Since the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） using single sperm isolated from testicular tissue in men with obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia, or using ejaculated sperm in those with p...Since the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） using single sperm isolated from testicular tissue in men with obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia, or using ejaculated sperm in those with poor semen quality, there have been concerns that this might have adverse effects on the offspring compared to conventional in vitrofertilisation （IVF） and natural conceptions. ICSI is done for reasons other than male factor infertility, and on the whole has not been shown to have any more negative effects than those seen with IVF. There have however, been very few studies of ICSI with a focus on, or large enough numbers to examine, the specific outcomes associated with male factor infertility. From the limited information available in relation to the source of the sperm and aetiology of infertility in the presence of ICSI, there appears to be no increased risk of congenital malformations. There is, however, a small increase in both de novoand inherited chromosome abnormalities. In terms of growth and neurodevelopment, there are very few studies, and so far, no adverse outcomes have been found in young children whose fathers have a sperm defect. The origin of the sperm used in ICSI does not have a major influence on the early life outcomes for the offspring, but transgenerational and epigenetic effects remain unknown. When the male factor infertility is known or thought to be due to a Y-chromosome deletion, this information should be given to the young male offspring at a time that will ensure his own reproductive health and plans are optimized.展开更多
Infertility affects 10%–15%of couples worldwide.Of all infertility cases,20%–70%are due to male factors.In the past,men with severe male factor(SMF)were considered sterile.Nevertheless,the development of intracytopl...Infertility affects 10%–15%of couples worldwide.Of all infertility cases,20%–70%are due to male factors.In the past,men with severe male factor(SMF)were considered sterile.Nevertheless,the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)drastically modified this scenario.The advances in assisted reproductive technology(ART),specifically regarding surgical sperm retrieval procedures,allowed the efficacious treatment of these conditions.Yet,before undergoing ICSI,male factor infertility requires careful evaluation of clinical and lifestyle behavior together with medical treatment.Epidemiologically speaking,women whose male partner is azoospermic tend to be younger and with a better ovarian reserve.These couples,in fact,are proposed ART earlier in their life,and for this reason,their ovarian response after stimulation is generally good.Furthermore,in younger couples,azoospermia can be partially compensated by the efficient ovarian response,resulting in an acceptable fertility rate following in vitro fertilization(IVF)techniques.Conversely,when azoospermia is associated with a reduced ovarian reserve and/or advanced maternal age,the treatment becomes more challenging,with a consequent reduction in IVF outcomes.Nonetheless,azoospermia seems to impair neither the euploidy rate at the blastocyst stage nor the implantation of euploid blastocysts.Based on the current knowledge,the assessment of male infertility factors should involve:(1)evaluation–to diagnose and quantify seminologic alterations;(2)potentiality–to determine the real possibilities to improve sperm parameters and/or retrieve spermatozoa;(3)time–to consider the available“treatment window”,based on maternal age and ovarian reserve.This review represents an update of the definition,prevalence,causes,and treatment of SMF in a modern ART clinic.展开更多
Background: According to the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of infertility is 17.5%. The male share of responsibility is undeniable. Several factors, such as smoking, alcoholism, obesity and envir...Background: According to the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of infertility is 17.5%. The male share of responsibility is undeniable. Several factors, such as smoking, alcoholism, obesity and environmental pollution are sources of infertility in men. The aim of this study was to determine the spermological profile of infertile men and the factors associated with sperm parameter abnormalities. Methods: This retrospective study analysed 1000 sperm samples over an 11-year period, from January 2010 to December 2021. Results: The average age was 37.52 ± 8.66 years. Surgical history of varicocele and teratozoospermia were associated (p-value = 0.0001). Candida albicans was associated with a 2.27-fold risk of necrozoospermia and a 3.14-fold risk of oligozoospermia. The link between the reason for requesting a spermogram and the age range between 38 and 47 was significant (p-value Conclusion: Today, lifestyle and environmental pollution play a major role in sperm parameter abnormalities.展开更多
Male factor infertility has been rising,which accounts for up to 30%of infertility cases and contributes to 50%of overall cases.The aim of this review is to explore the recent advances that have emerged in the field t...Male factor infertility has been rising,which accounts for up to 30%of infertility cases and contributes to 50%of overall cases.The aim of this review is to explore the recent advances that have emerged in the field through a narrative review.A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases,including the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science.Gray literature was also reviewed through ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.The findings were presented narratively to encompass the extensive range of published data on male infertility.Significant strides have been made in the field of male infertility,particularly with biomarkers,shear wave elastography,3-dimensional(3D)bioprinting,artificial intelligence(AI),and robotic and microsurgical treatment,offering promising avenues for diagnosis and treatment.Continued research and technological innovation are essential to further improve outcomes for patients facing male factor infertility.展开更多
