Compounds isolated from Epimedium include the total flavonoids of Epimedium,icariin,and its metabolites(icaritin,icariside Ⅰ,and icariside Ⅱ),which have similar molecular structures.Modern pharmacological research a...Compounds isolated from Epimedium include the total flavonoids of Epimedium,icariin,and its metabolites(icaritin,icariside Ⅰ,and icariside Ⅱ),which have similar molecular structures.Modern pharmacological research and clinical practice have proved that Epimedium and its active components have a wide range of pharmacological effects,especially in improving sexual function,hormone regulation,anti-osteoporosis,immune function regulation,anti-oxidation,and anti-tumor activity.To date,we still need a comprehensive source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds on the male reproductive system.However,their actions in other tissues have been reviewed in recent years.This review critically focuses on the Epimedium,its bioactive compounds,and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that modulate vital pathways associated with the male reproductive system.Such intrinsic knowledge will significantly further studies on the Epimedium and its bioactive compounds that protect the male reproductive system and provide some guidances for clinical treatment of related male reproductive disorders.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a widespread global health concern,contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates.The metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes can adversely impact the male reprodu...Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a widespread global health concern,contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates.The metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes can adversely impact the male reproductive system,leading to reduced fertility.This review offers an in-depth evaluation of recent global research exploring the impact of diabetes on male reproductive health.Relevant experimental and clinical studies were identified,with a focus on diabetes-related effects on reproductive organs,hormones,and sexual function.The review highlights that insulin deficiency and resistance in diabetic conditions disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,reducing levels of key reproductive hormones such as gonadotropin releasing hormone,luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating hormone,and testosterone.These hormonal disruptions lead to structural and functional damage in reproductive organs including the testes,Sertoli cells,epididymis,sperm,and accessory glands.Moreover,diabetes contributes to erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions.Various pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress,hormonal imbalances,germ cell apoptosis,autophagy,mitochondrial dysfunction,and endoplasmic reticulum stress are identified as underlying contributors to diabetes-induced male infertility.The findings of this review provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms by which diabetes affects the male reproductive function.By integrating current research,it highlights the critical need for further studies and the development of targeted therapies to effectively address diabetes-induced infertility.展开更多
Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to i...Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.展开更多
Subject Code:H07 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a collaborative study by the research groups led by Prof.Gao Fu(高福)from the Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences...Subject Code:H07 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a collaborative study by the research groups led by Prof.Gao Fu(高福)from the Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Prof.Li Xiangdong(李向东)from China Agricultural University demonstrates that Zika virus infection causes testis damage and leads to male infertility in mice,which was published in展开更多
Bazi Bushen(BZBS),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in testicular dysfunction within D-galactose and NaNO_(2)mouse models.This study aimed to ascertain if BZBS could also mitiga...Bazi Bushen(BZBS),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in testicular dysfunction within D-galactose and NaNO_(2)mouse models.This study aimed to ascertain if BZBS could also mitigate the decline in testicular function associated with natural aging.Therefore,male aged mice were employed to evaluate the preventive effects of BZBS on male reproductive aging.This was achieved by assessing sex hormone production,testicular histomorphology,and spermatogenesis.Relative to the untreated aged control group,BZBS administration elevated the levels of sex hormones and spermatocyte populations and preserved normal testicular structure in aged mice.Notably,spermatogenesis was maintained.Further analyses,including malondialdehyde(MDA)assays and real-time PCR,indicated that BZBS diminished testicular oxidative stress and the inflammatory burden.Corroborating these findings,mice treated with BZBS exhibited reductions in the populations of senescent and apoptotic cells within the seminiferous tubules,suggesting alleviated cellular damage.In contrast,we observed that rapamycin,a drug known for its longevity benefits,induced excessive testicular apoptosis and did not decrease lipid peroxidation.Collectively,our results highlight BZBS’s promising clinical potential in counteracting male reproductive aging,underlining its mechanisms of action.展开更多
Neburon is a phenylurea herbicide that is widely used worldwide,but its toxicity is poorly studied.In our previous study,we found that neburon has strong aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)agonist activity,but whether it c...Neburon is a phenylurea herbicide that is widely used worldwide,but its toxicity is poorly studied.In our previous study,we found that neburon has strong aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)agonist activity,but whether it causes reproductive toxicity is not clear.In the present study,zebrafish were conducted as a model organism to evaluate whether environmental concentrations of neburon(0.1,1 and 10μg/L)induce reproductive disorder in males.After exposure to neburon for 150 days from embryo to adult,that the average spawning egg number in high concentration group was 106.40,which was significantly lower than 193.00in control group.This result was mainly due to the abnormal male reproductive behavior caused by abnormal transcription of genes associated with reproductive behavior in the brain,such as secretogranin-2a.The proportions of spermatozoa in the medium and high concentration groups were 82.40%and 83.84%,respectively,which were significantly lower than 89.45%in control group.This result was mainly caused by hormonal disturbances and an increased proportion of apoptotic cells.The hormonal disruption was due to the significant changes in the transcription levels of key genes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis following neburon treatment.Neburon treatment also significantly activated the AhR signaling pathway,causing oxidative stress damage and eventually leading to a significant increase in apoptosis in the exposed group.Together,these data filled the currently more vacant profile of neburon toxicity and might provide information to assess the ecotoxicity of neburon on male reproduction at environmentally relevant concentrations.展开更多
