The behavioral responses of birds to urban environments are crucial for their ability to thrive within city landscapes.Various urban birds have demonstrated the capacity to exploit artificial structures as nesting sit...The behavioral responses of birds to urban environments are crucial for their ability to thrive within city landscapes.Various urban birds have demonstrated the capacity to exploit artificial structures as nesting sites due to the limited availability of natural options.This review examines the current state of urban bird nesting behaviors on manmade structures and highlights directions for future research.Nest types frequently observed on these structures include woven,cavity,ground,and mud nests.These adaptive behaviors increase nesting opportunities and improve reproductive success,although they may heighten vulnerability to ecological traps.Proximity to human habitats can promote conservation awareness but also presents potential economic and health-related challenges.Therefore,applying diverse strategies is essential for effectively managing and protecting nests on man-made structures across various circumstances.There is also a need for thorough,long-term studies on the ecological and evolutionary impacts of nest building on artificial structures and the mechanisms influencing nestsite selection.Furthermore,exploring innovative approaches that combine policy implementation and citizen science will be vital for advancing human-bird coexistence.展开更多
Objective Category-specific recognition and naming deficits have been observed in a variety of patient populations. However, the category-specific cortices for naming famous faces, animals and man-made objects remain ...Objective Category-specific recognition and naming deficits have been observed in a variety of patient populations. However, the category-specific cortices for naming famous faces, animals and man-made objects remain controversial. The present study aimed to study the specific areas involved in naming pictures of these 3 categories using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Functional images were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping and the 3 different contrasts were evaluated using t statistics by comparing the naming tasks to their baselines.The contrast images were entered into a random-effects group level analysis.The results were reported in Montreal Neurological Institute co-ordinates,and anatomical regions were identified using an automated anatomical labeling method with XJview 8.Results Naming famous faces caused more activation in the bilateral head of the hippocampus and amygdala with significant left dominance. Bilateral activation of pars triangularis and pars opercularis in the naming of famous faces was also revealed. Naming animals evoked greater responses in the left supplementary motor area, while naming man-made objects evoked more in the left premotor area,left pars orbitalis and right supplementary motor area. The extent of bilateral fusiform gyri activation by naming man-made objects was much larger than that by naming of famous faces or animals.Even in the overlapping sites of activation,some differences among the categories were found for activation in the fusiform gyri.Conclusion The cortices involved in the naming process vary with the naming of famous faces,animals and man-made objects.This finding suggests that different categories of pictures should be used during intra-operative language mapping to generate a broader map of language function, in order to minimize the incidence of false-negative stimulation and permanent post-operative deficits.展开更多
This paper describes the interaction between deep-seated landslides and man-made structures such as dams, penstocks, viaducts, and tunnels. Selected case studies are reported first with the intent to gain insights int...This paper describes the interaction between deep-seated landslides and man-made structures such as dams, penstocks, viaducts, and tunnels. Selected case studies are reported first with the intent to gain insights into the complexities associated with the interaction of these structures with deep-seated landslides(generally referred to as deep-seated gravity slope deformations, DSGSDs). The main features, which characterize these landslides, are mentioned together with the interaction problems encountered in each case. Given the main objective of this paper, the numerical modeling methods adopted are outlined as means for increase in the understanding of the interaction problems being investigated. With the above in mind, the attention moves to an important and unique case history dealing with the interaction of a large-size twin-tunnel excavated with an earth pressure balance(EPB)tunnel boring machine(TBM) and a deep-seated landslide, which was reactivated due to the stress changes induced by tunnel excavation in landslide shear zone. The geological and geotechnical conditions are described together with the available monitoring data on the landslide movements, based on the advanced and conventional monitoring tools used. Numerical modeling is illustrated as an aid to back-analyze the monitored surface and subsurface deformations and to assist in finding the appropriate engineering solution for putting the tunnel into service and as a follow-up means for future understanding and control of the interaction problems. The simulation is based on a novel time-dependent model representing the landslide behavior.展开更多
