is also an important guarantee for further promotion of green building technology.
文摘In the whole construction project, the construction project cost link is a particularly important link. It can not only effectively control the construction budget, but also bring greater benefits to the enterprise. Use advanced technical means to improve the cost management level of construction projects in decision-making, design and construction stages, and scientifically control the investment cost of construction projects, so as to obtain higher economic benefits. This paper analyzes the control measures of project cost in construction project management, the main problems existing in project cost management and control, the principles of project cost management and control, and the development strategy of project cost management and control in construction project management.
文摘With the continuous development of economy and society, China's construction industry has also seen unprecedented progress in recent years. In the process of cost management of current construction projects, whole-process project cost management is a major development trend. In the field of construction engineering, to ensure the all-round implementation of the work, we must pay attention to the management effect, change the concept of cost control, and effectively implement the work concept. In view of the shortcomings of the whole process cost control in the construction project management, this paper puts forward relevant countermeasures and explorations. In order to ensure the safety of construction project funds and improve the overall quality of the project.
文摘The project cost management in the process of construction is an important basis to ensure the effect of cost control. If the dynamic management of project cost can be realized, the efficiency of cost control will be improved, which is an important premise to achieve the goal of maximizing the economic benefits of enterprises. Many factors in the actual project will have an impact on the project cost. Dynamic management can reasonably control the construction cost and construction progress through the control and strengthening of the whole process of project construction, and the use of professional and technical means for intervention and management. Dynamic project cost management can also help construction enterprises make timely adjustments to the content of cost management, and formulate more scientific and accurate project cost according to the actual situation of the construction site. This paper first summarizes the significance of dynamic control of construction project cost, and then analyzes the current situation of construction project cost control, Finally, the key points of dynamic management and control of construction cost in the new period are discussed.
文摘With the acceleration of China's development process, the construction industry has also ushered in new changes. With the development of society and the change of economic structure, construction cost plays an important role in construction projects in China's construction industry. Construction cost plays an important role in project operation and cost control. However, the construction enterprises in our country do not have enough ideas on the management and control of construction cost, which seriously reduces the operating efficiency of the enterprises. Construction cost plays an important role in every link of construction enterprises. This paper discusses the problems of dynamic management and control of engineering cost and the measures of dynamic management and control in construction industry, in order to improve the economic benefits of enterprises and reduce the overall management cost of enterprise engineering cost.
文摘With the rapid development of various national economic undertakings and the continuous change of social environment, China's construction engineering industry has also ushered in a good opportunity for rapid development. At present, a variety of construction projects are rising, which is both an opportunity and a great challenge for construction enterprises. The efficiency and quality of cost settlement audit determine the cost of the enterprise's investment in the whole construction project to a certain extent. Doing a good job of project settlement can not only help the enterprise improve economic benefits, but also strengthen the supervision and management of the whole construction project to avoid various unnecessary problems. At present, there are always various obstacles in the process of cost settlement audit, and the staff need to seek corresponding methods in combination with relevant regulations. This paper focuses on this topic.
文摘The rapid development of contemporary social economy promotes the increasing number of construction projects. However, with the rapid development of China's construction industry, there will be some problems, one of which is the cost management in the construction stage. At present, in order to improve the profit of the construction project, the cost of the project cost needs to be reduced as much as possible, but the quality assurance of the construction project is the premise, and the project cost fluctuates greatly in the construction stage of the construction project, which also has a great impact on the construction. This paper studies the cost control in the construction stage for reference.
文摘Due to the traditional thinking of project cost management and the lack of a set of perfect project cost management system in the specific management operation period of construction enterprises, and the construction time of specific projects is generally long, different problems are prone to affect the project cost, so the project should have a set of management system to supervise the cost loss of the project from design to construction. For construction enterprises, only by continuously improving the core competitiveness of enterprises, reducing construction costs and improving the engineering cost level of construction enterprises, can they obtain certain profits in the fierce competition. Therefore, the project cost management and control is particularly important.
文摘Construction project cost management, that is to take scientific methods to control the project cost, so as to improve the economic and social benefits of construction projects.Compared with the static management mode, dynamic management combines the application advantages of static management, adjusts and optimizes the management mode according to the specific changes in the market, and further improves the project cost measures according to the economic indicators of the construction industry.Based on this, the implementation of dynamic management of construction project cost and continuous optimization of cost expenditure are important ways for enterprises to realize economic and social benefits.This paper mainly analyzes how to realize the effective control of construction project cost, which is only for reference.
文摘As an important link in the whole bidding work, the project cost should be given enough attention in the process of project cost management. In order to improve the scientificalness and rationality of the bidding work, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the bidding documents of the owner, at the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen the accounting of the bill of quantities, and make appropriate adjustments to the corresponding deviation problems, and on this basis, to carry out scientific and effective cost control work, to achieve effective control of the construction cost, so as to better avoid the bidding risk and obtain greater economic benefits.
