Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhyt...Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhythm of 100-120 times/min for CC.[1,2]Interruptions of the CC must be as short as possible and are related to ventilation,defibrillation and turnover of the rescuers.Most of the automated external defibrillators(AEDs)require interruptions of the CC to perform rhythm analysis.Among the numerous marketed models of AEDs,some provide real-time feedback about the quality of the CC.展开更多
Based on the theory of moisture vapor permeability and liquid moisture transmission through fabrics, this paper is mainly concerned with the wet comfort of the flne de-nier propylene knitted clothing. The heat resista...Based on the theory of moisture vapor permeability and liquid moisture transmission through fabrics, this paper is mainly concerned with the wet comfort of the flne de-nier propylene knitted clothing. The heat resistance clo index and the moisture permeability Im index of these clothing are measured with the manildn and discussed. On the while, the manikin deveioped by Fashion Institute of C.T. U. is introduced. At last, according to their Im value these fabrics are classified into different types.展开更多
This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a sele...This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a selection of premature infants in terms of their rate of heat loss.展开更多
Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and an...Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.展开更多
The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measur...The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measured the airflow distribution around a thermal manikin acting as a human body by visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal manikin was 1700 mm in height, and its surface temperature was set to 30oC. The experiments were performed in the conditions when the manikin was seated on a chair. The ambient air temperature and wind velocity were experimental variables. The airflow distribution around the manikin was reported by considering the relationships between convection and ambient wind velocity. There were no differences in the airflow distribution around the manikin due to the ambient air temperature when the wind velocity in the chamber was set as 1.0 m/s. Hence, it was assumed that the ambient wind velocity was dominant in this condition. Various airflow distributions were formed around the manikin due to the difference between the body surface temperature and the ambient air temperature in the case where the wind velocity in the chamber was set to approximately equal to 0.0 m/s.展开更多
Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regar...Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.展开更多
A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system w...A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system was reported and discussed from the aspects of system construction, work principles, figure formation, simulated sweating system, and technical properties.展开更多
The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Pai...The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Paired-Sample T Test method, which proves that there is no remarkable difference in testing results under the same experiment method and requirement. It is of great significance in promoting the application of thermal manikin testing technology and academic exchange among different institutes.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Adhesive tape is the common method for endotracheal tube (ETT) secured to prevent tube displacement and unplanned extubation in an anesthesia setting. However, it is unclear wh...<strong>Background: </strong>Adhesive tape is the common method for endotracheal tube (ETT) secured to prevent tube displacement and unplanned extubation in an anesthesia setting. However, it is unclear which tape is superior for ETT fixation among the various tapes used in clinical practice. This study examines the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT from an intubation manikin with five different adhesive tapes. <strong>Methods:</strong> We orally intubated an adult intubation manikin with an inner-diameter 7.5 mm ETT, inflated the cuff to 20 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. Then we secured ETT with five different adhesive tapes (Transpore tape<sup>TM</sup>, Urgosyval tape<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span>, Transpore<sup>TM </sup>White tape, Multipore tape, Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape) in a conventional fixation method. A digital force gauge was connected to the ETT and pulled in a direction erected to the oral cavity. We measured the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT (defined as 5 cm ETT displacement) from the manikin. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, with <em>P</em> < 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape had the largest average force of 2 cm displacement (58.9 ± 5.7N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The extubation force of Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape (59.7 ± 4.9N) was larger than Urgosyval<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>®</sup></span> tape (40.4 ± 2.9N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), Transpore<sup>TM</sup> tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), Transpore White<sup>TM</sup> tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05).<strong> Conclusion: </strong>Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape was superior to the other four tapes (Transpore<sup>TM</sup> tape, Urgosyval<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>®</sup></span> tape, Transpore<sup>TM</sup> white tape, Multipore tape) in holding the ETT in place in the manikin.展开更多
<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against ...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cl</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter cloth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cl</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.展开更多
The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their hea...The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their health.Most existing thermal comfort works have been conducted under steady-state,uniform thermal environments,with far fewer being performed in dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments,and even less for frail people.This study aimed at assessing the thermal responses of frail people under transient and non-uniform thermal environments,using a thermal manikin and a climatic test cell.Thermal responses were investigated and discussed in both genders.The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in thermal comfort and thermal sensation between females and males over time,under hot exposure.Under cold exposure,results showed a significant difference in thermal sensation between females and males over time,but no significant difference was observed in term of thermal comfort.Analysis revealed also significant differences in the dynamic thermal sensation between the sexes under cold exposure,while results confirmed that there is no significant difference in the dynamic thermal sensation between sexes under hot exposure.展开更多
Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this stu...Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this study,five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber.Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature(PET)and standard effective temperature(SET^(*))for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter.Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks,the values of PET and SET^(*)rise with increasing mask thermal insulation,and they are generally higher in summer than in winter.Moreover,the variation of SET*is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds.And the differences of SET^(*)with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking.Results further indicate that the individuals’physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation.The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database,explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used,and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors.展开更多
文摘Basic life support for cardiac arrest associates cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)and defibrillation.CPR relies on chest compressions(CC)and ventilation.Current guidelines on CPR recommend a depth of 5-6 cm at a rhythm of 100-120 times/min for CC.[1,2]Interruptions of the CC must be as short as possible and are related to ventilation,defibrillation and turnover of the rescuers.Most of the automated external defibrillators(AEDs)require interruptions of the CC to perform rhythm analysis.Among the numerous marketed models of AEDs,some provide real-time feedback about the quality of the CC.