Background:The male reproductive system consists of the testes,epididymis,accessory gonads,and genital ducts.The physiological integrity of the testicles is essential for successful sperm production,but the testes are...Background:The male reproductive system consists of the testes,epididymis,accessory gonads,and genital ducts.The physiological integrity of the testicles is essential for successful sperm production,but the testes are susceptible to a variety of exogenous and endogenous toxins,which can lead to structural damage to tissues and sperm abnormalities.Spermatogenesis is always in a homeostatic process and is sensitive to changes in the external environment.Huperzia serrata flavonoids(HSF)have a variety of pharmacological effects,including the treatment of bruises,strains,etc.HSF can improve the reproductive function of male mice,so the purpose of this experiment is to explore whether huperzine flavonoids are involved in and regulate the male reproductive process.Methods:Our experimental animals were ICR mice,and samples were collected after 28 days of HSF treatment,and verified by a series of experimental methods such as immunofluorescence,immunohistochemistry,HE staining,protein hybridization,and screening of related genes.Results:RNA sequencing results showed that HSF up-regulated genes related to sperm development and differentiation in testes and promoted spermatogenesis.HSF is effective in promoting steroid hormone synthesis by modulating STAR,CYP11A1,and CYP17A1.Conclusion:Thus,HSF can regulate testicular gene expression,stabilize the gut microbiome,alter serum metabolites,and regulate steroid homeostasis.展开更多
Environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） are man-made bioaccumulative compounds with long half-lives that are found throughout the world as a result of heavy use in a variety of consum...Environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） are man-made bioaccumulative compounds with long half-lives that are found throughout the world as a result of heavy use in a variety of consumer products during the twentieth century. Wildlife and animal studies have long suggested adverse effects of exposure to these compounds on human reproductive health, which, according to the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, are ascribed to the compounds＇ potential to interfere with endocrine signaling, especially when exposure occurs during certain phases of fetal and childhood development. An extensive number of epidemiological studies have addressed the possible effects of exposure to POPs on male reproductive health, but the results are conflicting. Thus far, most studies have focused on investigating exposure and the different reproductive health outcomes during adulthood. Some studies have addressed the potential harmful effects of fetal exposure with respect to malformations at birth and/ or reproductive development, whereas only a few studies have been able to evaluate whether intrauterine exposure to POPs has long-term consequences for male reproductive health with measurable effects on semen quality markers and reproductive hormone levels in adulthood. Humans are not exposed to a single compound at a time, but rather, to a variety of different substances with potential divergent hormonal effects. Hence, how to best analyze epidemiological data on combined exposures remains a significant challenge. This review on POPs will focus on current knowledge regarding the potential effects of exposure to POPs during fetal and childhood life and during adulthood on male reproductive health, including a critical revision of the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a comment on pubertal development as part of reproductive development and a comment on how to account for combined exposures in epidemiological research.展开更多
The expression of Attractin mRNA and protein in testis and semen of human and male mice was investigated. Human testis and semen samples were all collected from Reproductive Center of Reumin Hospital, Wuhan University...The expression of Attractin mRNA and protein in testis and semen of human and male mice was investigated. Human testis and semen samples were all collected from Reproductive Center of Reumin Hospital, Wuhan University in December, 2012. Testis samples were collected from 7 cases of obstructive azoospermias when they were subjected to diagnosed testis biopsy, and 30 nor- mal human semen samples were obtained from those cases of semen analysis. Adult mice testis tis- sues were obtained from 10 2-month-old male BALB/c mice, and 60 male mice at different ages were classified into 10 groups （day 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, and 120 respectively, n=6 each）. The expression of Attractin mRNA and protein in testis was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting re- spectively. Human semen samples were centrifuged into sperm plasma （SP） and sperm extract （SE）, and mice sperm samples were collected from the epididymis of 10 adult male BALB/c mice. Western blotting was used to determine the Attractin protein expression level. Attractin mRNA and protein were expressed in the testis of both patients with obstructive azoospermias and adult Bcl/B mice. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that no Attractin mRNA was detectable in day 1 male BALB/c mice group. The Attractin mRNA and protein levels were low on the day 10, and increased with age until day 56. On the day 120, the expression levels of Attractin were decreased. As for human semen sam- pies, Attractin protein was expressed in both SP and SE, but didn＇t exist in samples from the epidi- dymis of male BALB/c mice. It was suggested that Attractin acted as a novel active substance and was involved in male reproduction in both human and BALB/c mice, but it exerted a different ex- pression profile in different mammal species.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to discuss recent developments in the application of biological markers to animal models of male reproductive toxicology. We have divided this paper into three major sections: First, a d...The objective of this paper is to discuss recent developments in the application of biological markers to animal models of male reproductive toxicology. We have divided this paper into three major sections: First, a discussion of the testing protocols currently under investigation by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the EPA's Health Effects Research Laboratory; second, an examination of what we consider to be important and practical biological markers available to investigators to assess the effects of toxicants on the male reproductive system; and third, a discussion of promising new technologies, such as molecular and immunological probes, and in vitro techniques using isolated and cultured cells, which in the future may be exploited for the development of additional biological markers of male reproductive toxicity. Where appropriate we have made specific recommendations for the use of these biological markers in animal protocols and have pointed out those noninvasive markers which have application to screening human males.展开更多