Man-made object detection is of great significance in both military and civil areas, such as search-and-rescue missions at sea, traffic signs recognition during visual navigation, and targets location in a military st...Man-made object detection is of great significance in both military and civil areas, such as search-and-rescue missions at sea, traffic signs recognition during visual navigation, and targets location in a military strike. Contours of man-made objects usually consist of straight lines, corner points, and simple curves. Motivated by this observation, a man-made object detection method is proposed based on complexity evaluation of object contours. After salient contours which keep the crucial information of objects are accurately extracted using an improved mean-shift clustering algorithm, a novel approach is presented to evaluate the complexity of contours. By comparing the entropy values of contours before/after sampling and linear interpolation, it is easy to distinguish between man-made objects and natural ones according to the complexity of their contours.Experimental results show that the presented method can effectively detect man-made objects when compared to the existing ones.展开更多
In this study the regeneration diversity of Syahkal forests afforestated and natural stands in north of Iran was studied and compared from the point of view of evenness and diversity index. In order to accomplish this...In this study the regeneration diversity of Syahkal forests afforestated and natural stands in north of Iran was studied and compared from the point of view of evenness and diversity index. In order to accomplish this study two natural and man-made stands that almost are located in the same height above the sea level were chosen. The area of each stand was 30 ha and the inventory was done by the random-systematic method with a 5R land measurement （500 m2） selected. Also, in order to study the regeneration in the center of each sample piece 125 square meters micro plots were formed. The results show that regeneration diversity index in natural stands is more than that in man-made stands which in this case Mc-Arthur index with 2.41 has the most amount while Simpson index with 0.543 has the least amount. But the evenness indexes in man-made stands are more than that in natural stand which the main reason is the purity of the man-made stand.展开更多
Man-made lakes are alternative and potential habitats for biodiversity conservation, fisheries and extensive aquaculture. We investigated the ecology and the fish community structure of two (2) sand-dragged man-made l...Man-made lakes are alternative and potential habitats for biodiversity conservation, fisheries and extensive aquaculture. We investigated the ecology and the fish community structure of two (2) sand-dragged man-made lakes, Lake Ahozon and Lake Bewacodji of Southern Benin, with implications for species conservation, fisheries management and aquaculture valorization. From August 2014 to July 2015, habitats conditions were evaluated and fishes were sampled monthly with seine, cast net, experimental gill net and hooks in the open water and aquatic vegetation habitats of both lakes. Overall, the water quality of Lake Ahozon was globally favorable for the growth and the survival of the fish resources whereas Lake Bewacodji exhibited a poor water quality indicated mainly by an acid pH (mean: 6.32 ± 0.58) and low dissolved oxygen concentrations (mean: 3.52 ± 1.25 mg/l) caused by dense floating plants, Nymphea sp mainly and huge daily dumping of domestic wastes. The study revealed low species richness, d = 5.89 and d = 3.87, and low species diversity, H’ = 0.76 and H’ = 0.48 for Lakes Ahozon and Bewacodji, respectively, with Lake Ahozon more diverse than Lake Bewacodji. The fish community of Lake Ahozon comprised six (6) species, 3 cichlids Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia guineensis, the silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Claroteidae), the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Osteoglossidae), and the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae). Numerically, S. galilaeus dominated Lake Ahozon and made 85.21% of the sample. In Lake Bewacodji, the fish composition comprised four (4) species, Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus, the dominant species making numerically 91.58% of the total sample, T. guineensis, C. gariepinus and C. nigrodigitatus. With regard to trophic structure, the fish assemblages of both lakes were numerically dominated by planktinovores/ detritivores, mainly S. galilaeus, O. niloticus, T. guineensis and C. nigrodigitatus making together 99.46% of Lake Ahozon fish community, and S. galilaeus multifasciatus, T. guineensis and C. nigrodigitatus accounting together for about 98.59% of Lake Bewacodji. In Lake Ahozon, standard length (SL) frequencies histograms showed an unimodal size distribution for H. niloticus, the nile tilapia O. niloticus and C. gariepinus whereas the two cichlids, S. galilaeus and T. guineensis exhibited a bimodal size distribution. In Lake Bewacodji, S. galilaeus multifasciatus, C. nigrodigitatus and C. gariepinus exhibited an unimodal size distribution. A sustainable exploitation of both man-made lakes requires the implementation of an integrated management scheme which should include habitat restoration and protection plan, fisheries/aquacultural valorization, ecological sound agriculture/ecotourism and environmental monitoring. 展开更多
The 25th China International Man-made Fiber Conference (Bengbu 2019)(hereinafter referred to as CIMFC 2019), themed on “Opening and Integaration for Interactive Development — Coordinated Progress of Global Man-Made ...The 25th China International Man-made Fiber Conference (Bengbu 2019)(hereinafter referred to as CIMFC 2019), themed on “Opening and Integaration for Interactive Development — Coordinated Progress of Global Man-Made Fiber Industry”, was convened in Bengbu City, Anhui Province. CIMFC 2019 was sponcored by China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC), organized by China Chemical Fibers Association, Chi-na Textile International Exchange Center, and China BBCA Group Corp., supported by Bengbu Municipal People’s Goverment, and co-organized by Bengbu Investment Promotion and Foreign cooperation Center, Bengbu Municipal Bureau of Commerce and Foreign Affairs, and Oerlikon Man-made Fiber.展开更多