文摘Based on the theory of moisture vapor permeability and liquid moisture transmission through fabrics, this paper is mainly concerned with the wet comfort of the flne de-nier propylene knitted clothing. The heat resistance clo index and the moisture permeability Im index of these clothing are measured with the manildn and discussed. On the while, the manikin deveioped by Fashion Institute of C.T. U. is introduced. At last, according to their Im value these fabrics are classified into different types.
文摘This paper describes a manikin (also known as mannequin) to simulate the thermal physiology of premature infants and experiments performed on it.The performance of the manikin is shown to compare well with that a selection of premature infants in terms of their rate of heat loss.
文摘Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.
文摘The human body is a heat source in a room. As the human body has a complex shape, it is difficult to accurately measure the airflow distribution around the human body using a conventional anemometer. This study measured the airflow distribution around a thermal manikin acting as a human body by visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal manikin was 1700 mm in height, and its surface temperature was set to 30oC. The experiments were performed in the conditions when the manikin was seated on a chair. The ambient air temperature and wind velocity were experimental variables. The airflow distribution around the manikin was reported by considering the relationships between convection and ambient wind velocity. There were no differences in the airflow distribution around the manikin due to the ambient air temperature when the wind velocity in the chamber was set as 1.0 m/s. Hence, it was assumed that the ambient wind velocity was dominant in this condition. Various airflow distributions were formed around the manikin due to the difference between the body surface temperature and the ambient air temperature in the case where the wind velocity in the chamber was set to approximately equal to 0.0 m/s.
文摘Compared to an adult, an infant requires more consideration regarding the thermal environment so it is necessary to evaluate the thermal environment as it affects infants. However, experiments on infant subjects regarding their thermal environment based on the different heat balance of their body cannot ethically be conducted. We could instead consider using a thermal model for the human body, but thermal manikins based on heat transfer per unit area are rare. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal manikin to model the heat transfer per unit area and the body form of an infant in order to evaluate the infant’s thermal environment. When evaluating the thermal environment or heat balance of the body in the outside environment, it is essential to consider the asymmetry and unevenness of the temperature of the skin, as an element of the human body, and not just the unevenness and asymmetry of physical factors in the environment. Moreover, when receiving short wavelength direct solar radiation, light and shaded areas have significant differences in skin temperature. The following 20 body parts were investigated in the study: anterior head, posterior head, ventral trunk, dorsal trunk (including buttocks), right medial arm, right lateral arm, left medial arm, left lateral arm, right dorsal hand, right palmar hand, left dorsal hand, left palmar hand, right anterior leg, right posterior leg, left anterior leg, left posterior leg, right dorsal foot, right plantar foot, left dorsal foot, and left plantar foot. This paper measured the body surface area for each part of an infant’s body in order to establish the form of an infant model from the view of the heat transfer area, and verified the validity of the model.
文摘A new type of sweating manikin system has been developed to evaluate thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of clothing, which is reliable, easy control and low cost. In this paper the manikin system was reported and discussed from the aspects of system construction, work principles, figure formation, simulated sweating system, and technical properties.