The seasonal chronological events of the repreductive cycle in the male sheath-tailed bat T. longimanus and changes in structure and function of accessory sex organs were studied at Varanasi (latitude: 25° N, 83&...The seasonal chronological events of the repreductive cycle in the male sheath-tailed bat T. longimanus and changes in structure and function of accessory sex organs were studied at Varanasi (latitude: 25° N, 83°E). The first peak of spermatogenesis was ob served in September with the appearance of spermatozoa. The spermatogenic arrest in win ter dormancy (December) was followed by a second peak of spermatogenesis in January.This perbo coincides with ovulation in females. The third peak of spermatogenesis started after regression in late April, and completely regressed tubules were found after May. The cycle of accessory sex gland complex generally paralleled the testicular cycle, reaching maxi mum hypertrophy from September to January and again in late April. Thereafter, the ac cesory sex glands involuated. Spermatozoa were present in the cauda epididymidis through out the year. The reproductive cycle in family Emballonuridae varies with changes in lati tude, and this was so even in members of the same species. The presence of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis throughout the year is an interesting feature in the reproductive cy cle. Temperature and photoperiod do not play a regulatory role in reproduction in T.longimanus展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has been detected in the blood,urine,facial/anal swabs,semen,and vaginal discharge;all have been shown to contain SARSCoV-2 RNA.Recent findings have highlight...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has been detected in the blood,urine,facial/anal swabs,semen,and vaginal discharge;all have been shown to contain SARSCoV-2 RNA.Recent findings have highlighted the prospect of SARS-CoV-2 invading the genital system in addition to other tissues,which might give rise to reproductive concerns.This investigation sheds light on male reproductive tract vulnerability to invasion by SARS-CoV-2 and provides a foundation for further researches into male fertility.Males are infected with COVID-19 at a higher rate than females.As a result,some data suggest that this viral infection might affect the male reproductive system.The probable causes for male genital tract abnormalities in COVID19 are:(1)high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the testes;(2)SARS-CoV-2 infection indirectly induces immune response in the testes;(3)SARS-CoV-2 directly damages male genital cells by virus-receptor binding activity;(4)fever in SARSCoV-2 infected males may cause damages to testicular cells;(5)testosterone level decreased in SAR-CoV-2 infected males;(6)males are more susceptible to COVID-19 than females,which may be due to differences in the physiology of the genital tract.This review seeks to offer some insights into the potential causes of COVID-19 that affect the male reproductive system,as well as future prospect on this issue.展开更多
Background： Soybean isoflavones are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens and therefore may act as estrogen agonists or antagonists. However, it has not been determined if they have any negative effects on repr...Background： Soybean isoflavones are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens and therefore may act as estrogen agonists or antagonists. However, it has not been determined if they have any negative effects on reproductive parameters in male livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean isofiavones on male reproduction using Chinese mini-pig boars as a model. Fifty Xiang boars were randomly divided into five groups and fed diets containing 0, 125, 250, or 500 ppm soybean isoflavones or 0.5 ppm diethylstilbestrol for 60 days. Results： Dietary supplementation with 250 ppm of soy isoflavones markedly increased the testis index （P 〈 0.05）, fructose content （P 〈 0.05）, and o-glycosidase content in testicular tissue （P 〈 0.01）, as well as increased the number of viable germ cells （P 〈 0.01） and the level of Bcl-2 protein （P 〈 0.01）. However, 500 ppm of soybean isoflavones significantly reduced both testis and epididymis indexes （P 〈 0.0S） and lactate dehydrogenase levels （P 〈 0.01）, as well as reduced serum LH and testosterone levels （P 〈 0.05）. High levels of soybean isoflavones also increased malondialdehyde levels （P 〈 0.05）, as well as increased the numbers of early and late apoptotic germ cells （P 〈 0.01） and the level of Bax proteins （P 〈 0.05） in the testis. Conclusions： The results of this study indicate that consumption of soy isoflavones at dietary levels up to 250 ppm did not adversely affect reproductive parameters in Chinese mini-pig boars whereas higher levels of soy isoflavones may adversely affect male reproduction.展开更多
Proteomics strategies have been widely used in the field of male reproduction, both in basic and clinical research. Bioinformatics methods are indispensable in proteomics-based studies and are used for data presentati...Proteomics strategies have been widely used in the field of male reproduction, both in basic and clinical research. Bioinformatics methods are indispensable in proteomics-based studies and are used for data presentation, database construction and functional annotation. In the present review, we focus on the functional annotation of gene lists obtained through qualitative or quantitative methods, summarizing the common and male reproduction specialized proteomics databases. We introduce several integrated tools used to find the hidden biological significance from the data obtained. We further describe in detail the information on male reproduction derived from Gene Ontology analyses, pathway analyses and biomedical analyses. We provide an overview of bioinformatics annotations in spermatogenesis, from gene function to biological function and from biological function to clinical application. On the basis of recently published proteomics studies and associated data, we show that bioinformatics methods help us to discover drug targets for sperm motility and to scan for cancer-testis genes. In addition, we summarize the online resources relevant to male reproduction research for the exploration of the regulation of spermatogenesis.展开更多
Based on histological analyses and field studies,this research describes the reproductive ecology of a population of Ninia atrata snakes inhabiting an oil palm plantation.Furthermore,through a multivariate approach,we...Based on histological analyses and field studies,this research describes the reproductive ecology of a population of Ninia atrata snakes inhabiting an oil palm plantation.Furthermore,through a multivariate approach,we explored the main drivers of reproductive output in N.atrata.Results showed that prey abundance and food intake were crucial variables contributing to reproductive output.Multiple linear regression models showed that neonates had high sensitivity(R2=55.29%)to extreme changes in climate,which was strongly related to slug and snail abundance variability and microhabitat quality.Reproductive cycles were markedly different between the sexes,being continuous in males and cyclical in females.Despite this variation,reproductive cycles at the population level were seasonal semi-synchronous.Constant recruitment of neonates all year,multiple clutches,high mating frequency,and continuous sperm production characterized the reproductive phenology of N.atrata.In addition,a significant number of previtellogenic females presented oviductal sperm as well as uterine scars,suggesting a high precocity in the species.The main drivers of reproductive output also differed between the sexes.In females,clutch size and secondary follicle variability were highly related to stomach bolus volume,fat body area,and body mass.In males,height of piles of palm leaves and body mass,rather than intrinsic reproductive traits,were the main drivers of sperm production.Nevertheless,in both cases,the relationship between body mass,prey abundance,and food intake suggests that N.atrata follows the income breeding strategy to compensate for reproductive costs and to maximize fitness.展开更多