In the festivedays whencelebrating the50th anniversa-ry of the found-ing of the Peo-ple’s Republic,and the 50th an-niversary of thefounding of theChinese Acad-emy of Scienc-es (CAS), it isnatural for thepeople to thi...In the festivedays whencelebrating the50th anniversa-ry of the found-ing of the Peo-ple’s Republic,and the 50th an-niversary of thefounding of theChinese Acad-emy of Scienc-es (CAS), it isnatural for thepeople to thinkwith pride ofChina’s展开更多
As an important fundamental industry of the national economy,the man-made fiber industrial chain is integrated into the era development and it assumes the responsibility of advancing.Each link of the industrial chain ...As an important fundamental industry of the national economy,the man-made fiber industrial chain is integrated into the era development and it assumes the responsibility of advancing.Each link of the industrial chain is connected with each other.After the development and accumulation of several decades,the new produced polyester,PTA and other plants keep展开更多
Studied by Mr. LIU Zhongzhu, ex Chairman of Fujian Academy of Agri Sciences, a combined technique of man—made biosphere in rice fields deserves notice. The research indicated that using man—made biosphere in rice fi...Studied by Mr. LIU Zhongzhu, ex Chairman of Fujian Academy of Agri Sciences, a combined technique of man—made biosphere in rice fields deserves notice. The research indicated that using man—made biosphere in rice fields can enrich soil, reduce the infects of diseases, insects and weeds, economize the use of pesticide and herbicide, decrease green house effect, and improve atmosphere. As tested, the yield for rice is usually 10500—12000 kg/ha, for fish is usually 2250—3250 kg/ha. Again, about 50%—60% fertilizer and 30%—50% pesticide can be saved. The net income increased $ 1,080—1,800 per ha.展开更多
Soil cyanobacterial crusts occur throughout the world, especially in the semiarid and arid regions. It always encounters sand burial, which is an important feature of mobile sand dunes. A greenhouse study was conducte...Soil cyanobacterial crusts occur throughout the world, especially in the semiarid and arid regions. It always encounters sand burial, which is an important feature of mobile sand dunes. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence and extracellular polysaccharides of man-made cyanobacterial crusts in six periods of time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 d after burying) and at five depths (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2cm). The results indicated that with the increase of the burial time and burial depth extracellular polysaccharides content and Fv/Fm decreased correspondingly and there were no significant differences between 20 and 30 burial days under dif-ferent burial depths. The degradation of chlorophyll a content appeared only at 20 and 30 burial days and there was also no significant difference between them under different burial depths. It was also observed a simultaneous decrease of the values of the Fv/Fm and the content of extracellular poly-saccharides happened in the crusted cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. It may suggest that there exists a relationship between extracellular polysaccharides and recovery of the activity of pho-tosystem II (PS II) after rehydration.展开更多
Drying characteristics,energy consumption and drying kinetics modeling of crashed cotton stalks dried in a microwave dryer were investigated in this research.A microwave dryer with an output power of 1000 W and 2450 M...Drying characteristics,energy consumption and drying kinetics modeling of crashed cotton stalks dried in a microwave dryer were investigated in this research.A microwave dryer with an output power of 1000 W and 2450 MHz was employed,and the effects of material load ranging from 50 g to 250 g on drying time,drying rate,drying efficiency and specific energy consumption were evaluated.The results showed that drying rate decreased with drying duration.A rising rate period was followed by a falling rate period and the overall drying process occurred in the falling rate period.Six mathematical models were used to fit the drying rates data of crashed cotton stalks,and Midilli et al.model was found the best prediction model by comparing R2,RMSE andχ^(2)values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios.With decrease in material load from 250 g to 50 g,effective moisture diffusivity increased from 2.8668×10^(-8)m^(2)/s to 7.9817×10^(-8)m^(2)/s.Results also indicated that drying efficiency and specific energy consumption significantly increased with the increase of the material load.Average drying efficiency and specific energy consumption varied in the range of 7.52%-19.78%and 12.49-35.90 MJ/kg water,respectively.There were a lowest energy consumption of 10.99 MJ/kg water and a highest drying efficiency of 17.13%at the material load level of 250 g.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3202104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101237)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211151)。