Primary ciliary dyskinesia （PCD） is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from the loss of normal ciliary function. Symptoms include neonatal respiratory distress, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs invers...Primary ciliary dyskinesia （PCD） is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from the loss of normal ciliary function. Symptoms include neonatal respiratory distress, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and infertility. However, only 15 PCD-associated genes have been identified to cause male infertility to date. Owing to the genetic heterogeneity of PCD, comprehensive molecular genetic testing is not considered the standard of care. Here, we provide an update of the progress on the identification of genetic factors related to PCD associated with male infertility, summarizing the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss the clinical implications of these findings. Further research in this field will impact the diagnostic strategy for male infertility, enabling clinicians to provide patients with informed genetic counseling, and help to adopt the best course of treatment for developing directly targeted personalized medicine.展开更多
Aim: To determine the most common risk factors of male infertility in Mongolian men attending an infertility clinic. Methods: A prospective, case-control study was conducted in which 430 men were enrolled. All the men...Aim: To determine the most common risk factors of male infertility in Mongolian men attending an infertility clinic. Methods: A prospective, case-control study was conducted in which 430 men were enrolled. All the men had sought their first infertility evaluation between 1998-2002 in the State Research Center on Maternal Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They were divided into two groups depending on the results of their semen analysis: 191 with abnormal semen and 239 with normal semen profile. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine any association between risk factors and semen abnormality. Results: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the testicular volume, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STI), epididymitis and testicular damage all have statistically significant associations with semen abnormality, when controlled for multiple risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios of 3.4 for mumps orchitis, 2.3 for other orchitis and 3.9 for testicular injury were found. Gonorrhoea, the most commonly reported STIs in this study, gave an adjusted odds ratio of 1.0 for having one or more sperm abnormality. An adjusted odds ratio for subjects with a history of other STIs was 2.7. However, as a predictor of azoospermia, STIs had very high odds ratio, being 5.6 in patients with gonorrhoea and 7.6 in patients with other STIs. Conclusion: A history of pathology involving testicular damage appeared to have the strongest impact on male infertility in Mongolia. STIs have less impact on semen quality except when complicated by orchitis, epididymitis and vasal obstruction.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Cerebral infarction is poorly treated due to neuronal necrosis and secondary pathophysiological changes; for example, free radical production and inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE： To detect the levels o...BACKGROUND： Cerebral infarction is poorly treated due to neuronal necrosis and secondary pathophysiological changes; for example, free radical production and inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE： To detect the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and tumor necrosis factor- a （TNF- α ） in elderly males with cerebral infarction. DESIGN： Non-randomized current control study. SETTING： Cadre Medical Department, Guizhou Provincial People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： Forty elderly males （65-89 years old） with cerebral infarction were selected from Cadre Medical Department, Guizhou Provincial People＇s Hospital from February 2004 to December 2006. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of cerebral infarction modified at the 4th National Cerebrovascular Disease Academic Meeting, and were diagnosed on the basis of CT or MRI tests. Furthermore, 35 elderly male inpatients （65-87 years old） without cerebral infarction were selected as the control group. Included subjects provided confirmed consent and did not have heart disease, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorder, acute trauma, infection, rheumatism, or other inflammatory diseases. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. There were no significant differences in age, blood pressure, and lipid levels between the cerebral infarction group and the control group （P 〉 0.05）, and this suggested that the baseline data of both groups were comparable. METHODS： Fasting venous blood was drawn from cerebral infarction patients 24 hours after cerebral infarction attack and from control subjects 24 hours after hospitalization. A latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF- α in the serum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The levels of hs-CRP, 1L-6, and TNF- α in the serum in both groups. RESULTS： Forty cerebral infarction patients and thirty-five control subjects were included in the final analysis without any loss. Levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in the cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than those in the control group （P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： Levels of serum inflammatory reactive factors are increased in elderly males with cerebral infarction.展开更多
