Purpose： This study aimed to examine the extent to which the quality physical education teaching （QPET） practices contributed to improving 4th- and 5th-grade students＇ manipulative skill competency. Methods： Part...Purpose： This study aimed to examine the extent to which the quality physical education teaching （QPET） practices contributed to improving 4th- and 5th-grade students＇ manipulative skill competency. Methods： Participants were 9 elementary physical education （PE） teachers and their 4th- and 5th-grade students （n = 2709 3420）. The students＇ skill competency was assessed with 3 manipulative skills using PE metrics assessment rubrics. The PE teachers＇ levels of QPET were assessed by coding 63 videotaped lessons using the assessing quality teaching rubrics （AQTR）, which consisted of 4 essential dimensions including task design, task presentation, class management, and instructional guidance. Codes were confirmed through inter-rater reliability （82.4%, 84.5%, and 94%）. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple R2 regression models, and independent sample t tests. Results： This study indicated that the 4 essential dimensions of QPET were all significant contributors to students＇ manipulative skill competency. These predictors were significantly higher for boys than for girls in soccer and striking skills, while they were significantly higher for girls than for boys in throwing skill competency. Of the 4 essential dimensions of QPET, task presentation played the most significant role in contributing to all 3 skill competencies for both boys and girls. Further, students who experienced high QPET were significantly more skillfully competent than those students who did not have this experience. Conclusion： It was concluded that the QPET practices played a significantly critical role in contributing to students＇ manipulative skill competency.展开更多
A simple treatment plan for manual therapists is presented based on current evidence-based literature, it is designed to lessen chronic pain and inflammation in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). A chronic continuous...A simple treatment plan for manual therapists is presented based on current evidence-based literature, it is designed to lessen chronic pain and inflammation in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). A chronic continuous or intermittent gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, IBS appears due to dysregulation of brain-gut-microbe communication. An overview of its management using Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) is described. In IBS OMT focuses on the nervous and circulatory systems, spine, viscera, thoracic and pelvic diaphragms in order to restore homeostatic balance, normalize autonomic activity in the intestine, promote lymphatic flow and address somatic dysfunction. Lymphatic and venous congestion is treated by the Lymphatic Pump Techniques and stimulation of Chapman’s Reflex Points. The food itself, food allergies and intolerance could contribute to symptom onset or even cause IBS. Furthermore the “microbiota” greatly impacts on the bi-directional brain-gut axis communication. This paper also provides appropriate dietary modifications for patients with IBS.展开更多
BACKGROUND A patient with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease had a ruptured posterior cortex of the fractured vertebral body, which caused spinal cord compression. An open surgery was considered the best choice of operation. ...BACKGROUND A patient with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease had a ruptured posterior cortex of the fractured vertebral body, which caused spinal cord compression. An open surgery was considered the best choice of operation. However, the patient and her family refused open surgery and instead demanded a minimally invasive surgical treatment such as percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP). After preoperative discussion, we finally adopted the novel therapy of traditional Chinese medicine manipulative reduction(TCMMR) combined with PVP.CASE SUMMARY A patient with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease exhibiting bone block-induced spinal cord compression was admitted to our hospital. She suffered from a variety of medical disorders but refused open surgery, and instead asked for PVP surgery. TCMMR, in parallel with PVP, was used to restore the height of the compressed vertebral body and reduce the symptoms of spinal cord compression by the bone block in order to strengthen the vertebral body and prevent further collapse. The surgery was very successful. The height of the compressed vertebra was restored, and the symptom of spinal cord compression by bone block was reduced successfully via TCMMR. The fractured vertebra was solidified by the PVP. The pain visual analog score declined from preoperative 7 scores to postoperative 2 scores, and the Frankel spinal cord scale increased from preoperative D degree to postoperative E degree.CONCLUSION The new method has advantages in treating patients with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease who cannot be treated with open surgery.展开更多
Background：Improving motor skill competency and enhancing health-related physical fitnes are desired learning outcomes for school-aged children.Achieving motor skill competency and a healthy level of physical fitnes ...Background：Improving motor skill competency and enhancing health-related physical fitnes are desired learning outcomes for school-aged children.Achieving motor skill competency and a healthy level of physical fitnes lay a foundation for being a physically active person across a lifetime.The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between levels of manipulative skill competency and physical fitnes for elementary school boys and girls.Methods：In this study,565 fourth-grade students and their 9 physical education teachers were voluntary participants.The students were assessed in 4 basic specialized manipulative skills and 4 fitnes components during regular physical education lessons.Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics,univariate analyses,and multiple R2 liner regression methods.Results：Boys were more proficien at the manipulative skills than girls,while girls had significan higher percentages for meeting the healthy fitnes zone for the fitnes tests than boys.Four manipulative skills significant y predicted progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run（PACER）,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,but not curl-up test for both boys and girls.Boys and girls in the skill-competent group significant y outperformed their counterparts in the skill-incompetent group on PACER,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,with an exception of curl-up test.Conclusion：The more competent in manipulative skills,the higher healthy level in cardiovascular endurance,upper-body muscular strength and endurance,and fl xibility the students demonstrated.Demonstrating manipulative skill competence and maintaining a healthy level of physical fitnes are 2 major desired learning outcomes for elementary school students to be able to achieve.展开更多