文摘The behavioral responses of birds to urban environments are crucial for their ability to thrive within city landscapes.Various urban birds have demonstrated the capacity to exploit artificial structures as nesting sites due to the limited availability of natural options.This review examines the current state of urban bird nesting behaviors on manmade structures and highlights directions for future research.Nest types frequently observed on these structures include woven,cavity,ground,and mud nests.These adaptive behaviors increase nesting opportunities and improve reproductive success,although they may heighten vulnerability to ecological traps.Proximity to human habitats can promote conservation awareness but also presents potential economic and health-related challenges.Therefore,applying diverse strategies is essential for effectively managing and protecting nests on man-made structures across various circumstances.There is also a need for thorough,long-term studies on the ecological and evolutionary impacts of nest building on artificial structures and the mechanisms influencing nestsite selection.Furthermore,exploring innovative approaches that combine policy implementation and citizen science will be vital for advancing human-bird coexistence.
基金supported bythe Foundation of Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province,China(No.2008A030201021)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.10151001002000010)
文摘Objective Category-specific recognition and naming deficits have been observed in a variety of patient populations. However, the category-specific cortices for naming famous faces, animals and man-made objects remain controversial. The present study aimed to study the specific areas involved in naming pictures of these 3 categories using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Functional images were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping and the 3 different contrasts were evaluated using t statistics by comparing the naming tasks to their baselines.The contrast images were entered into a random-effects group level analysis.The results were reported in Montreal Neurological Institute co-ordinates,and anatomical regions were identified using an automated anatomical labeling method with XJview 8.Results Naming famous faces caused more activation in the bilateral head of the hippocampus and amygdala with significant left dominance. Bilateral activation of pars triangularis and pars opercularis in the naming of famous faces was also revealed. Naming animals evoked greater responses in the left supplementary motor area, while naming man-made objects evoked more in the left premotor area,left pars orbitalis and right supplementary motor area. The extent of bilateral fusiform gyri activation by naming man-made objects was much larger than that by naming of famous faces or animals.Even in the overlapping sites of activation,some differences among the categories were found for activation in the fusiform gyri.Conclusion The cortices involved in the naming process vary with the naming of famous faces,animals and man-made objects.This finding suggests that different categories of pictures should be used during intra-operative language mapping to generate a broader map of language function, in order to minimize the incidence of false-negative stimulation and permanent post-operative deficits.
基金support of Spea Ingegneria Europea SpA and Società Autostrade per l’Italia SpA
文摘This paper describes the interaction between deep-seated landslides and man-made structures such as dams, penstocks, viaducts, and tunnels. Selected case studies are reported first with the intent to gain insights into the complexities associated with the interaction of these structures with deep-seated landslides(generally referred to as deep-seated gravity slope deformations, DSGSDs). The main features, which characterize these landslides, are mentioned together with the interaction problems encountered in each case. Given the main objective of this paper, the numerical modeling methods adopted are outlined as means for increase in the understanding of the interaction problems being investigated. With the above in mind, the attention moves to an important and unique case history dealing with the interaction of a large-size twin-tunnel excavated with an earth pressure balance(EPB)tunnel boring machine(TBM) and a deep-seated landslide, which was reactivated due to the stress changes induced by tunnel excavation in landslide shear zone. The geological and geotechnical conditions are described together with the available monitoring data on the landslide movements, based on the advanced and conventional monitoring tools used. Numerical modeling is illustrated as an aid to back-analyze the monitored surface and subsurface deformations and to assist in finding the appropriate engineering solution for putting the tunnel into service and as a follow-up means for future understanding and control of the interaction problems. The simulation is based on a novel time-dependent model representing the landslide behavior.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61473148)the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education (No. KYLX16_0337)
文摘Man-made object detection is of great significance in both military and civil areas, such as search-and-rescue missions at sea, traffic signs recognition during visual navigation, and targets location in a military strike. Contours of man-made objects usually consist of straight lines, corner points, and simple curves. Motivated by this observation, a man-made object detection method is proposed based on complexity evaluation of object contours. After salient contours which keep the crucial information of objects are accurately extracted using an improved mean-shift clustering algorithm, a novel approach is presented to evaluate the complexity of contours. By comparing the entropy values of contours before/after sampling and linear interpolation, it is easy to distinguish between man-made objects and natural ones according to the complexity of their contours.Experimental results show that the presented method can effectively detect man-made objects when compared to the existing ones.