Boldness is defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks when exposed to novel objects or situations. The main aim of this work was to dilucidate if boldness was related to the development of the secondary s...Boldness is defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks when exposed to novel objects or situations. The main aim of this work was to dilucidate if boldness was related to the development of the secondary sexual traits （SSTs） in the male of the fiver blenny Salariafluviatilis, a freshwater fish which takes care of eggs. As a second objective SSTs effect on pa rental status adoption was also be explored. Wild young fish were caught in the Segre River （Ebro basin） in November 2010. Fish were kept in five aquaria in groups of eight males and eight females with artificial nests. Boldness （boldness score and hesitancy） of males （initially with little SSTs development） was tested as the time required to exit a refuge when exposed to a new environ ment. Fish were mantained in the same aquaria for several months, and males＇ SSTs development and reproductive behaviour were monitored. Boldness score was negatively associated to cephalic crest development. Hesitancy was negatively related to male length and was also influenced by the interaction between male length and cephalic crest. Parental status acquisition was positively related to the male＇s length, marginally related to anal gland development, and nonrelated to cephalic crest. These re sults suggest an intrasexual role of the crest as an informative trait of boldness （honest signal） which might not necessarily be chosen by the females. It is also discussed that correlational selection could be responsible for linking boldness and growth rate in this species. Sexual selection, in addition to having directed the evolution of secondary sexual traits, might have favored certain personality traits （e.g. boldness） associated with the achievement of a larger body length .展开更多
In the organisms with XX/XY sex chromosomes,Y chromosome is unique to males and plays an important role in male reproductive development.The study of Y chromosome genes will contribute to the development of pest genet...In the organisms with XX/XY sex chromosomes,Y chromosome is unique to males and plays an important role in male reproductive development.The study of Y chromosome genes will contribute to the development of pest genetic prevention and control technology.In this study,we identified 9 Y chromosome genes in Zeugodacus tau(Diptera:Tephritidae),including gene 16222.Protein structure analysis showed that 16222 was highly similar to odorant binding protein,and thus gene 16222 was named obp-Y.Obp-Y knockout(KO)significantly reduced hatching rate of offspring.Sperm detection results showed that obp-Y KO did not affect sperm number in the testes or sperm transfer during mating.We further examined the storage of sperms in females,and found that sperms in females mating with wild-type males began to transfer from spermathecal ducts to the spermathecae at hour 0 after the end of mating(AEM),and at 0-24 h AEM,the sperm count in the spermathecae gradually increased.However,no sperms were observed in spermathecae of females mating with mutant males at hours 0,4,8,24 and 48 AEM.In summary,this study revealed that Y chromosome gene obp-Y was necessary for the storage of sperms in females.Our findings not only provide theoretical basis for elucidating the function of the Y chromosome,but also offer a molecular target for the genetic control over Z.tau.展开更多
BACKGROUND Aggressive angiomyolipoma is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor that was originally described as a locally recurrent mucinous spindle cell tumour.Agg-ressive angiomyolipoma originates from myofibrob...BACKGROUND Aggressive angiomyolipoma is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor that was originally described as a locally recurrent mucinous spindle cell tumour.Agg-ressive angiomyolipoma originates from myofibroblasts,vascular smooth muscle cells,or fibroblasts,and displays various phenotypes of myofibroblasts and abnor-mal muscle arteries.Aggressive angiomyolipoma was first identified in 1983 and fewer than 50 male patients have been reported to date.It is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumour and often confused with other diseases.Patients with epididymal aggressive angiomyolipoma lack typical symptoms,most of which occur incidentally,although some patients may experience mild pain,discomfort,and swelling.Pain may be exacerbated by pressure from the mass.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old male was admitted to the hospital on January 14,2022 with chief complaint of swelling in the left scrotum for one year.There was no apparent cause for the swelling.The patient did not consult with any doctor or receive any treatment for the swelling.The enlarged scrotum increased in size gradually until it reached approximately the size of a goose egg,and was accompanied by discom-fort and swelling of the left cavity of the scrotum.The patient had no history of any testicular trauma,infection,or urinary tract infection.The patient urinated freely,1-2 times at night,without urgency,dysuria(painful urination),or haematuria.There was no significant family history of malignancy.The patient underwent excision of the enlarged tumour and the left epididymis under general anaes-thesia on January 18,2022.Twelve months of follow-up revealed no recurrence.The patient was satisfied with the treatment.CONCLUSION Aggressive angiomyolipoma is extremely rare clinically and often confused with other diseases.The pathogenesis of aggressive angiomyolipoma is unclear and the clinical presentation is mostly a painless enlarged mass.The diagnosis of aggressive angiomyolipoma requires a combination of medical history,preoperative imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,cytological examination and preoperative and postoperative pathological biopsy.The preferred treatment is surgery,with the possibility of a new alternative treatment option after hormonal therapy.Aggressive angiomyolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parametrial tumors of the male genital area that present as clinically significant masses.The high recurrence rate of aggressive angiomyolipoma may be related to incomplete tumor resection,and patients with aggressive angiomyolipoma are advised to undergo annual postoperative follow-up and imaging for recurrence.展开更多
Varicocele has been associated with reduced male reproductive potential. With the advances in biomolecular techniques, it has been possible to better understand the mechanisms involved in testicular damage provoked by...Varicocele has been associated with reduced male reproductive potential. With the advances in biomolecular techniques, it has been possible to better understand the mechanisms involved in testicular damage provoked by varicocele. Current evidence suggests the central role of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and the resultant oxidative stress （OS） in the pathogenesis of varicocele-associated male subfertility although the mechanisms have not yet been fully described and it is likely to be multifactorial. Excessive ROS is associated with sperm DNA fragmentation, which may mediate the clinical manifestation of poor sperm function and fertilization outcome related to varicocele. Testing of ROS/OS and DNA fragmentation has the potential to provide additional diagnostic and prognostic information compared to conventional semen analysis and may guide therapeutic management strategies in individual patient.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.31960156,No.31660338,No.31760627,and No.32270848)Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education(2020-39),Science and Technology Support Program of Guizhou Province(QKH[2021]111,QKH[2020]4Y192,QKH[2018]5772-006,and QKH[2019]5406)Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission(gzwkj2022-019).