Central venous catheterization（CVC）-related venous thrombosis is a common but serious clinical complication, thus prevention and treatment on this problem should be extensively investigated. In this research, we aim...Central venous catheterization（CVC）-related venous thrombosis is a common but serious clinical complication, thus prevention and treatment on this problem should be extensively investigated. In this research, we aimed to investigate the incidence rate of CVC-related venous thrombosis in senile patients and give a further discussion on the related risk factors and predictors. A total of 324 hospitalized senile male patients subjected to CVC were selected. Retrospective investigation and analysis were conducted on age, underlying diseases, clinical medications, catheterization position and side, catheter retention time, and incidence of CVC-related venous thrombosis complications. Basic laboratory test results during catheterization and thrombogenesis were also collected and analyzed. Among the 324 patients, 20 cases（6.17%） of CVC-related venous thrombosis were diagnoseds. The incidence rate of CVC-related venous thrombosis in subclavian vein catheterization was significantly lower than that in femoral vein catheterization（P〈0.01） and that in internal jugular vein catheterization（P〈0.05）. No statistically significant difference was found between femoral vein catheterization and internal jugular vein catheterization（P〉0.05）. Previous venous thrombosis history（P〈0.01）, high lactate dehydrogenase level（P〈0.01）, low high-density lipoprotein（HDL） level（P〈0.05）, and low albumin level（P〈0.05） were found as risk factors or predictors of CVC-related venous thrombosis in senile male patients. Subclavian vein catheterization was the most appropriate choice among senile patients to decrease the incidence of CVC-related venous thrombosis. Previous venous thrombosis history, high lactate dehydrogenase level, low HDL level, and low albumin level were important risk factors in predicting CVC-related venous thrombosis.展开更多
Aim： To evaluate the association between selected potential socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors and infertility in Nigerian men. Methods： There were two groups in this study. One group consisted of 150 men...Aim： To evaluate the association between selected potential socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors and infertility in Nigerian men. Methods： There were two groups in this study. One group consisted of 150 men with proven male infertility, and the other consisted of 150 fertile men with normal semen parameters. Both were matched for age, place of residence and key socio-demographic variables. They were compared for sexual history, past medical and surgical history, past exposures to sexually transmitted infections and treatment, past and current use of drugs as well as smoking and alcohol intake history. Results： Infertile men were significantly more likely than fertile men to report having experienced penile discharge, painful micturition and genital ulcers, less likely to seek treatment for these symptoms and more likely to seek treatment with informal sector providers. Multivariate analysis showed that male infertility was significantly associated with bacteria in semen cultures, self-reporting of previous use of traditional medications and moderate to heavy alcohol intake, but not with smoking and occupational types. Conclusion： Infertility is associated with various proxies of sexually transmitted infections （STIs） and poor healthcare-seeking behavior for STIs in Nigerian men.展开更多
Aim： To develop a high-throughput multiplex, fast and simple assay to scan azoospermia factor （AZF） region microdeletions on the Y chromosome and establish the prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese ...Aim： To develop a high-throughput multiplex, fast and simple assay to scan azoospermia factor （AZF） region microdeletions on the Y chromosome and establish the prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Methods： In total, 178 infertile patients with azoospermia （nonobstructed）, 134 infertile patients with oligozoospermia as well as 40 fertile man controls were included in the present study. The samples were screened for AZF microdeletion using optimized multi-analyte suspension array （MASA） technology. Results： Of the 312 patients, 36 （11.5%） were found to have deletions in the AZF region. The rnicrodeletion frequency was 14% （25/178） in the azoospermia group and 8.2% （11/134） in the oligospermia group. Among 36 patients with microdeletions, 19 had deletions in the AZFc region, seven had deletions in AZFa and six had deletions in AZFb. In addition, four patients had both AZFb and AZFc deletions. No deletion in the AZF region was found in the 40 fertile controls. Conclusion： There is a high prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The MASA technology, which has been established in the present study, provides a sensitive and high-throughput method for detecting the deletion of the Y chromosome. And the results suggest that genetic screening should be advised to infertile men before starting assisted reproductive treatments.展开更多