Research indicates that, despite physiotherapists’ comprehensive training in the basic sciences, manipulative (currently “musculoskeletal”) therapy is still dominated in the clinical setting by its original, now ob...Research indicates that, despite physiotherapists’ comprehensive training in the basic sciences, manipulative (currently “musculoskeletal”) therapy is still dominated in the clinical setting by its original, now obsolete, structure-based “biomedical” model. This is further inexplicable in the light of evidence that not only the underlying “philosophy” but also several of the fundamental requirements of the clinical process itself which has the structural-mechanical model as its basis, have been shown to be flawed or at least irrelevant. The apparent inability of the profession to fully abandon outmoded “concepts” (and embrace the acknowledged science-based “best practice” biopsychosocial model) may have potentially undesirable consequences for both patients and therapists engaged in the management of (chronic) musculoskeletal pain and disability.展开更多
The simple obesity is a common clinical disease and its incidence is increasing year by year.With the increasing pace of work,increasing pressure,and changing eating habits,the incidence of simple obesity tends to be ...The simple obesity is a common clinical disease and its incidence is increasing year by year.With the increasing pace of work,increasing pressure,and changing eating habits,the incidence of simple obesity tends to be younger.Among the treatment protocols for this disease,TCM manipulative(Tuina)therapy has remarkable curative effect and few adverse reactions,and has been well recognized.Modern research has also proposed a variety of treatment protocols with different characteristics and good curative effects.This paper reviews the related literature on simple obesity and its manipulative therapy in the past ten years,and summarizes its disease name,etiology and pathogenesis,manipulation and related therapies,so as to provide new ideas and new angles for the treatment of the simple obesity.展开更多
The experimental research, presented in the study, focuses on track tests with the aim of highlighting changes in lap times after manipulative treatment of drainage of the glymphatic system and stimulation of the symp...The experimental research, presented in the study, focuses on track tests with the aim of highlighting changes in lap times after manipulative treatment of drainage of the glymphatic system and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Introduction: The experimental research, presented in this study, focuses on analyzing the potential effects of a manipulative treatment on the performance of a professional driver. The main objective is to evaluate the change in lap times after the application of the treatment, trying to understand whether it can actually positively influence the driver’s performance. The study stands an important opportunity to extend knowledge, regarding the use of manipulative therapies in the context of optimized driving skills. The results obtained could provide useful insights and contribute to improving the performance of professional drivers by offering new perspectives and strategies to improve their performance. Leveraging a rigorous scientific approach and a sample of highly skilled drivers, the research aims to provide concrete evidence on the effectiveness of manipulative treatment in driving skills. Monitoring lap times before and after the intervention also capture any temporary or long-term effects of the treatment, ensuring a thorough and reliable analysis of the results. Materials and methods: 15 professional drivers, aged 18 to 36 years, with at least 10 years of experience as drivers, participated in this study. The test consisted of analyzing lap times before and after treatment.展开更多
Objective: to study and analyze the specific value of sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release on analgesia in patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis. Methods: in our hospital from December 2018...Objective: to study and analyze the specific value of sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release on analgesia in patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis. Methods: in our hospital from December 2018 to December 2019, with the consent of the medical ethics committee of our hospital, 60 patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis were collected and each patient was ranked according to the time of admission. The odd number of 30 patients was in the study group, which was treated with sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release. And the even number of 30 patients was in the reference group, which was injected subacromial articular cavity with sodium hyaluronate combined with conventional treatment. Study and analyze the pain feeling of patients in the process of treatment. Results: after the intervention, the pain of the study group was lower than that of the reference group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release has a positive effect on analgesia in patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis, which is worthy of clinical application.展开更多
The derangement of the atlantoaxial joint is one of main cervical sources of dizziness and headache, which were based on the observation on the anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae, analysis of X-ray film of the at...The derangement of the atlantoaxial joint is one of main cervical sources of dizziness and headache, which were based on the observation on the anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae, analysis of X-ray film of the atlantoaxial joint, and the manipulative treatment in 35 patients with cervical spondylosis. The clinical diagnosis of derangement consists of: dizziness, headache, prominence and tenderness on one side of the affected vertebra, deviation of the dens for 1 mm-4 mm on the open-mouth X-ray film, abnormal movement of the atlantoaxial joint on head-rotated open-mouth X-ray film. An accurate and delicate adjustment is the most effective treatment.展开更多
The Gadfly written by Irish authoress Ethel Lilian Voynich remains silent with her work in the Western world. However, after its translation and publication in China in the 1950s by LI Liang-min, it becomes a revoluti...The Gadfly written by Irish authoress Ethel Lilian Voynich remains silent with her work in the Western world. However, after its translation and publication in China in the 1950s by LI Liang-min, it becomes a revolutionary canon and enjoys the equal popularity with some Soviet progressive revolutionary fictions which were prevailing in China. The Gadfly has enormous influence and appeal in China. It was an indubitable canon in readers＇ heart at that time. But the translated version that people read is an abridgement, which includes more than 60 deletions. It is indicated from the analysis that the canonization of The Gadfly in China is far from a casual phenomenon. Instead, it is the result of the manipulation of the prevailing ideology and poetics.展开更多