文摘Compounds isolated from Epimedium include the total flavonoids of Epimedium,icariin,and its metabolites(icaritin,icariside Ⅰ,and icariside Ⅱ),which have similar molecular structures.Modern pharmacological research and clinical practice have proved that Epimedium and its active components have a wide range of pharmacological effects,especially in improving sexual function,hormone regulation,anti-osteoporosis,immune function regulation,anti-oxidation,and anti-tumor activity.To date,we still need a comprehensive source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds on the male reproductive system.However,their actions in other tissues have been reviewed in recent years.This review critically focuses on the Epimedium,its bioactive compounds,and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that modulate vital pathways associated with the male reproductive system.Such intrinsic knowledge will significantly further studies on the Epimedium and its bioactive compounds that protect the male reproductive system and provide some guidances for clinical treatment of related male reproductive disorders.
文摘Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a widespread global health concern,contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates.The metabolic disturbances associated with diabetes can adversely impact the male reproductive system,leading to reduced fertility.This review offers an in-depth evaluation of recent global research exploring the impact of diabetes on male reproductive health.Relevant experimental and clinical studies were identified,with a focus on diabetes-related effects on reproductive organs,hormones,and sexual function.The review highlights that insulin deficiency and resistance in diabetic conditions disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,reducing levels of key reproductive hormones such as gonadotropin releasing hormone,luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating hormone,and testosterone.These hormonal disruptions lead to structural and functional damage in reproductive organs including the testes,Sertoli cells,epididymis,sperm,and accessory glands.Moreover,diabetes contributes to erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions.Various pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress,hormonal imbalances,germ cell apoptosis,autophagy,mitochondrial dysfunction,and endoplasmic reticulum stress are identified as underlying contributors to diabetes-induced male infertility.The findings of this review provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms by which diabetes affects the male reproductive function.By integrating current research,it highlights the critical need for further studies and the development of targeted therapies to effectively address diabetes-induced infertility.
文摘Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.
文摘Subject Code:H07 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a collaborative study by the research groups led by Prof.Gao Fu(高福)from the Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Prof.Li Xiangdong(李向东)from China Agricultural University demonstrates that Zika virus infection causes testis damage and leads to male infertility in mice,which was published in
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering-Strategic Research(No.2022-XY-45)the S&T Programs of Hebei Province,China(Nos.E2020100001 and 22372502D)+2 种基金the High-level S&T Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project of Shijiazhuang City(No.07202203)the Scientific Research Project of Hebei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2023172)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.H2022106065)。
文摘Bazi Bushen(BZBS),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in testicular dysfunction within D-galactose and NaNO_(2)mouse models.This study aimed to ascertain if BZBS could also mitigate the decline in testicular function associated with natural aging.Therefore,male aged mice were employed to evaluate the preventive effects of BZBS on male reproductive aging.This was achieved by assessing sex hormone production,testicular histomorphology,and spermatogenesis.Relative to the untreated aged control group,BZBS administration elevated the levels of sex hormones and spermatocyte populations and preserved normal testicular structure in aged mice.Notably,spermatogenesis was maintained.Further analyses,including malondialdehyde(MDA)assays and real-time PCR,indicated that BZBS diminished testicular oxidative stress and the inflammatory burden.Corroborating these findings,mice treated with BZBS exhibited reductions in the populations of senescent and apoptotic cells within the seminiferous tubules,suggesting alleviated cellular damage.In contrast,we observed that rapamycin,a drug known for its longevity benefits,induced excessive testicular apoptosis and did not decrease lipid peroxidation.Collectively,our results highlight BZBS’s promising clinical potential in counteracting male reproductive aging,underlining its mechanisms of action.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177411)。
文摘Neburon is a phenylurea herbicide that is widely used worldwide,but its toxicity is poorly studied.In our previous study,we found that neburon has strong aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)agonist activity,but whether it causes reproductive toxicity is not clear.In the present study,zebrafish were conducted as a model organism to evaluate whether environmental concentrations of neburon(0.1,1 and 10μg/L)induce reproductive disorder in males.After exposure to neburon for 150 days from embryo to adult,that the average spawning egg number in high concentration group was 106.40,which was significantly lower than 193.00in control group.This result was mainly due to the abnormal male reproductive behavior caused by abnormal transcription of genes associated with reproductive behavior in the brain,such as secretogranin-2a.The proportions of spermatozoa in the medium and high concentration groups were 82.40%and 83.84%,respectively,which were significantly lower than 89.45%in control group.This result was mainly caused by hormonal disturbances and an increased proportion of apoptotic cells.The hormonal disruption was due to the significant changes in the transcription levels of key genes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis following neburon treatment.Neburon treatment also significantly activated the AhR signaling pathway,causing oxidative stress damage and eventually leading to a significant increase in apoptosis in the exposed group.Together,these data filled the currently more vacant profile of neburon toxicity and might provide information to assess the ecotoxicity of neburon on male reproduction at environmentally relevant concentrations.