Objective: To give an historical record of the research of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force to develop methods of male contraception; to examine the social, political, medical, pharmaceutical, funding, a...Objective: To give an historical record of the research of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force to develop methods of male contraception; to examine the social, political, medical, pharmaceutical, funding, and other factors that influenced progress; and to suggest reasons why such methods are only now becoming available. Design: Review of basic and clinical research over 30 years. Setting: Task force of a multinational agency and collaborating agencies. Conclusion(s): Through the involvement of many international scientists, the WHO Task Force has uniquely contributed to the exploratory phases of the research in male contraception and by its multicenter contraceptive efficacy studies has accelerated progress towards the ideal hormonal method. Despite an adverse climate involving social and political attitudes, funding constraints, and pharmaceutical industry hesitations, WHO formed coalitions with governments and international agencies to sustain research with results that apply to men in culturally diverse populations and thereby to influence activities across the whole range of global reproductive health and family planning.展开更多
Background: It is estimated that 2240 males in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer (BC) in 2013, resulting in 410 deaths. Overall, male breast cancers (MBCs) are diagnosed with larger tumor size, mor...Background: It is estimated that 2240 males in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer (BC) in 2013, resulting in 410 deaths. Overall, male breast cancers (MBCs) are diagnosed with larger tumor size, more frequent lymphatic invasion, and advanced tumor stage compared to their female counterparts. Several risk factors have been elucidated for the development of MBC, and this paper aims to critically review the existing literature on at-risk populations and provide screening recommendations. Methods: A comprehensive search for all published studies on populations at risk for MBC using PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar was performed (1982- 2013). The search focused specifically on genetic and epidemiologic risk factors, and screening for MBC. Keywords searched included “male breast cancer risk factors”, “male breast cancer epidemiology”, and “male breast cancer genetics”. A total of 34 studies involving 4,865,819 patients were identified. Results: Five studies (N = 327,667) focused primarily on family history of breast cancer as a risk factor for MBC. 15% - 20% of men with BC have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and a family history of BC among first-degree relatives confers a 2-to 3-fold increase in MBC risk (odds ratio = 3.3). Seventeen studies (N = 5451) analyzed associations between several heritable genes and MBC. Lifetime MBC risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers is 1% - 5%, while MBC risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers is higher and varies between 4% - 40%. Less clear associations between MBC and PALB2, Androgen Receptor gene, CYP17, and CHEK2 mutations have also been documented. Five studies (N = 16,667) have addressed occupational risk factors for MBC. An 8-fold increase in MBC is reported in males working in the cosmetic cream manufacturing, and the motor vehicle industries. A meta-analysis of 18 trials also identified electromagnetic field exposure as a potential MBC risk, though causation remains undocumented. Eleven studies (N = 4,843,598) analyzed the role of abnormalities in the androgen-to-estrogen ratio as a risk factor for MBC. Conditions associated with increased MBC risk include Klinefelter’s syndrome (relative risk, RR = 29.64), obesity (RR = 1.98), orchitis/epididymitis (RR = 1.84), and gynecomastia (RR = 5.86). Conclusion: Routine screening for MBC should be considered in all high risk male populations, including those with a prior history of breast carcinoma, a strong family history of BC (defined as an affected mother or sister), a positive BRCA2 mutation status (regardless of family history), and men diagnosed with Klinefelter’s syndrome, or those in the chemical or motor vehicle industries. Genetic testing for BRCA2 should be recommended for all MBC patients. Increased public and physician education on MBC is necessary to raise awareness about this rare disease and the need for screening of at-risk populations.展开更多
Aim： To assess for the first time the occurrence of Y chromosomal microdeletions and partial deletions of the Azoospermia Factor c （AZFc） region in Sri Lankan men and to correlate them with clinical parameters. Met...Aim： To assess for the first time the occurrence of Y chromosomal microdeletions and partial deletions of the Azoospermia Factor c （AZFc） region in Sri Lankan men and to correlate them with clinical parameters. Methods： In a retrospective study, we analyzed 96 infertile men （78 with non-obstructive azoospermia） and 87 controls with normal spermatogenesis. AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and partial deletions within the AZFc region were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） according to established protocols. Results： No AZFa, AZFb or AZFc deletions were found in the control group. Seven patients in the group of infertile men were found to have deletions as following： one AZFa, two AZFc, two AZFbc and two AZFabc. The relative distribution of these patterns was significantly different compared with that found in the German population. Extension analysis confirmed that the deletions occurred according to the current pathogenic model, gr/gr deletions were found to be equally present both in the patients （n = 4） and in the control group （n = 4）. One b2/b3 deletion was found in the patient group. Conclusion： These results suggest that the frequency and pattern of microdeletions of the Y chromosome in Sri Lankan men are similar to those found in other populations and confirm that gr/gr deletions are not sufficient to cause spermatogenetic failure. （Asian J Androl 2006 Jan; 8： 39-44）展开更多
Azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in two or more semen analyses after centrifugation.Nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)represents the most severe form of male factor infertility accounti...Azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in two or more semen analyses after centrifugation.Nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)represents the most severe form of male factor infertility accounting for 10%–15%of cases and stems from an impairment to spermatogenesis.Understanding of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis has allowed NOA to be subcategorized by anatomic and/or pathophysiologic level.The etiologies of NOA,and therefore,the differential diagnoses when considering NOA as a cause of male factor infertility,can be subcategorized and condensed into several distinct classifications.Etiologies of NOA include primary hypogonadism,secondary hypogonadism,defects in androgen synthesis and/or response,defective spermatogenesis and sperm maturation,or a mixed picture thereof.This review includes up-to-date clinical,diagnostic,cellular,and histologic features pertaining to the multitude of NOA etiologies.This in turn will provide a framework by which physicians practicing infertility can augment their clinical decision-making,patient counseling,thereby improving upon the management of men with NOA.展开更多
文摘Since the introduction of intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） using single sperm isolated from testicular tissue in men with obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia, or using ejaculated sperm in those with poor semen quality, there have been concerns that this might have adverse effects on the offspring compared to conventional in vitrofertilisation （IVF） and natural conceptions. ICSI is done for reasons other than male factor infertility, and on the whole has not been shown to have any more negative effects than those seen with IVF. There have however, been very few studies of ICSI with a focus on, or large enough numbers to examine, the specific outcomes associated with male factor infertility. From the limited information available in relation to the source of the sperm and aetiology of infertility in the presence of ICSI, there appears to be no increased risk of congenital malformations. There is, however, a small increase in both de novoand inherited chromosome abnormalities. In terms of growth and neurodevelopment, there are very few studies, and so far, no adverse outcomes have been found in young children whose fathers have a sperm defect. The origin of the sperm used in ICSI does not have a major influence on the early life outcomes for the offspring, but transgenerational and epigenetic effects remain unknown. When the male factor infertility is known or thought to be due to a Y-chromosome deletion, this information should be given to the young male offspring at a time that will ensure his own reproductive health and plans are optimized.
文摘Infertility affects 10%–15%of couples worldwide.Of all infertility cases,20%–70%are due to male factors.In the past,men with severe male factor(SMF)were considered sterile.Nevertheless,the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)drastically modified this scenario.The advances in assisted reproductive technology(ART),specifically regarding surgical sperm retrieval procedures,allowed the efficacious treatment of these conditions.Yet,before undergoing ICSI,male factor infertility requires careful evaluation of clinical and lifestyle behavior together with medical treatment.Epidemiologically speaking,women whose male partner is azoospermic tend to be younger and with a better ovarian reserve.These couples,in fact,are proposed ART earlier in their life,and for this reason,their ovarian response after stimulation is generally good.Furthermore,in younger couples,azoospermia can be partially compensated by the efficient ovarian response,resulting in an acceptable fertility rate following in vitro fertilization(IVF)techniques.Conversely,when azoospermia is associated with a reduced ovarian reserve and/or advanced maternal age,the treatment becomes more challenging,with a consequent reduction in IVF outcomes.Nonetheless,azoospermia seems to impair neither the euploidy rate at the blastocyst stage nor the implantation of euploid blastocysts.Based on the current knowledge,the assessment of male infertility factors should involve:(1)evaluation–to diagnose and quantify seminologic alterations;(2)potentiality–to determine the real possibilities to improve sperm parameters and/or retrieve spermatozoa;(3)time–to consider the available“treatment window”,based on maternal age and ovarian reserve.This review represents an update of the definition,prevalence,causes,and treatment of SMF in a modern ART clinic.
文摘Background: According to the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of infertility is 17.5%. The male share of responsibility is undeniable. Several factors, such as smoking, alcoholism, obesity and environmental pollution are sources of infertility in men. The aim of this study was to determine the spermological profile of infertile men and the factors associated with sperm parameter abnormalities. Methods: This retrospective study analysed 1000 sperm samples over an 11-year period, from January 2010 to December 2021. Results: The average age was 37.52 ± 8.66 years. Surgical history of varicocele and teratozoospermia were associated (p-value = 0.0001). Candida albicans was associated with a 2.27-fold risk of necrozoospermia and a 3.14-fold risk of oligozoospermia. The link between the reason for requesting a spermogram and the age range between 38 and 47 was significant (p-value Conclusion: Today, lifestyle and environmental pollution play a major role in sperm parameter abnormalities.