文摘In this study the regeneration diversity of Syahkal forests afforestated and natural stands in north of Iran was studied and compared from the point of view of evenness and diversity index. In order to accomplish this study two natural and man-made stands that almost are located in the same height above the sea level were chosen. The area of each stand was 30 ha and the inventory was done by the random-systematic method with a 5R land measurement （500 m2） selected. Also, in order to study the regeneration in the center of each sample piece 125 square meters micro plots were formed. The results show that regeneration diversity index in natural stands is more than that in man-made stands which in this case Mc-Arthur index with 2.41 has the most amount while Simpson index with 0.543 has the least amount. But the evenness indexes in man-made stands are more than that in natural stand which the main reason is the purity of the man-made stand.
文摘Man-made lakes are alternative and potential habitats for biodiversity conservation, fisheries and extensive aquaculture. We investigated the ecology and the fish community structure of two (2) sand-dragged man-made lakes, Lake Ahozon and Lake Bewacodji of Southern Benin, with implications for species conservation, fisheries management and aquaculture valorization. From August 2014 to July 2015, habitats conditions were evaluated and fishes were sampled monthly with seine, cast net, experimental gill net and hooks in the open water and aquatic vegetation habitats of both lakes. Overall, the water quality of Lake Ahozon was globally favorable for the growth and the survival of the fish resources whereas Lake Bewacodji exhibited a poor water quality indicated mainly by an acid pH (mean: 6.32 ± 0.58) and low dissolved oxygen concentrations (mean: 3.52 ± 1.25 mg/l) caused by dense floating plants, Nymphea sp mainly and huge daily dumping of domestic wastes. The study revealed low species richness, d = 5.89 and d = 3.87, and low species diversity, H’ = 0.76 and H’ = 0.48 for Lakes Ahozon and Bewacodji, respectively, with Lake Ahozon more diverse than Lake Bewacodji. The fish community of Lake Ahozon comprised six (6) species, 3 cichlids Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia guineensis, the silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Claroteidae), the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Osteoglossidae), and the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae). Numerically, S. galilaeus dominated Lake Ahozon and made 85.21% of the sample. In Lake Bewacodji, the fish composition comprised four (4) species, Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus, the dominant species making numerically 91.58% of the total sample, T. guineensis, C. gariepinus and C. nigrodigitatus. With regard to trophic structure, the fish assemblages of both lakes were numerically dominated by planktinovores/ detritivores, mainly S. galilaeus, O. niloticus, T. guineensis and C. nigrodigitatus making together 99.46% of Lake Ahozon fish community, and S. galilaeus multifasciatus, T. guineensis and C. nigrodigitatus accounting together for about 98.59% of Lake Bewacodji. In Lake Ahozon, standard length (SL) frequencies histograms showed an unimodal size distribution for H. niloticus, the nile tilapia O. niloticus and C. gariepinus whereas the two cichlids, S. galilaeus and T. guineensis exhibited a bimodal size distribution. In Lake Bewacodji, S. galilaeus multifasciatus, C. nigrodigitatus and C. gariepinus exhibited an unimodal size distribution. A sustainable exploitation of both man-made lakes requires the implementation of an integrated management scheme which should include habitat restoration and protection plan, fisheries/aquacultural valorization, ecological sound agriculture/ecotourism and environmental monitoring.