文摘In recent years, in the process of the modernization of the construction industry, the project cost has become the focus of attention. In any project implementation, the project cost management can not be ignored. At present, although many project owners have realized the importance of the information construction of project cost management, and also carried out a wealth of exploration and practice, there are still many deficiencies in the information construction of project cost management. In the future development process, the cost management in the engineering field should change the traditional concept and mode, carry out the corresponding information innovation, and improve the overall level of project cost information according to the lack of cost management information construction.
文摘For the cost management and cost control of construction projects, its main purpose is to ensure that the funds generated from the whole process of investment decision-making, construction implementation and even operation and maintenance stages of the whole project can be within a reasonable range, so that construction enterprises can obtain higher economic benefits while better ensuring the project quality, and effectively improve the utilization rate of enterprise construction funds, realize dynamic management of the whole construction process, and further promote the sustainable development of construction enterprises.
基金supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20120073110061)
文摘A larger space PDP cell with patterned aluminum as the addressing electrode and alumina as the dielectric layer was proposed. The aluminum electrode and the alumina dielectric layer formed on the aluminum electrode were prepared separately by magnetron sputtering and anodic oxidation for plasma display panel. The properties of the aluminum electrode and the alumina dielectric layer were tested and can meet the demand of PDP application. The resistivity of the aluminum electrode is about 5×10^-8 Ω.m, the voltage withstanding of the alumina dielectric layer exceeds 100 V/μm and the relative permittivity is about 3.5 at 1 MHz. With this structure, the manufacturing cost of PDP could be cut and the addressing discharge formative delay is reduced by 0.67%, which is proved by PIC-MCC simulation.
文摘We determined the global yield and composition of extracts from vetiver roots cultivated hydroponically. We extracted roots of two varieties collected at different times after planting. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）; we also estimated manufacturing costs. Constituents were quantified by gas-chromatography/time ionization detection （GC-FID）. Results demonstrated the efficacy of a hydroponic system in producing vctiver with a high root extract content. The largest yield was obtained from roots collected on days 132 and 92 after planting from varieties National （1.41%） and Bourbon （1.28%）, respectively. The major compounds present in the extract were khusimoi, isovalencenol, alpha-vetivone and beta-vetivone. To determine the economic viability of producing these extracts, manufacturing costs were estimated using a simplified methodology. The manufacturing costs were US$ 22.26/kg and US$ 24.26/kg for varieties national and Bourbon, respectively.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62274190,52350410471)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS24030)International Collaboration Project of Ministry of Science and Technology(G2022184006L)。
文摘Perovskite-based photodetectors offer a compelling avenue for cutting-edge photonic applications due to their unique blend of optoelectronic characteristics and cost-efficient manufacturing processes.This comprehensive review investigates the advancements and hurdles facing organic and inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors.The introduction sets the stage by underscoring the significance of perovskite photodetectors and outlining the review’s scope.It also provides a primer on perovskite materials and structures,encompassing organic and inorganic variants,their synthesis techniques,and distinct properties.The section on working principles elucidates the fundamental mechanisms governing photovoltaic,photoconductive,phototransistor,and photodiode photodetectors,explaining how these devices capture and convert light into electrical signals.The review explores various device fabrication techniques,offering insights into methods like solution processing,vacuum deposition,and hybrid approaches,each with its merits and challenges.Performance optimization strategies are thoroughly examined,focusing on improving responsivity,detectivity,stability,and reliability,while also reducing noise and optimizing perovskite interfaces.It covers a diverse array of device architectures and configurations,including single-junction,tandem,and multijunction designs,as well as flexible and transparent photodetector configurations.Furthermore,the review discusses the integration and applications of perovskite-based photodetectors across imaging,environmental monitoring,communication,and healthcare,showcasing their versatility in realworld scenarios.Lastly,it addresses the challenges and future prospects of perovskite-based photodetectors,highlighting issues related to stability,toxicity,scalability,and emerging technologies,providing a glimpse into the exciting future of this field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grants numbers:72002066,71871204,72471172,and 71902138]。
文摘Several process parameters affect product reliability.Traditional reliability improvement methods primarily focus on maximizing product lifetime,often overlooking the variation in product lifetime.Manufacturers,however,aim to produce products with minimal variations in their performance.Robust parameter design offers an effective strategy to help manufacturers enhance product reliability while reducing process variations.In practice,reliability experiments frequently involve constrained randomization due to the selection of specific experimental protocols.This study proposes a framework to achieve robust product reliability under a constrained randomization experiment.To consider random effects,we develop a Bayesian method-based Weibull non-linear mixed model for the lifetime response.Important factors are identified according to Bayesian posterior credible intervals.Subsequently,we propose an integrated multi-objective optimization model to determine the optimal factor levels.This model simultaneously considers minimizing the total costs of the manufacturer,maximizing the product lifetime,and minimizing the lifetime variance.An industrial thermostat experiment is conducted to validate the proposed method.Compared to existing approaches,the proposed method demonstrates superior performance in reducing variance and total cost,particularly for long warranty periods.Finally,we discuss the practical implications of the optimal solutions for manufacturers,finding that variations remain tolerable within a certain range.