文摘Male factor infertility has been rising,which accounts for up to 30%of infertility cases and contributes to 50%of overall cases.The aim of this review is to explore the recent advances that have emerged in the field through a narrative review.A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases,including the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science.Gray literature was also reviewed through ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.The findings were presented narratively to encompass the extensive range of published data on male infertility.Significant strides have been made in the field of male infertility,particularly with biomarkers,shear wave elastography,3-dimensional(3D)bioprinting,artificial intelligence(AI),and robotic and microsurgical treatment,offering promising avenues for diagnosis and treatment.Continued research and technological innovation are essential to further improve outcomes for patients facing male factor infertility.
文摘Primary ciliary dyskinesia （PCD） is an autosomal-recessive disorder resulting from the loss of normal ciliary function. Symptoms include neonatal respiratory distress, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and infertility. However, only 15 PCD-associated genes have been identified to cause male infertility to date. Owing to the genetic heterogeneity of PCD, comprehensive molecular genetic testing is not considered the standard of care. Here, we provide an update of the progress on the identification of genetic factors related to PCD associated with male infertility, summarizing the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss the clinical implications of these findings. Further research in this field will impact the diagnostic strategy for male infertility, enabling clinicians to provide patients with informed genetic counseling, and help to adopt the best course of treatment for developing directly targeted personalized medicine.
文摘Aim: To determine the most common risk factors of male infertility in Mongolian men attending an infertility clinic. Methods: A prospective, case-control study was conducted in which 430 men were enrolled. All the men had sought their first infertility evaluation between 1998-2002 in the State Research Center on Maternal Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They were divided into two groups depending on the results of their semen analysis: 191 with abnormal semen and 239 with normal semen profile. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine any association between risk factors and semen abnormality. Results: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the testicular volume, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STI), epididymitis and testicular damage all have statistically significant associations with semen abnormality, when controlled for multiple risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios of 3.4 for mumps orchitis, 2.3 for other orchitis and 3.9 for testicular injury were found. Gonorrhoea, the most commonly reported STIs in this study, gave an adjusted odds ratio of 1.0 for having one or more sperm abnormality. An adjusted odds ratio for subjects with a history of other STIs was 2.7. However, as a predictor of azoospermia, STIs had very high odds ratio, being 5.6 in patients with gonorrhoea and 7.6 in patients with other STIs. Conclusion: A history of pathology involving testicular damage appeared to have the strongest impact on male infertility in Mongolia. STIs have less impact on semen quality except when complicated by orchitis, epididymitis and vasal obstruction.
基金Educational and Technological Foundation for Excellent Talents of Guizhou Province, No. 2005(25)
文摘BACKGROUND： Cerebral infarction is poorly treated due to neuronal necrosis and secondary pathophysiological changes; for example, free radical production and inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE： To detect the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and tumor necrosis factor- a （TNF- α ） in elderly males with cerebral infarction. DESIGN： Non-randomized current control study. SETTING： Cadre Medical Department, Guizhou Provincial People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： Forty elderly males （65-89 years old） with cerebral infarction were selected from Cadre Medical Department, Guizhou Provincial People＇s Hospital from February 2004 to December 2006. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of cerebral infarction modified at the 4th National Cerebrovascular Disease Academic Meeting, and were diagnosed on the basis of CT or MRI tests. Furthermore, 35 elderly male inpatients （65-87 years old） without cerebral infarction were selected as the control group. Included subjects provided confirmed consent and did not have heart disease, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorder, acute trauma, infection, rheumatism, or other inflammatory diseases. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. There were no significant differences in age, blood pressure, and lipid levels between the cerebral infarction group and the control group （P 〉 0.05）, and this suggested that the baseline data of both groups were comparable. METHODS： Fasting venous blood was drawn from cerebral infarction patients 24 hours after cerebral infarction attack and from control subjects 24 hours after hospitalization. A latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF- α in the serum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The levels of hs-CRP, 1L-6, and TNF- α in the serum in both groups. RESULTS： Forty cerebral infarction patients and thirty-five control subjects were included in the final analysis without any loss. Levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in the cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than those in the control group （P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： Levels of serum inflammatory reactive factors are increased in elderly males with cerebral infarction.