Objective:To elucidate how spinal manipulative therapy(SMT)exerts its analgesic effects through regulating brain function in lumbar disc herniation(LDH)patients by utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance...Objective:To elucidate how spinal manipulative therapy(SMT)exerts its analgesic effects through regulating brain function in lumbar disc herniation(LDH)patients by utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI).Methods:From September 2021 to September 2023,we enrolled LDH patients(LDH group,n=31)and age-and sex-matched healthy controls(HCs,n=28).LDH group underwent rs-f MRI at 2 distinct time points(TPs):prior to the initiation of SMT(TP1)and subsequent to the completion of the SMT sessions(TP2).SMT was administered once every other day for 30 min per session,totally 14 treatment sessions over a span of 4 weeks.HCs did not receive SMT treatment and underwent only one f MRI scan.Additionally,participants in LDH group completed clinical questionnaires on pain using the Visual Analog Scale(VAS)and the Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA)score,whereas HCs did not undergo clinical scale assessments.The effects on the brain were jointly characterized using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFF)and regional homogeneity(Re Ho).Correlation analyses were conducted between specific brain regions and clinical scales.Results:Following SMT treatment,pain symptoms in LDH patients were notably alleviated and accompanied by evident activation of effects in the brain.In comparison to TP1,TP2 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Sup_R and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Paracentral_Lobule_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Additionally,the most substantial enhancement in Re Ho values was observed for the Cuneus_R,while the most prominent reduction was noted for the Olfactory_R(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Moreover,a comparative analysis revealed that,in contrast to HCs,LDH patients at TP1 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Pole_Sup_L and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Frontal_Mid_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Furthermore,the most significant enhancement in Re Ho values was observed for Postcentral_L,while the most prominent reduction was identified for Para Hippocampal_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Notably,correlation analysis with clinical scales revealed a robust positive correlation between the Cuneus_R score and the rate of change in the VAS score(r=0.9333,P<0.0001).Conclusions:Long-term chronic lower back pain in patients with LDH manifests significant activation of the"AUN-DMN-S1-SAN"neural circuitry.The visual network,represented by the Cuneus_R,is highly likely to be a key brain network in which the analgesic efficacy of SMT becomes effective in treating LDH patients.(Trial registration No.NCT 06277739)展开更多
BACKGROUND Comminuted calcaneal fractures present significant treatment challenges.Open reduction and internal fixation carries risks such as infection and skin necrosis,while minimally invasive techniques may comprom...BACKGROUND Comminuted calcaneal fractures present significant treatment challenges.Open reduction and internal fixation carries risks such as infection and skin necrosis,while minimally invasive techniques may compromise reduction stability.Conservative management is generally limited to minimally displaced fractures.Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting has a long history in fracture treatment and is renowned globally for achieving functional reduction.It offers distinct advantages including lower cost,minimal soft tissue trauma,and the avoidance of expensive reduction equipment or internal fixation materials.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old female presented with left foot pain and limited mobility following a fall.Computed tomography scan revealed a Sanders type IV calcaneal fracture with a Böhler angle of 0°.A standardized,stepwise Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting was initially performed,followed by percutaneous screw fixation through several mini-incisions after satisfactory alignment was confirmed under fluoroscopy.The Visual Analog Scale score decreased from 5 on postoperative day 1 to 3 by day 3.The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved from 73 at 6 weeks to 90 at 3 months,indicating rapid functional recovery and high patient satisfaction.At 7 months postoperatively,the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score reached 95,prompting removal of internal fixation.At the 6-year follow-up,reduction remained well maintained,with the Böhler angle preserved at 22°.CONCLUSION The combination of Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting and percutaneous screw fixation achieved satisfactory functional reduction for comminuted calcaneal fractures.展开更多
Vanadium pentoxide(V_(2)O_(5))displays the characteristics of high theoretical specific capacity,high operating voltage,and adjustable layered structure,possessing the considerable potential as cathode in magnesium me...Vanadium pentoxide(V_(2)O_(5))displays the characteristics of high theoretical specific capacity,high operating voltage,and adjustable layered structure,possessing the considerable potential as cathode in magnesium metal batteries(MMBs).Nevertheless,the large charge-radius ratio of Mg^(2+)induces the strong interactions of Mg^(2+)with solvent molecules of electrolyte and anionic framework of cathode,resulting in a notable voltage polarization and structural deterioration during cycling process.Herein,an in-situ multi-scale structural engineering is proposed to activate the interlayer-expanded V_(2)O_(5)cathode(pillared by tetrabutylammonium cation)via adding hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)additive into electrolyte.During cycling,the in-situ incorporation of CTA^(+)not only enhances the electrostatic shielding effect and Mg species migration,but also stabilizes the interlayer spacing.Besides,CTA^(+)is prone to be adsorbed on cathode surface and induces the loss-free pulverization and amorphization of electroactive grains,leading to the pronounced effect of intercalation pseudocapacitance.CTAB additive also enables to scissor the Mg^(2+)solvation sheath and tailor the insertion mode of Mg species,further endowing V_(2)O_(5)cathode with fast reaction kinetics.Based on these merits,the corresponding V2O5‖Mg full cells exhibit the remarkable rate performance with capacities as high as 317.6,274.4,201.1,and 132.7 mAh g^(-1)at the high current densities of 0.1,0.2,0.5,and 1 A g^(-1),respectively.Moreover,after 1000 cycles,the capacity is still preserved to be 90,4 mAh g^(-1)at 1 A g^(-1)with an average coulombic efficiency of~100%.Our strategy of synergetic modulations of cathode host and electrolyte solvation structures provides new guidance for the development of high-rate,large-capacity,and long-life MMBs.展开更多
Objective：To summarize and critically assess the efficacy of Eastern and Western manipulative therapies for the treatment of neck pain in adults. Methods：A search of Pub Med/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of...Objective：To summarize and critically assess the efficacy of Eastern and Western manipulative therapies for the treatment of neck pain in adults. Methods：A search of Pub Med/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials.gov, EMBASE, etc. from their inception date to January 2014 with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean databases. Two reviewers independently selected randomized controlled trials（RCTs） with negative control or blank control, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Meta-analysis and levels of evidence were performed by Revman5.1 and Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation（GRADE） approach. Results：Nineteen clinical trials with adequate randomization were included in this review, 11 of them had a low risk of bias. The primary outcome for shortterm pain had no significant differences, however, the secondary outcome, only the Numerical Pain Rating Scale（NPRS） score of intermediate-term [n=916, pooled mean differences（MD） =–0.29, P=0.02], the Neck Disability Index（NDI） score of short-term（n=1,145, pooled MD=–2.10, P〈0.01）, and intermediate-term（n=987, pooled MD=–1.45, P=0.01） were significantly reduced with moderate quality evidence. However, it supported the minimally clinically important difference（MCID） of the Visual Analogue Scale and NPRS pain score to be 13 mm, while NDI was 3.5 points. The meta-analysis only suggested a trend in favor of manipulative therapy rather than clinical significance. Conclusions：The results do not support the existing evidences for the clinical value of Eastern or Western manipulative therapy for neck pain of short-term follow-up according to MCIDs. The limitations of our review related to blinding, allocation concealment and small sample size.展开更多