基金supported by a high-level talent research fund project of Qingdao Agricultural University in China(1120043).
文摘Background:The male reproductive system consists of the testes,epididymis,accessory gonads,and genital ducts.The physiological integrity of the testicles is essential for successful sperm production,but the testes are susceptible to a variety of exogenous and endogenous toxins,which can lead to structural damage to tissues and sperm abnormalities.Spermatogenesis is always in a homeostatic process and is sensitive to changes in the external environment.Huperzia serrata flavonoids(HSF)have a variety of pharmacological effects,including the treatment of bruises,strains,etc.HSF can improve the reproductive function of male mice,so the purpose of this experiment is to explore whether huperzine flavonoids are involved in and regulate the male reproductive process.Methods:Our experimental animals were ICR mice,and samples were collected after 28 days of HSF treatment,and verified by a series of experimental methods such as immunofluorescence,immunohistochemistry,HE staining,protein hybridization,and screening of related genes.Results:RNA sequencing results showed that HSF up-regulated genes related to sperm development and differentiation in testes and promoted spermatogenesis.HSF is effective in promoting steroid hormone synthesis by modulating STAR,CYP11A1,and CYP17A1.Conclusion:Thus,HSF can regulate testicular gene expression,stabilize the gut microbiome,alter serum metabolites,and regulate steroid homeostasis.
文摘Environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） are man-made bioaccumulative compounds with long half-lives that are found throughout the world as a result of heavy use in a variety of consumer products during the twentieth century. Wildlife and animal studies have long suggested adverse effects of exposure to these compounds on human reproductive health, which, according to the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, are ascribed to the compounds＇ potential to interfere with endocrine signaling, especially when exposure occurs during certain phases of fetal and childhood development. An extensive number of epidemiological studies have addressed the possible effects of exposure to POPs on male reproductive health, but the results are conflicting. Thus far, most studies have focused on investigating exposure and the different reproductive health outcomes during adulthood. Some studies have addressed the potential harmful effects of fetal exposure with respect to malformations at birth and/ or reproductive development, whereas only a few studies have been able to evaluate whether intrauterine exposure to POPs has long-term consequences for male reproductive health with measurable effects on semen quality markers and reproductive hormone levels in adulthood. Humans are not exposed to a single compound at a time, but rather, to a variety of different substances with potential divergent hormonal effects. Hence, how to best analyze epidemiological data on combined exposures remains a significant challenge. This review on POPs will focus on current knowledge regarding the potential effects of exposure to POPs during fetal and childhood life and during adulthood on male reproductive health, including a critical revision of the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a comment on pubertal development as part of reproductive development and a comment on how to account for combined exposures in epidemiological research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30570769)Funds of Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province(No.JS2013009)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(No.2042014kf0120)
文摘The expression of Attractin mRNA and protein in testis and semen of human and male mice was investigated. Human testis and semen samples were all collected from Reproductive Center of Reumin Hospital, Wuhan University in December, 2012. Testis samples were collected from 7 cases of obstructive azoospermias when they were subjected to diagnosed testis biopsy, and 30 nor- mal human semen samples were obtained from those cases of semen analysis. Adult mice testis tis- sues were obtained from 10 2-month-old male BALB/c mice, and 60 male mice at different ages were classified into 10 groups （day 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, and 120 respectively, n=6 each）. The expression of Attractin mRNA and protein in testis was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting re- spectively. Human semen samples were centrifuged into sperm plasma （SP） and sperm extract （SE）, and mice sperm samples were collected from the epididymis of 10 adult male BALB/c mice. Western blotting was used to determine the Attractin protein expression level. Attractin mRNA and protein were expressed in the testis of both patients with obstructive azoospermias and adult Bcl/B mice. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that no Attractin mRNA was detectable in day 1 male BALB/c mice group. The Attractin mRNA and protein levels were low on the day 10, and increased with age until day 56. On the day 120, the expression levels of Attractin were decreased. As for human semen sam- pies, Attractin protein was expressed in both SP and SE, but didn＇t exist in samples from the epidi- dymis of male BALB/c mice. It was suggested that Attractin acted as a novel active substance and was involved in male reproduction in both human and BALB/c mice, but it exerted a different ex- pression profile in different mammal species.
文摘The objective of this paper is to discuss recent developments in the application of biological markers to animal models of male reproductive toxicology. We have divided this paper into three major sections: First, a discussion of the testing protocols currently under investigation by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the EPA's Health Effects Research Laboratory; second, an examination of what we consider to be important and practical biological markers available to investigators to assess the effects of toxicants on the male reproductive system; and third, a discussion of promising new technologies, such as molecular and immunological probes, and in vitro techniques using isolated and cultured cells, which in the future may be exploited for the development of additional biological markers of male reproductive toxicity. Where appropriate we have made specific recommendations for the use of these biological markers in animal protocols and have pointed out those noninvasive markers which have application to screening human males.