文摘Central venous catheterization（CVC）-related venous thrombosis is a common but serious clinical complication, thus prevention and treatment on this problem should be extensively investigated. In this research, we aimed to investigate the incidence rate of CVC-related venous thrombosis in senile patients and give a further discussion on the related risk factors and predictors. A total of 324 hospitalized senile male patients subjected to CVC were selected. Retrospective investigation and analysis were conducted on age, underlying diseases, clinical medications, catheterization position and side, catheter retention time, and incidence of CVC-related venous thrombosis complications. Basic laboratory test results during catheterization and thrombogenesis were also collected and analyzed. Among the 324 patients, 20 cases（6.17%） of CVC-related venous thrombosis were diagnoseds. The incidence rate of CVC-related venous thrombosis in subclavian vein catheterization was significantly lower than that in femoral vein catheterization（P〈0.01） and that in internal jugular vein catheterization（P〈0.05）. No statistically significant difference was found between femoral vein catheterization and internal jugular vein catheterization（P〉0.05）. Previous venous thrombosis history（P〈0.01）, high lactate dehydrogenase level（P〈0.01）, low high-density lipoprotein（HDL） level（P〈0.05）, and low albumin level（P〈0.05） were found as risk factors or predictors of CVC-related venous thrombosis in senile male patients. Subclavian vein catheterization was the most appropriate choice among senile patients to decrease the incidence of CVC-related venous thrombosis. Previous venous thrombosis history, high lactate dehydrogenase level, low HDL level, and low albumin level were important risk factors in predicting CVC-related venous thrombosis.
文摘Aim： To evaluate the association between selected potential socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors and infertility in Nigerian men. Methods： There were two groups in this study. One group consisted of 150 men with proven male infertility, and the other consisted of 150 fertile men with normal semen parameters. Both were matched for age, place of residence and key socio-demographic variables. They were compared for sexual history, past medical and surgical history, past exposures to sexually transmitted infections and treatment, past and current use of drugs as well as smoking and alcohol intake history. Results： Infertile men were significantly more likely than fertile men to report having experienced penile discharge, painful micturition and genital ulcers, less likely to seek treatment for these symptoms and more likely to seek treatment with informal sector providers. Multivariate analysis showed that male infertility was significantly associated with bacteria in semen cultures, self-reporting of previous use of traditional medications and moderate to heavy alcohol intake, but not with smoking and occupational types. Conclusion： Infertility is associated with various proxies of sexually transmitted infections （STIs） and poor healthcare-seeking behavior for STIs in Nigerian men.
文摘Aim： To develop a high-throughput multiplex, fast and simple assay to scan azoospermia factor （AZF） region microdeletions on the Y chromosome and establish the prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Methods： In total, 178 infertile patients with azoospermia （nonobstructed）, 134 infertile patients with oligozoospermia as well as 40 fertile man controls were included in the present study. The samples were screened for AZF microdeletion using optimized multi-analyte suspension array （MASA） technology. Results： Of the 312 patients, 36 （11.5%） were found to have deletions in the AZF region. The rnicrodeletion frequency was 14% （25/178） in the azoospermia group and 8.2% （11/134） in the oligospermia group. Among 36 patients with microdeletions, 19 had deletions in the AZFc region, seven had deletions in AZFa and six had deletions in AZFb. In addition, four patients had both AZFb and AZFc deletions. No deletion in the AZF region was found in the 40 fertile controls. Conclusion： There is a high prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The MASA technology, which has been established in the present study, provides a sensitive and high-throughput method for detecting the deletion of the Y chromosome. And the results suggest that genetic screening should be advised to infertile men before starting assisted reproductive treatments.
文摘Objective: To give an historical record of the research of the World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force to develop methods of male contraception; to examine the social, political, medical, pharmaceutical, funding, and other factors that influenced progress; and to suggest reasons why such methods are only now becoming available. Design: Review of basic and clinical research over 30 years. Setting: Task force of a multinational agency and collaborating agencies. Conclusion(s): Through the involvement of many international scientists, the WHO Task Force has uniquely contributed to the exploratory phases of the research in male contraception and by its multicenter contraceptive efficacy studies has accelerated progress towards the ideal hormonal method. Despite an adverse climate involving social and political attitudes, funding constraints, and pharmaceutical industry hesitations, WHO formed coalitions with governments and international agencies to sustain research with results that apply to men in culturally diverse populations and thereby to influence activities across the whole range of global reproductive health and family planning.