Animals exhibit complex responses to external and internal stimuli.The information is computed by interconnected neurons that express numerous ion channels,which modulate the neuronal membrane potential.How can neuron...Animals exhibit complex responses to external and internal stimuli.The information is computed by interconnected neurons that express numerous ion channels,which modulate the neuronal membrane potential.How can neuronal activity orchestrate complex motor patterns or allow learning from previous experience?To answer such questions,we need the ability not only to record,but also to modulate neuronal activity in both space(e.g.,neuronal subsets)and time.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently n...OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently no literature evaluating the quality of published reports,which is not conducive to the promotion of clinical use of these therapies.Therefore,this article assessed the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation for greater occipital neuralgia.METHODS:Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,WanFang Data,and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)from inception to May 20,2024 were searched.The reporting quality of included randomized controlled trials was independently evaluated by two investigators using the CONSORT statement,STRICTA checklist,and Cochrane bias of risk assessment tool.A third investigator resolved any disagreement.RESULTS:A total of 62 articles were included.Based on the CONSORT statement,59.46%(22/37)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Identification as a randomized trial in the title(1/62,1.61%),”“How sample size was determined(7/62,11.29%),”“Implementation(1/62,1.61%),”“Blinding(1/62,1.61%),”and“Reports of Funding(4/62,6.45%).”According to the STRICTA checklist,29.41%(5/17)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Details of other interventions(7/58,12.07%),”“Setting and context of treatment(0/58,0%),”and“Description of participating acupuncturists(0/58,0%).”CONCLUSION:The reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation therapy for greater occipital neuralgia remains low.Future researchers need to make greater efforts to strictly adhere to the CONSORT statement and STRICTA checklist during trial design,implementation,and reporting.This will facilitate the standardization of research in this field and enhance the reliability and reproducibility of the research results.展开更多
Optical field manipulation,an emerging frontier in photonics,demonstrates significant potential in biomedical microscopy,quantum state engineering,and micro-nano fabrication.To address the critical limitations of curr...Optical field manipulation,an emerging frontier in photonics,demonstrates significant potential in biomedical microscopy,quantum state engineering,and micro-nano fabrication.To address the critical limitations of current optical modulation technologies in achieving full-parameter precision control,we proposed a novel approach for dynamic azimuthal optical field modulation based on dual-spiral arrays.By designing spatially interleaved spiral structures with different initial radii while maintaining identical periodic parameters,we achieved continuous optical modulation spanning the full 0-2πrange in azimuthal field distribution.Through rigorous numerical simulations,we systematically established a quantitative correlation between the structural parameters and azimuthal optical field patterns,revealing,for the first time,a quasi-linear relationship between the radius difference and the resultant optical distribution.This theoretical framework advances our fundamental understanding of structured optical field manipulation as well as provides a new paradigm for programmable photonic device design,with distinct technical advantages in super-resolution imaging and optical tweezer systems.展开更多
Purpose–The study aims to build a high-precision longitudinal dynamics model for heavy-haul trains and validate it with line test data,present an optimization method for multi-stage cyclic brakes based on the model a...Purpose–The study aims to build a high-precision longitudinal dynamics model for heavy-haul trains and validate it with line test data,present an optimization method for multi-stage cyclic brakes based on the model and conduct a multi-objective detailed evaluation of the driver’s manipulation during cyclic braking.Design/methodology/approach–The high-precision longitudinal train dynamics model was established and verified by the cyclic braking test data of the 20,000 t heavy-haul combination train on the long and steep downgrade.Then the genetic algorithm is employed for optimization subsequent to decoupling multiple cyclic braking procedures,with due consideration of driver operation rules.For evaluation,key manipulation assessments in the scenario are prioritized,supplemented by multi-objective evaluation requirements,and the computational model is employed for detailed evaluation analysis.Findings–Based on the model,experimental data reveal that the probability of longitudinal force error being less than 64.6 kN is approximately 68%,95%for less than 129.2 kN and 99.7%for less than 193.8 kN.Upon optimizing manipulations during the cyclic braking,the maximum reduction in coupler force spans from 21%∼23.9%.Andtheevaluation scoresimply that a proper elevationof the releasingspeed favorssafety.A high electric braking force,although beneficial to some extent for energy-saving,is detrimental to reducing coupler force.Originality/value–The results will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for further ensuring the safety and energy-efficient operation of heavy haul trains on long downhill sections and improving the operational quality of heavy-haul trains.展开更多
This paper is an attempt to explore the root of the modern paradox across multiple registers in order to uncover a persuasive pattern of contradiction that runs through the very fabric of contemporary existence.We dis...This paper is an attempt to explore the root of the modern paradox across multiple registers in order to uncover a persuasive pattern of contradiction that runs through the very fabric of contemporary existence.We discover that the very logic meant to emancipate the human subject-scientific mastery,bureaucratic order,economic growth,and many others,often recoil upon the subject,generating conditions of fragmentation,depersonalization,and spiritual aridity.Far from rejecting modernity wholesale,our task is a diagnostic one-to enter into the deep fabric of modernity and to decode its operating metaphors and interrogate what holds up the“scaffolding of collective life”.This is in a bid to find the rootedness of genuine human flourishing.Part of the answer,from our analysis,lies in a critical re-thinking within modernity without being subsumed by it.展开更多