文摘The seasonal chronological events of the repreductive cycle in the male sheath-tailed bat T. longimanus and changes in structure and function of accessory sex organs were studied at Varanasi (latitude: 25° N, 83°E). The first peak of spermatogenesis was ob served in September with the appearance of spermatozoa. The spermatogenic arrest in win ter dormancy (December) was followed by a second peak of spermatogenesis in January.This perbo coincides with ovulation in females. The third peak of spermatogenesis started after regression in late April, and completely regressed tubules were found after May. The cycle of accessory sex gland complex generally paralleled the testicular cycle, reaching maxi mum hypertrophy from September to January and again in late April. Thereafter, the ac cesory sex glands involuated. Spermatozoa were present in the cauda epididymidis through out the year. The reproductive cycle in family Emballonuridae varies with changes in lati tude, and this was so even in members of the same species. The presence of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis throughout the year is an interesting feature in the reproductive cy cle. Temperature and photoperiod do not play a regulatory role in reproduction in T.longimanus
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has been detected in the blood,urine,facial/anal swabs,semen,and vaginal discharge;all have been shown to contain SARSCoV-2 RNA.Recent findings have highlighted the prospect of SARS-CoV-2 invading the genital system in addition to other tissues,which might give rise to reproductive concerns.This investigation sheds light on male reproductive tract vulnerability to invasion by SARS-CoV-2 and provides a foundation for further researches into male fertility.Males are infected with COVID-19 at a higher rate than females.As a result,some data suggest that this viral infection might affect the male reproductive system.The probable causes for male genital tract abnormalities in COVID19 are:(1)high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the testes;(2)SARS-CoV-2 infection indirectly induces immune response in the testes;(3)SARS-CoV-2 directly damages male genital cells by virus-receptor binding activity;(4)fever in SARSCoV-2 infected males may cause damages to testicular cells;(5)testosterone level decreased in SAR-CoV-2 infected males;(6)males are more susceptible to COVID-19 than females,which may be due to differences in the physiology of the genital tract.This review seeks to offer some insights into the potential causes of COVID-19 that affect the male reproductive system,as well as future prospect on this issue.
文摘Background： Soybean isoflavones are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens and therefore may act as estrogen agonists or antagonists. However, it has not been determined if they have any negative effects on reproductive parameters in male livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean isofiavones on male reproduction using Chinese mini-pig boars as a model. Fifty Xiang boars were randomly divided into five groups and fed diets containing 0, 125, 250, or 500 ppm soybean isoflavones or 0.5 ppm diethylstilbestrol for 60 days. Results： Dietary supplementation with 250 ppm of soy isoflavones markedly increased the testis index （P 〈 0.05）, fructose content （P 〈 0.05）, and o-glycosidase content in testicular tissue （P 〈 0.01）, as well as increased the number of viable germ cells （P 〈 0.01） and the level of Bcl-2 protein （P 〈 0.01）. However, 500 ppm of soybean isoflavones significantly reduced both testis and epididymis indexes （P 〈 0.0S） and lactate dehydrogenase levels （P 〈 0.01）, as well as reduced serum LH and testosterone levels （P 〈 0.05）. High levels of soybean isoflavones also increased malondialdehyde levels （P 〈 0.05）, as well as increased the numbers of early and late apoptotic germ cells （P 〈 0.01） and the level of Bax proteins （P 〈 0.05） in the testis. Conclusions： The results of this study indicate that consumption of soy isoflavones at dietary levels up to 250 ppm did not adversely affect reproductive parameters in Chinese mini-pig boars whereas higher levels of soy isoflavones may adversely affect male reproduction.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National 973 Program （Nos. 2011CB944304 and 2013CB911400）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81222006） and the Qing Lan Project.
文摘Proteomics strategies have been widely used in the field of male reproduction, both in basic and clinical research. Bioinformatics methods are indispensable in proteomics-based studies and are used for data presentation, database construction and functional annotation. In the present review, we focus on the functional annotation of gene lists obtained through qualitative or quantitative methods, summarizing the common and male reproduction specialized proteomics databases. We introduce several integrated tools used to find the hidden biological significance from the data obtained. We further describe in detail the information on male reproduction derived from Gene Ontology analyses, pathway analyses and biomedical analyses. We provide an overview of bioinformatics annotations in spermatogenesis, from gene function to biological function and from biological function to clinical application. On the basis of recently published proteomics studies and associated data, we show that bioinformatics methods help us to discover drug targets for sperm motility and to scan for cancer-testis genes. In addition, we summarize the online resources relevant to male reproduction research for the exploration of the regulation of spermatogenesis.
基金supported by the Faculty of Sciences and Project Management Program of the Welfare Office of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia under Grant Nos.3733,1150,1302,1567,and 3093Colciencias Scholarship Doctoral Program under Grant No.6172+1 种基金Yoluka NGO,Biodiversity and Conservation Research Foundation under Grant No.001-2014Universidad Manuela Beltran under act 13072019 and Palmasol S.A.Ac001-2014。
文摘Based on histological analyses and field studies,this research describes the reproductive ecology of a population of Ninia atrata snakes inhabiting an oil palm plantation.Furthermore,through a multivariate approach,we explored the main drivers of reproductive output in N.atrata.Results showed that prey abundance and food intake were crucial variables contributing to reproductive output.Multiple linear regression models showed that neonates had high sensitivity(R2=55.29%)to extreme changes in climate,which was strongly related to slug and snail abundance variability and microhabitat quality.Reproductive cycles were markedly different between the sexes,being continuous in males and cyclical in females.Despite this variation,reproductive cycles at the population level were seasonal semi-synchronous.Constant recruitment of neonates all year,multiple clutches,high mating frequency,and continuous sperm production characterized the reproductive phenology of N.atrata.In addition,a significant number of previtellogenic females presented oviductal sperm as well as uterine scars,suggesting a high precocity in the species.The main drivers of reproductive output also differed between the sexes.In females,clutch size and secondary follicle variability were highly related to stomach bolus volume,fat body area,and body mass.In males,height of piles of palm leaves and body mass,rather than intrinsic reproductive traits,were the main drivers of sperm production.Nevertheless,in both cases,the relationship between body mass,prey abundance,and food intake suggests that N.atrata follows the income breeding strategy to compensate for reproductive costs and to maximize fitness.