文摘Background: It is estimated that 2240 males in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer (BC) in 2013, resulting in 410 deaths. Overall, male breast cancers (MBCs) are diagnosed with larger tumor size, more frequent lymphatic invasion, and advanced tumor stage compared to their female counterparts. Several risk factors have been elucidated for the development of MBC, and this paper aims to critically review the existing literature on at-risk populations and provide screening recommendations. Methods: A comprehensive search for all published studies on populations at risk for MBC using PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar was performed (1982- 2013). The search focused specifically on genetic and epidemiologic risk factors, and screening for MBC. Keywords searched included “male breast cancer risk factors”, “male breast cancer epidemiology”, and “male breast cancer genetics”. A total of 34 studies involving 4,865,819 patients were identified. Results: Five studies (N = 327,667) focused primarily on family history of breast cancer as a risk factor for MBC. 15% - 20% of men with BC have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, and a family history of BC among first-degree relatives confers a 2-to 3-fold increase in MBC risk (odds ratio = 3.3). Seventeen studies (N = 5451) analyzed associations between several heritable genes and MBC. Lifetime MBC risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers is 1% - 5%, while MBC risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers is higher and varies between 4% - 40%. Less clear associations between MBC and PALB2, Androgen Receptor gene, CYP17, and CHEK2 mutations have also been documented. Five studies (N = 16,667) have addressed occupational risk factors for MBC. An 8-fold increase in MBC is reported in males working in the cosmetic cream manufacturing, and the motor vehicle industries. A meta-analysis of 18 trials also identified electromagnetic field exposure as a potential MBC risk, though causation remains undocumented. Eleven studies (N = 4,843,598) analyzed the role of abnormalities in the androgen-to-estrogen ratio as a risk factor for MBC. Conditions associated with increased MBC risk include Klinefelter’s syndrome (relative risk, RR = 29.64), obesity (RR = 1.98), orchitis/epididymitis (RR = 1.84), and gynecomastia (RR = 5.86). Conclusion: Routine screening for MBC should be considered in all high risk male populations, including those with a prior history of breast carcinoma, a strong family history of BC (defined as an affected mother or sister), a positive BRCA2 mutation status (regardless of family history), and men diagnosed with Klinefelter’s syndrome, or those in the chemical or motor vehicle industries. Genetic testing for BRCA2 should be recommended for all MBC patients. Increased public and physician education on MBC is necessary to raise awareness about this rare disease and the need for screening of at-risk populations.
文摘Aim： To assess for the first time the occurrence of Y chromosomal microdeletions and partial deletions of the Azoospermia Factor c （AZFc） region in Sri Lankan men and to correlate them with clinical parameters. Methods： In a retrospective study, we analyzed 96 infertile men （78 with non-obstructive azoospermia） and 87 controls with normal spermatogenesis. AZFa, AZFb, AZFc and partial deletions within the AZFc region were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR） according to established protocols. Results： No AZFa, AZFb or AZFc deletions were found in the control group. Seven patients in the group of infertile men were found to have deletions as following： one AZFa, two AZFc, two AZFbc and two AZFabc. The relative distribution of these patterns was significantly different compared with that found in the German population. Extension analysis confirmed that the deletions occurred according to the current pathogenic model, gr/gr deletions were found to be equally present both in the patients （n = 4） and in the control group （n = 4）. One b2/b3 deletion was found in the patient group. Conclusion： These results suggest that the frequency and pattern of microdeletions of the Y chromosome in Sri Lankan men are similar to those found in other populations and confirm that gr/gr deletions are not sufficient to cause spermatogenetic failure. （Asian J Androl 2006 Jan; 8： 39-44）
文摘Azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in two or more semen analyses after centrifugation.Nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)represents the most severe form of male factor infertility accounting for 10%–15%of cases and stems from an impairment to spermatogenesis.Understanding of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis has allowed NOA to be subcategorized by anatomic and/or pathophysiologic level.The etiologies of NOA,and therefore,the differential diagnoses when considering NOA as a cause of male factor infertility,can be subcategorized and condensed into several distinct classifications.Etiologies of NOA include primary hypogonadism,secondary hypogonadism,defects in androgen synthesis and/or response,defective spermatogenesis and sperm maturation,or a mixed picture thereof.This review includes up-to-date clinical,diagnostic,cellular,and histologic features pertaining to the multitude of NOA etiologies.This in turn will provide a framework by which physicians practicing infertility can augment their clinical decision-making,patient counseling,thereby improving upon the management of men with NOA.