Objective:To characterize mosquito larval habitats and the influence of meteorological factors on their prevalence,and to suggest alternatives for vector control in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.Methods:A mosquito survey was c...Objective:To characterize mosquito larval habitats and the influence of meteorological factors on their prevalence,and to suggest alternatives for vector control in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.Methods:A mosquito survey was conducted within the 16 municipalities of Makkah Al-Mukarramah,from November 2022 to October 2023.The characteristics of larval habitats used by all reported species as oviposition sites were determined.Seasonal house,container,and breteau indices were used to determine larval abundance.Results:16 Species belonging to five genera[Aedes(3 spp.),Anopheles(3 spp.),Culex(8 spp.),Culiseta(1 sp.),and Lutzia(1 sp.)]were collected.A total of 185608 potential mosquito larval habitats were surveyed.Of these,95853(67.4%)were Aedes,45522(32%)were Culex,718(0.5%)were Anopheles,and 38(0.03%)were other species;154726(83.4%)were water sources for mosquito larvae,and among these sources,7663(5.0%)were positive for larvae,with 45.9%indoors and 54.1%outdoors.Most of the positive larval habitats were recorded in Al-Shawqiya(1093,14.3%),Al-Sharayia(1003,13.1%)and Al-Umrah(984,12.8%).A total of 142131 mosquito larvae and pupae were collected.The majority number of positive residences for all mosquito larvae was observed in January 2023(1658,21.6%).Conclusions:New appropriate alternatives for vector control are proposed,such as mechanical,biological,and environmental control.展开更多
文摘Purpose： This study aimed to examine the extent to which the quality physical education teaching （QPET） practices contributed to improving 4th- and 5th-grade students＇ manipulative skill competency. Methods： Participants were 9 elementary physical education （PE） teachers and their 4th- and 5th-grade students （n = 2709 3420）. The students＇ skill competency was assessed with 3 manipulative skills using PE metrics assessment rubrics. The PE teachers＇ levels of QPET were assessed by coding 63 videotaped lessons using the assessing quality teaching rubrics （AQTR）, which consisted of 4 essential dimensions including task design, task presentation, class management, and instructional guidance. Codes were confirmed through inter-rater reliability （82.4%, 84.5%, and 94%）. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple R2 regression models, and independent sample t tests. Results： This study indicated that the 4 essential dimensions of QPET were all significant contributors to students＇ manipulative skill competency. These predictors were significantly higher for boys than for girls in soccer and striking skills, while they were significantly higher for girls than for boys in throwing skill competency. Of the 4 essential dimensions of QPET, task presentation played the most significant role in contributing to all 3 skill competencies for both boys and girls. Further, students who experienced high QPET were significantly more skillfully competent than those students who did not have this experience. Conclusion： It was concluded that the QPET practices played a significantly critical role in contributing to students＇ manipulative skill competency.
文摘A simple treatment plan for manual therapists is presented based on current evidence-based literature, it is designed to lessen chronic pain and inflammation in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). A chronic continuous or intermittent gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, IBS appears due to dysregulation of brain-gut-microbe communication. An overview of its management using Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) is described. In IBS OMT focuses on the nervous and circulatory systems, spine, viscera, thoracic and pelvic diaphragms in order to restore homeostatic balance, normalize autonomic activity in the intestine, promote lymphatic flow and address somatic dysfunction. Lymphatic and venous congestion is treated by the Lymphatic Pump Techniques and stimulation of Chapman’s Reflex Points. The food itself, food allergies and intolerance could contribute to symptom onset or even cause IBS. Furthermore the “microbiota” greatly impacts on the bi-directional brain-gut axis communication. This paper also provides appropriate dietary modifications for patients with IBS.
文摘BACKGROUND A patient with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease had a ruptured posterior cortex of the fractured vertebral body, which caused spinal cord compression. An open surgery was considered the best choice of operation. However, the patient and her family refused open surgery and instead demanded a minimally invasive surgical treatment such as percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP). After preoperative discussion, we finally adopted the novel therapy of traditional Chinese medicine manipulative reduction(TCMMR) combined with PVP.CASE SUMMARY A patient with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease exhibiting bone block-induced spinal cord compression was admitted to our hospital. She suffered from a variety of medical disorders but refused open surgery, and instead asked for PVP surgery. TCMMR, in parallel with PVP, was used to restore the height of the compressed vertebral body and reduce the symptoms of spinal cord compression by the bone block in order to strengthen the vertebral body and prevent further collapse. The surgery was very successful. The height of the compressed vertebra was restored, and the symptom of spinal cord compression by bone block was reduced successfully via TCMMR. The fractured vertebra was solidified by the PVP. The pain visual analog score declined from preoperative 7 scores to postoperative 2 scores, and the Frankel spinal cord scale increased from preoperative D degree to postoperative E degree.CONCLUSION The new method has advantages in treating patients with type Ⅲ Kummell’s disease who cannot be treated with open surgery.
基金funded by U.S.Department of Education,Carol White Physical Education Program grant(CFDA 84.215F)
文摘Background：Improving motor skill competency and enhancing health-related physical fitnes are desired learning outcomes for school-aged children.Achieving motor skill competency and a healthy level of physical fitnes lay a foundation for being a physically active person across a lifetime.The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between levels of manipulative skill competency and physical fitnes for elementary school boys and girls.Methods：In this study,565 fourth-grade students and their 9 physical education teachers were voluntary participants.The students were assessed in 4 basic specialized manipulative skills and 4 fitnes components during regular physical education lessons.Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics,univariate analyses,and multiple R2 liner regression methods.Results：Boys were more proficien at the manipulative skills than girls,while girls had significan higher percentages for meeting the healthy fitnes zone for the fitnes tests than boys.Four manipulative skills significant y predicted progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run（PACER）,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,but not curl-up test for both boys and girls.Boys and girls in the skill-competent group significant y outperformed their counterparts in the skill-incompetent group on PACER,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,with an exception of curl-up test.Conclusion：The more competent in manipulative skills,the higher healthy level in cardiovascular endurance,upper-body muscular strength and endurance,and fl xibility the students demonstrated.Demonstrating manipulative skill competence and maintaining a healthy level of physical fitnes are 2 major desired learning outcomes for elementary school students to be able to achieve.