文摘Boldness is defined as the tendency of an individual to take risks when exposed to novel objects or situations. The main aim of this work was to dilucidate if boldness was related to the development of the secondary sexual traits （SSTs） in the male of the fiver blenny Salariafluviatilis, a freshwater fish which takes care of eggs. As a second objective SSTs effect on pa rental status adoption was also be explored. Wild young fish were caught in the Segre River （Ebro basin） in November 2010. Fish were kept in five aquaria in groups of eight males and eight females with artificial nests. Boldness （boldness score and hesitancy） of males （initially with little SSTs development） was tested as the time required to exit a refuge when exposed to a new environ ment. Fish were mantained in the same aquaria for several months, and males＇ SSTs development and reproductive behaviour were monitored. Boldness score was negatively associated to cephalic crest development. Hesitancy was negatively related to male length and was also influenced by the interaction between male length and cephalic crest. Parental status acquisition was positively related to the male＇s length, marginally related to anal gland development, and nonrelated to cephalic crest. These re sults suggest an intrasexual role of the crest as an informative trait of boldness （honest signal） which might not necessarily be chosen by the females. It is also discussed that correlational selection could be responsible for linking boldness and growth rate in this species. Sexual selection, in addition to having directed the evolution of secondary sexual traits, might have favored certain personality traits （e.g. boldness） associated with the achievement of a larger body length .
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2600400)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-26)Hubei Hongshan Laboratory.
文摘In the organisms with XX/XY sex chromosomes,Y chromosome is unique to males and plays an important role in male reproductive development.The study of Y chromosome genes will contribute to the development of pest genetic prevention and control technology.In this study,we identified 9 Y chromosome genes in Zeugodacus tau(Diptera:Tephritidae),including gene 16222.Protein structure analysis showed that 16222 was highly similar to odorant binding protein,and thus gene 16222 was named obp-Y.Obp-Y knockout(KO)significantly reduced hatching rate of offspring.Sperm detection results showed that obp-Y KO did not affect sperm number in the testes or sperm transfer during mating.We further examined the storage of sperms in females,and found that sperms in females mating with wild-type males began to transfer from spermathecal ducts to the spermathecae at hour 0 after the end of mating(AEM),and at 0-24 h AEM,the sperm count in the spermathecae gradually increased.However,no sperms were observed in spermathecae of females mating with mutant males at hours 0,4,8,24 and 48 AEM.In summary,this study revealed that Y chromosome gene obp-Y was necessary for the storage of sperms in females.Our findings not only provide theoretical basis for elucidating the function of the Y chromosome,but also offer a molecular target for the genetic control over Z.tau.
文摘BACKGROUND Aggressive angiomyolipoma is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor that was originally described as a locally recurrent mucinous spindle cell tumour.Agg-ressive angiomyolipoma originates from myofibroblasts,vascular smooth muscle cells,or fibroblasts,and displays various phenotypes of myofibroblasts and abnor-mal muscle arteries.Aggressive angiomyolipoma was first identified in 1983 and fewer than 50 male patients have been reported to date.It is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumour and often confused with other diseases.Patients with epididymal aggressive angiomyolipoma lack typical symptoms,most of which occur incidentally,although some patients may experience mild pain,discomfort,and swelling.Pain may be exacerbated by pressure from the mass.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old male was admitted to the hospital on January 14,2022 with chief complaint of swelling in the left scrotum for one year.There was no apparent cause for the swelling.The patient did not consult with any doctor or receive any treatment for the swelling.The enlarged scrotum increased in size gradually until it reached approximately the size of a goose egg,and was accompanied by discom-fort and swelling of the left cavity of the scrotum.The patient had no history of any testicular trauma,infection,or urinary tract infection.The patient urinated freely,1-2 times at night,without urgency,dysuria(painful urination),or haematuria.There was no significant family history of malignancy.The patient underwent excision of the enlarged tumour and the left epididymis under general anaes-thesia on January 18,2022.Twelve months of follow-up revealed no recurrence.The patient was satisfied with the treatment.CONCLUSION Aggressive angiomyolipoma is extremely rare clinically and often confused with other diseases.The pathogenesis of aggressive angiomyolipoma is unclear and the clinical presentation is mostly a painless enlarged mass.The diagnosis of aggressive angiomyolipoma requires a combination of medical history,preoperative imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,cytological examination and preoperative and postoperative pathological biopsy.The preferred treatment is surgery,with the possibility of a new alternative treatment option after hormonal therapy.Aggressive angiomyolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parametrial tumors of the male genital area that present as clinically significant masses.The high recurrence rate of aggressive angiomyolipoma may be related to incomplete tumor resection,and patients with aggressive angiomyolipoma are advised to undergo annual postoperative follow-up and imaging for recurrence.
文摘Varicocele has been associated with reduced male reproductive potential. With the advances in biomolecular techniques, it has been possible to better understand the mechanisms involved in testicular damage provoked by varicocele. Current evidence suggests the central role of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and the resultant oxidative stress （OS） in the pathogenesis of varicocele-associated male subfertility although the mechanisms have not yet been fully described and it is likely to be multifactorial. Excessive ROS is associated with sperm DNA fragmentation, which may mediate the clinical manifestation of poor sperm function and fertilization outcome related to varicocele. Testing of ROS/OS and DNA fragmentation has the potential to provide additional diagnostic and prognostic information compared to conventional semen analysis and may guide therapeutic management strategies in individual patient.