文摘The 25th China International Man-made Fiber Conference (Bengbu 2019)(hereinafter referred to as CIMFC 2019), themed on “Opening and Integaration for Interactive Development — Coordinated Progress of Global Man-Made Fiber Industry”, was convened in Bengbu City, Anhui Province. CIMFC 2019 was sponcored by China National Textile and Apparel Council (CNTAC), organized by China Chemical Fibers Association, Chi-na Textile International Exchange Center, and China BBCA Group Corp., supported by Bengbu Municipal People’s Goverment, and co-organized by Bengbu Investment Promotion and Foreign cooperation Center, Bengbu Municipal Bureau of Commerce and Foreign Affairs, and Oerlikon Man-made Fiber.
文摘In the festivedays whencelebrating the50th anniversa-ry of the found-ing of the Peo-ple’s Republic,and the 50th an-niversary of thefounding of theChinese Acad-emy of Scienc-es (CAS), it isnatural for thepeople to thinkwith pride ofChina’s
文摘As an important fundamental industry of the national economy,the man-made fiber industrial chain is integrated into the era development and it assumes the responsibility of advancing.Each link of the industrial chain is connected with each other.After the development and accumulation of several decades,the new produced polyester,PTA and other plants keep
文摘Studied by Mr. LIU Zhongzhu, ex Chairman of Fujian Academy of Agri Sciences, a combined technique of man—made biosphere in rice fields deserves notice. The research indicated that using man—made biosphere in rice fields can enrich soil, reduce the infects of diseases, insects and weeds, economize the use of pesticide and herbicide, decrease green house effect, and improve atmosphere. As tested, the yield for rice is usually 10500—12000 kg/ha, for fish is usually 2250—3250 kg/ha. Again, about 50%—60% fertilizer and 30%—50% pesticide can be saved. The net income increased $ 1,080—1,800 per ha.
基金Supported by the Special Project for Desert Recolonization of the Planning Commit-tee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and partly by The Biological Project of the Chinese Engineering for Manned Space Flights (Grant No. KSCX-SW-322)
文摘Soil cyanobacterial crusts occur throughout the world, especially in the semiarid and arid regions. It always encounters sand burial, which is an important feature of mobile sand dunes. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence and extracellular polysaccharides of man-made cyanobacterial crusts in six periods of time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 d after burying) and at five depths (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2cm). The results indicated that with the increase of the burial time and burial depth extracellular polysaccharides content and Fv/Fm decreased correspondingly and there were no significant differences between 20 and 30 burial days under dif-ferent burial depths. The degradation of chlorophyll a content appeared only at 20 and 30 burial days and there was also no significant difference between them under different burial depths. It was also observed a simultaneous decrease of the values of the Fv/Fm and the content of extracellular poly-saccharides happened in the crusted cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. It may suggest that there exists a relationship between extracellular polysaccharides and recovery of the activity of pho-tosystem II (PS II) after rehydration.
基金the Public Interest of Agricultural biomass characteristics and Sharing platform technology research(project number:201003063).
文摘Drying characteristics,energy consumption and drying kinetics modeling of crashed cotton stalks dried in a microwave dryer were investigated in this research.A microwave dryer with an output power of 1000 W and 2450 MHz was employed,and the effects of material load ranging from 50 g to 250 g on drying time,drying rate,drying efficiency and specific energy consumption were evaluated.The results showed that drying rate decreased with drying duration.A rising rate period was followed by a falling rate period and the overall drying process occurred in the falling rate period.Six mathematical models were used to fit the drying rates data of crashed cotton stalks,and Midilli et al.model was found the best prediction model by comparing R2,RMSE andχ^(2)values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios.With decrease in material load from 250 g to 50 g,effective moisture diffusivity increased from 2.8668×10^(-8)m^(2)/s to 7.9817×10^(-8)m^(2)/s.Results also indicated that drying efficiency and specific energy consumption significantly increased with the increase of the material load.Average drying efficiency and specific energy consumption varied in the range of 7.52%-19.78%and 12.49-35.90 MJ/kg water,respectively.There were a lowest energy consumption of 10.99 MJ/kg water and a highest drying efficiency of 17.13%at the material load level of 250 g.