文摘Research indicates that, despite physiotherapists’ comprehensive training in the basic sciences, manipulative (currently “musculoskeletal”) therapy is still dominated in the clinical setting by its original, now obsolete, structure-based “biomedical” model. This is further inexplicable in the light of evidence that not only the underlying “philosophy” but also several of the fundamental requirements of the clinical process itself which has the structural-mechanical model as its basis, have been shown to be flawed or at least irrelevant. The apparent inability of the profession to fully abandon outmoded “concepts” (and embrace the acknowledged science-based “best practice” biopsychosocial model) may have potentially undesirable consequences for both patients and therapists engaged in the management of (chronic) musculoskeletal pain and disability.
基金Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (82174525)National Training Program for College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship (202110199019)Jilin Provincial Training Program for College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship (S202110199117X)
文摘The simple obesity is a common clinical disease and its incidence is increasing year by year.With the increasing pace of work,increasing pressure,and changing eating habits,the incidence of simple obesity tends to be younger.Among the treatment protocols for this disease,TCM manipulative(Tuina)therapy has remarkable curative effect and few adverse reactions,and has been well recognized.Modern research has also proposed a variety of treatment protocols with different characteristics and good curative effects.This paper reviews the related literature on simple obesity and its manipulative therapy in the past ten years,and summarizes its disease name,etiology and pathogenesis,manipulation and related therapies,so as to provide new ideas and new angles for the treatment of the simple obesity.
文摘The experimental research, presented in the study, focuses on track tests with the aim of highlighting changes in lap times after manipulative treatment of drainage of the glymphatic system and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Introduction: The experimental research, presented in this study, focuses on analyzing the potential effects of a manipulative treatment on the performance of a professional driver. The main objective is to evaluate the change in lap times after the application of the treatment, trying to understand whether it can actually positively influence the driver’s performance. The study stands an important opportunity to extend knowledge, regarding the use of manipulative therapies in the context of optimized driving skills. The results obtained could provide useful insights and contribute to improving the performance of professional drivers by offering new perspectives and strategies to improve their performance. Leveraging a rigorous scientific approach and a sample of highly skilled drivers, the research aims to provide concrete evidence on the effectiveness of manipulative treatment in driving skills. Monitoring lap times before and after the intervention also capture any temporary or long-term effects of the treatment, ensuring a thorough and reliable analysis of the results. Materials and methods: 15 professional drivers, aged 18 to 36 years, with at least 10 years of experience as drivers, participated in this study. The test consisted of analyzing lap times before and after treatment.
文摘Objective: to study and analyze the specific value of sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release on analgesia in patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis. Methods: in our hospital from December 2018 to December 2019, with the consent of the medical ethics committee of our hospital, 60 patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis were collected and each patient was ranked according to the time of admission. The odd number of 30 patients was in the study group, which was treated with sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release. And the even number of 30 patients was in the reference group, which was injected subacromial articular cavity with sodium hyaluronate combined with conventional treatment. Study and analyze the pain feeling of patients in the process of treatment. Results: after the intervention, the pain of the study group was lower than that of the reference group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: sodium hyaluronate combined with joint manipulative release has a positive effect on analgesia in patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis, which is worthy of clinical application.
文摘The derangement of the atlantoaxial joint is one of main cervical sources of dizziness and headache, which were based on the observation on the anatomy of the upper cervical vertebrae, analysis of X-ray film of the atlantoaxial joint, and the manipulative treatment in 35 patients with cervical spondylosis. The clinical diagnosis of derangement consists of: dizziness, headache, prominence and tenderness on one side of the affected vertebra, deviation of the dens for 1 mm-4 mm on the open-mouth X-ray film, abnormal movement of the atlantoaxial joint on head-rotated open-mouth X-ray film. An accurate and delicate adjustment is the most effective treatment.
文摘The Gadfly written by Irish authoress Ethel Lilian Voynich remains silent with her work in the Western world. However, after its translation and publication in China in the 1950s by LI Liang-min, it becomes a revolutionary canon and enjoys the equal popularity with some Soviet progressive revolutionary fictions which were prevailing in China. The Gadfly has enormous influence and appeal in China. It was an indubitable canon in readers＇ heart at that time. But the translated version that people read is an abridgement, which includes more than 60 deletions. It is indicated from the analysis that the canonization of The Gadfly in China is far from a casual phenomenon. Instead, it is the result of the manipulation of the prevailing ideology and poetics.
基金Supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82274672)the"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2022C03123)the Scientific Research Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education(No.Y202351266)。
文摘Objective:To elucidate how spinal manipulative therapy(SMT)exerts its analgesic effects through regulating brain function in lumbar disc herniation(LDH)patients by utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI).Methods:From September 2021 to September 2023,we enrolled LDH patients(LDH group,n=31)and age-and sex-matched healthy controls(HCs,n=28).LDH group underwent rs-f MRI at 2 distinct time points(TPs):prior to the initiation of SMT(TP1)and subsequent to the completion of the SMT sessions(TP2).SMT was administered once every other day for 30 min per session,totally 14 treatment sessions over a span of 4 weeks.HCs did not receive SMT treatment and underwent only one f MRI scan.Additionally,participants in LDH group completed clinical questionnaires on pain using the Visual Analog Scale(VAS)and the Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA)score,whereas HCs did not undergo clinical scale assessments.The effects on the brain were jointly characterized using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(ALFF)and regional homogeneity(Re Ho).Correlation analyses were conducted between specific brain regions and clinical scales.Results:Following SMT treatment,pain symptoms in LDH patients were notably alleviated and accompanied by evident activation of effects in the brain.In comparison to TP1,TP2 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Sup_R and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Paracentral_Lobule_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Additionally,the most substantial enhancement in Re Ho values was observed for the Cuneus_R,while the most prominent reduction was noted for the Olfactory_R(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Moreover,a comparative analysis revealed that,in contrast to HCs,LDH patients at TP1 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Pole_Sup_L and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Frontal_Mid_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Furthermore,the most significant enhancement in Re Ho values was observed for Postcentral_L,while the most prominent reduction was identified for Para Hippocampal_L(voxelwise P<0.005;clusters>30;FDR correction).Notably,correlation analysis with clinical scales revealed a robust positive correlation between the Cuneus_R score and the rate of change in the VAS score(r=0.9333,P<0.0001).Conclusions:Long-term chronic lower back pain in patients with LDH manifests significant activation of the"AUN-DMN-S1-SAN"neural circuitry.The visual network,represented by the Cuneus_R,is highly likely to be a key brain network in which the analgesic efficacy of SMT becomes effective in treating LDH patients.(Trial registration No.NCT 06277739)
基金Supported by Jin-Wen Liu Academic Experience Heritage Studio Special Fund of National Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine,No.75.