文摘The paper compares clothing thermal resistance of the same ensemble tested by different thermal manikins in different laboratories. It also examines the consistence of the two groups of total thermal resistance by Paired-Sample T Test method, which proves that there is no remarkable difference in testing results under the same experiment method and requirement. It is of great significance in promoting the application of thermal manikin testing technology and academic exchange among different institutes.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Adhesive tape is the common method for endotracheal tube (ETT) secured to prevent tube displacement and unplanned extubation in an anesthesia setting. However, it is unclear which tape is superior for ETT fixation among the various tapes used in clinical practice. This study examines the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT from an intubation manikin with five different adhesive tapes. <strong>Methods:</strong> We orally intubated an adult intubation manikin with an inner-diameter 7.5 mm ETT, inflated the cuff to 20 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. Then we secured ETT with five different adhesive tapes (Transpore tape<sup>TM</sup>, Urgosyval tape<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>®</sup></span>, Transpore<sup>TM </sup>White tape, Multipore tape, Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape) in a conventional fixation method. A digital force gauge was connected to the ETT and pulled in a direction erected to the oral cavity. We measured the force required to move 2 cm ETT and extubate ETT (defined as 5 cm ETT displacement) from the manikin. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, with <em>P</em> < 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape had the largest average force of 2 cm displacement (58.9 ± 5.7N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The extubation force of Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape (59.7 ± 4.9N) was larger than Urgosyval<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>®</sup></span> tape (40.4 ± 2.9N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), Transpore<sup>TM</sup> tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), Transpore White<sup>TM</sup> tape (48.7 ± 5.1N) (<em>P</em> < 0.05).<strong> Conclusion: </strong>Durapore<sup>TM</sup> tape was superior to the other four tapes (Transpore<sup>TM</sup> tape, Urgosyval<span style="font-size:10px;"><sup>®</sup></span> tape, Transpore<sup>TM</sup> white tape, Multipore tape) in holding the ETT in place in the manikin.
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Infants are less thermally adapted to their environment and can be considered as needing protective measures against thermal environments. It is not ethical to conduct subject experiments on infants. Thermal insulation in clothing is an essential control coefficient for the evaluation of the thermal environment of an infant. A thermal manikin can be used as an alternative method for carrying out experiments and to control the thermal manikin based on heat balance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the thermal insulation of infants’ clothing. An infant thermal manikin was used to clarify the thermal insulation (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cl</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of typical summer, mid-season, and winter cloth</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing combinations for infants. The thermal insulation of typical seasonal clothing combinations was 0.30 clo for summer clothing, 0.57 clo for</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> mid-season clothing and 1.02 clo for winter clothing. It was clarified that it is essential to consider clothing conditions by taking into account differences in posture and to define the clothing thermal insulation (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cl</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) when designing and evaluating thermal environments. When designing and evaluating an infant’s thermal environment, it is essential to investigate using data from infants.
基金This work was supported by the Regional Council of Champagne-Ardenne(CRCA),the European Fund for Economic and Regional Development(FEDER),for the Doctoral research program“Retcli”agreement number:CA0023755.
文摘The thermal comfort of frail people has to be considered carefully,mainly because of the high thermal sensitivity of this population and the negative influences that unsatisfactory thermal conditions have on their health.Most existing thermal comfort works have been conducted under steady-state,uniform thermal environments,with far fewer being performed in dynamic and non-uniform thermal environments,and even less for frail people.This study aimed at assessing the thermal responses of frail people under transient and non-uniform thermal environments,using a thermal manikin and a climatic test cell.Thermal responses were investigated and discussed in both genders.The analysis of variance showed a significant difference in thermal comfort and thermal sensation between females and males over time,under hot exposure.Under cold exposure,results showed a significant difference in thermal sensation between females and males over time,but no significant difference was observed in term of thermal comfort.Analysis revealed also significant differences in the dynamic thermal sensation between the sexes under cold exposure,while results confirmed that there is no significant difference in the dynamic thermal sensation between sexes under hot exposure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278094)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University of Donghua University.
文摘Face masks’wearing for a long duration brings thermal discomfort,especially in hot climate cities.The face masks’thermal insulation and its effect on outdoor thermal comfort have been rarely investigated.In this study,five types of face masks and their thermal insulations have been tested by using a thermal manikin in the climate chamber.Experimental results are assessed by using physiological equivalent temperature(PET)and standard effective temperature(SET^(*))for thermal comfort with masks at three walking speeds both in summer and winter.Slight differences in thermal insulation are observed among the different masks,the values of PET and SET^(*)rise with increasing mask thermal insulation,and they are generally higher in summer than in winter.Moreover,the variation of SET*is more obvious than PET with same masks at different walking speeds.And the differences of SET^(*)with and without masks appear to rise significantly for fast walking.Results further indicate that the individuals’physical discomfort caused by wearing masks cannot simply be assumed as an additional effect of the clothing thermal insulation.The findings enrich the clothing thermal insulation database,explore the differences in thermal indices if the face mask is used,and provide advice on heat mitigation with masks outdoors.