文摘BACKGROUND Comminuted calcaneal fractures present significant treatment challenges.Open reduction and internal fixation carries risks such as infection and skin necrosis,while minimally invasive techniques may compromise reduction stability.Conservative management is generally limited to minimally displaced fractures.Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting has a long history in fracture treatment and is renowned globally for achieving functional reduction.It offers distinct advantages including lower cost,minimal soft tissue trauma,and the avoidance of expensive reduction equipment or internal fixation materials.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old female presented with left foot pain and limited mobility following a fall.Computed tomography scan revealed a Sanders type IV calcaneal fracture with a Böhler angle of 0°.A standardized,stepwise Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting was initially performed,followed by percutaneous screw fixation through several mini-incisions after satisfactory alignment was confirmed under fluoroscopy.The Visual Analog Scale score decreased from 5 on postoperative day 1 to 3 by day 3.The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved from 73 at 6 weeks to 90 at 3 months,indicating rapid functional recovery and high patient satisfaction.At 7 months postoperatively,the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score reached 95,prompting removal of internal fixation.At the 6-year follow-up,reduction remained well maintained,with the Böhler angle preserved at 22°.CONCLUSION The combination of Traditional Chinese manual bone-setting and percutaneous screw fixation achieved satisfactory functional reduction for comminuted calcaneal fractures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52372249)support by the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader(21XD1424400)。
文摘Vanadium pentoxide(V_(2)O_(5))displays the characteristics of high theoretical specific capacity,high operating voltage,and adjustable layered structure,possessing the considerable potential as cathode in magnesium metal batteries(MMBs).Nevertheless,the large charge-radius ratio of Mg^(2+)induces the strong interactions of Mg^(2+)with solvent molecules of electrolyte and anionic framework of cathode,resulting in a notable voltage polarization and structural deterioration during cycling process.Herein,an in-situ multi-scale structural engineering is proposed to activate the interlayer-expanded V_(2)O_(5)cathode(pillared by tetrabutylammonium cation)via adding hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)additive into electrolyte.During cycling,the in-situ incorporation of CTA^(+)not only enhances the electrostatic shielding effect and Mg species migration,but also stabilizes the interlayer spacing.Besides,CTA^(+)is prone to be adsorbed on cathode surface and induces the loss-free pulverization and amorphization of electroactive grains,leading to the pronounced effect of intercalation pseudocapacitance.CTAB additive also enables to scissor the Mg^(2+)solvation sheath and tailor the insertion mode of Mg species,further endowing V_(2)O_(5)cathode with fast reaction kinetics.Based on these merits,the corresponding V2O5‖Mg full cells exhibit the remarkable rate performance with capacities as high as 317.6,274.4,201.1,and 132.7 mAh g^(-1)at the high current densities of 0.1,0.2,0.5,and 1 A g^(-1),respectively.Moreover,after 1000 cycles,the capacity is still preserved to be 90,4 mAh g^(-1)at 1 A g^(-1)with an average coulombic efficiency of~100%.Our strategy of synergetic modulations of cathode host and electrolyte solvation structures provides new guidance for the development of high-rate,large-capacity,and long-life MMBs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81373666)Municipal Hospitals Cutting-Edge Technologies Emerging Joint Project(No.SHDC12013113)+3 种基金Municipal Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Chinese Medicine Key Project(No.14401970400)National Research Projects of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.201407001-2)Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Foundation(No.2012L032A)Special Project of Scientific Research Base by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.JDZX2012118),China
文摘Objective：To summarize and critically assess the efficacy of Eastern and Western manipulative therapies for the treatment of neck pain in adults. Methods：A search of Pub Med/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials.gov, EMBASE, etc. from their inception date to January 2014 with Chinese, Japanese, and Korean databases. Two reviewers independently selected randomized controlled trials（RCTs） with negative control or blank control, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Meta-analysis and levels of evidence were performed by Revman5.1 and Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation（GRADE） approach. Results：Nineteen clinical trials with adequate randomization were included in this review, 11 of them had a low risk of bias. The primary outcome for shortterm pain had no significant differences, however, the secondary outcome, only the Numerical Pain Rating Scale（NPRS） score of intermediate-term [n=916, pooled mean differences（MD） =–0.29, P=0.02], the Neck Disability Index（NDI） score of short-term（n=1,145, pooled MD=–2.10, P〈0.01）, and intermediate-term（n=987, pooled MD=–1.45, P=0.01） were significantly reduced with moderate quality evidence. However, it supported the minimally clinically important difference（MCID） of the Visual Analogue Scale and NPRS pain score to be 13 mm, while NDI was 3.5 points. The meta-analysis only suggested a trend in favor of manipulative therapy rather than clinical significance. Conclusions：The results do not support the existing evidences for the clinical value of Eastern or Western manipulative therapy for neck pain of short-term follow-up according to MCIDs. The limitations of our review related to blinding, allocation concealment and small sample size.
文摘Animals exhibit complex responses to external and internal stimuli.The information is computed by interconnected neurons that express numerous ion channels,which modulate the neuronal membrane potential.How can neuronal activity orchestrate complex motor patterns or allow learning from previous experience?To answer such questions,we need the ability not only to record,but also to modulate neuronal activity in both space(e.g.,neuronal subsets)and time.
文摘OBJECTIVE:In recent years,the number of clinical research reports on acupuncture and manipulation for the treatment of greater occipital neuralgia has gradually increased,but the quality is uneven.There is currently no literature evaluating the quality of published reports,which is not conducive to the promotion of clinical use of these therapies.Therefore,this article assessed the reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation for greater occipital neuralgia.METHODS:Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,WanFang Data,and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)from inception to May 20,2024 were searched.The reporting quality of included randomized controlled trials was independently evaluated by two investigators using the CONSORT statement,STRICTA checklist,and Cochrane bias of risk assessment tool.A third investigator resolved any disagreement.RESULTS:A total of 62 articles were included.Based on the CONSORT statement,59.46%(22/37)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Identification as a randomized trial in the title(1/62,1.61%),”“How sample size was determined(7/62,11.29%),”“Implementation(1/62,1.61%),”“Blinding(1/62,1.61%),”and“Reports of Funding(4/62,6.45%).”According to the STRICTA checklist,29.41%(5/17)of all entries had a reporting rate of less than 50%,mainly including“Details of other interventions(7/58,12.07%),”“Setting and context of treatment(0/58,0%),”and“Description of participating acupuncturists(0/58,0%).”CONCLUSION:The reporting quality of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture and manipulation therapy for greater occipital neuralgia remains low.Future researchers need to make greater efforts to strictly adhere to the CONSORT statement and STRICTA checklist during trial design,implementation,and reporting.This will facilitate the standardization of research in this field and enhance the reliability and reproducibility of the research results.
文摘Optical field manipulation,an emerging frontier in photonics,demonstrates significant potential in biomedical microscopy,quantum state engineering,and micro-nano fabrication.To address the critical limitations of current optical modulation technologies in achieving full-parameter precision control,we proposed a novel approach for dynamic azimuthal optical field modulation based on dual-spiral arrays.By designing spatially interleaved spiral structures with different initial radii while maintaining identical periodic parameters,we achieved continuous optical modulation spanning the full 0-2πrange in azimuthal field distribution.Through rigorous numerical simulations,we systematically established a quantitative correlation between the structural parameters and azimuthal optical field patterns,revealing,for the first time,a quasi-linear relationship between the radius difference and the resultant optical distribution.This theoretical framework advances our fundamental understanding of structured optical field manipulation as well as provides a new paradigm for programmable photonic device design,with distinct technical advantages in super-resolution imaging and optical tweezer systems.
文摘Purpose–The study aims to build a high-precision longitudinal dynamics model for heavy-haul trains and validate it with line test data,present an optimization method for multi-stage cyclic brakes based on the model and conduct a multi-objective detailed evaluation of the driver’s manipulation during cyclic braking.Design/methodology/approach–The high-precision longitudinal train dynamics model was established and verified by the cyclic braking test data of the 20,000 t heavy-haul combination train on the long and steep downgrade.Then the genetic algorithm is employed for optimization subsequent to decoupling multiple cyclic braking procedures,with due consideration of driver operation rules.For evaluation,key manipulation assessments in the scenario are prioritized,supplemented by multi-objective evaluation requirements,and the computational model is employed for detailed evaluation analysis.Findings–Based on the model,experimental data reveal that the probability of longitudinal force error being less than 64.6 kN is approximately 68%,95%for less than 129.2 kN and 99.7%for less than 193.8 kN.Upon optimizing manipulations during the cyclic braking,the maximum reduction in coupler force spans from 21%∼23.9%.Andtheevaluation scoresimply that a proper elevationof the releasingspeed favorssafety.A high electric braking force,although beneficial to some extent for energy-saving,is detrimental to reducing coupler force.Originality/value–The results will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for further ensuring the safety and energy-efficient operation of heavy haul trains on long downhill sections and improving the operational quality of heavy-haul trains.
文摘This paper is an attempt to explore the root of the modern paradox across multiple registers in order to uncover a persuasive pattern of contradiction that runs through the very fabric of contemporary existence.We discover that the very logic meant to emancipate the human subject-scientific mastery,bureaucratic order,economic growth,and many others,often recoil upon the subject,generating conditions of fragmentation,depersonalization,and spiritual aridity.Far from rejecting modernity wholesale,our task is a diagnostic one-to enter into the deep fabric of modernity and to decode its operating metaphors and interrogate what holds up the“scaffolding of collective life”.This is in a bid to find the rootedness of genuine human flourishing.Part of the answer,from our analysis,lies in a critical re-thinking within modernity without being subsumed by it.
文摘Objective:To characterize mosquito larval habitats and the influence of meteorological factors on their prevalence,and to suggest alternatives for vector control in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.Methods:A mosquito survey was conducted within the 16 municipalities of Makkah Al-Mukarramah,from November 2022 to October 2023.The characteristics of larval habitats used by all reported species as oviposition sites were determined.Seasonal house,container,and breteau indices were used to determine larval abundance.Results:16 Species belonging to five genera[Aedes(3 spp.),Anopheles(3 spp.),Culex(8 spp.),Culiseta(1 sp.),and Lutzia(1 sp.)]were collected.A total of 185608 potential mosquito larval habitats were surveyed.Of these,95853(67.4%)were Aedes,45522(32%)were Culex,718(0.5%)were Anopheles,and 38(0.03%)were other species;154726(83.4%)were water sources for mosquito larvae,and among these sources,7663(5.0%)were positive for larvae,with 45.9%indoors and 54.1%outdoors.Most of the positive larval habitats were recorded in Al-Shawqiya(1093,14.3%),Al-Sharayia(1003,13.1%)and Al-Umrah(984,12.8%).A total of 142131 mosquito larvae and pupae were collected.The majority number of positive residences for all mosquito larvae was observed in January 2023(1658,21.6%).Conclusions:New appropriate alternatives for vector control are proposed,such as mechanical,biological,and environmental control.
