Optical fiber magnetic field sensors play a crucial role in aerospace and medical fields due to their high sensitivity,fast response time,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.Most current research primarily ...Optical fiber magnetic field sensors play a crucial role in aerospace and medical fields due to their high sensitivity,fast response time,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.Most current research primarily focuses on detecting magnetic field intensity;however,the magnetic field is a vector field with both intensity and direction,making vector magnetic field measurement significantly important in various fields.展开更多
A novel magnetic field sensing system based on the fiber loop ring-down technique is proposed in this paper. In the fiber loop, a U-bent single-mode-fiber structure coated with magnetic fluid(MF) serves as the sensing...A novel magnetic field sensing system based on the fiber loop ring-down technique is proposed in this paper. In the fiber loop, a U-bent single-mode-fiber structure coated with magnetic fluid(MF) serves as the sensing head, and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA) is introduced to compensate for the intrinsic loss of the cavity. The ring-down time of the system varies with the change of applied magnetic field due to the tunable absorption coefficient and refractive index of the MF. Therefore, measurement of the magnetic field can be realized by monitoring the ringdown time. The experimental results show that the performance of the system is extremely dependent on the interrogation wavelength, because both the gain of the EDFA and the loss of the sensing head are wavelength dependent.We found that at the optimal wavelength, the ratio of the gain to loss attained its maximum. The sensing system was experimentally demonstrated and a sensitivity of-0.5951 μs∕Oe was achieved.展开更多
A high-sensitivity magnetic sensing system based on giant magneto-impedance(GMI)effect is designed and fabricated.The system comprises a GMI sensor equipped with a gradient probe and an signal acquisition and processi...A high-sensitivity magnetic sensing system based on giant magneto-impedance(GMI)effect is designed and fabricated.The system comprises a GMI sensor equipped with a gradient probe and an signal acquisition and processing module.A segmented superposition algorithm is used to increase target signal and reduce the random noise.The results show that under unshielded,room temperature conditions,the system achieves successful detection of weak magnetic fields down to 2 pT with a notable sensitivity of 1.84×10^(8)V/T(G=1000).By applying 17 overlays,the segmented superposition algorithm increases the power proportion of the target signal at 31 Hz from6.89%to 45.91%,surpassing the power proportion of the 2 Hz low-frequency interference signal.Simultaneously,it reduces the power proportion of the 20 Hz random noise.The segmented superposition process effectively cancels out certain random noise elements,leading to a reduction in their respective power proportions.This high-sensitivity magnetic sensing system features a simple structure,and is easy to operate,making it highly valuable for both practical applications and broader dissemination.展开更多
A kind of photonic crystal (PC) micro-cavity sensor based on magnetic fluid (MF) filling is designed with simulation model. Generally, many sensors’ designs are based on a universal temperature in the whole structure...A kind of photonic crystal (PC) micro-cavity sensor based on magnetic fluid (MF) filling is designed with simulation model. Generally, many sensors’ designs are based on a universal temperature in the whole structure. However, strong photothermal effect in high Q micro-cavities will lead to different temperatures between cavities and environment inevitably. In many theoretical PC sensor designs, researchers neglected the different temperature between environment and cavities. This simple hypothesis will probably lead to failure of sensor design and get wrong temperature. Moreover, few theoretical or experimental works have been done to study optical cavity’s heating process and temperature. We propose that researchers should take seriously about this point. Here, the designed cascaded micro-cavity structure has three spectral lines and a reversible sensitivity matrix, which can simultaneously detect magnetic field, ambient temperature and MF micro-cavity temperature. It can solve the magnetic field and temperature cross-sensitivity problem, and further, distinguish the different temperatures of environment and magnetic fluid cavities. The influence of hole radius and slab thickness on the depth and Q value of the resonant spectral line are also studied. Responses of three dips to magnetic field, ambient temperature and MF micro-cavity temperature are simulated, respectively, where dip 1 belongs to MF cavity 1, dip 2 and dip 3 belong to MF cavity 2. The obtained magnetic field sensitivities are 2.89 pm/Oe, 4.57 pm/Oe, and 5.14 pm/Oe, respectively;the ambient temperature sensitivities are 65.51 pm/K, 50.94 pm/K, and 58.98 pm/K, respectively;and the MF micro-cavity temperature sensitivities are −14.41 pm/K, −17.06 pm/K, and −18.81 pm/K, respectively.展开更多
Spin orbit torque(SOT)of spin current has provided an efficient manipulation of ferromagnet order,antiferromagnet order,and exchange bias field for various spintronic applications.Here,in contrast to the external magn...Spin orbit torque(SOT)of spin current has provided an efficient manipulation of ferromagnet order,antiferromagnet order,and exchange bias field for various spintronic applications.Here,in contrast to the external magnetic field which is very hard to apply locally,we propose to utilize the local control characteristic of SOT on the macro-nano-meter scale to set four different directions of exchange bias field at the IrMn/CoFe interface on one chip simultaneously.Moreover,with this fully electrical control technology to replace the existing various complex processes based on magnetic field annealing,we fabricate monolithic dual-axis full Wheatstone-bridge magnetoresistance sensors to detect two-dimensional magnetic field vector,which exhibit very high detection sensitivity of 9.45 nT-Hz^(1/2)and 12.3 nT-Hz^(1/2)at 10 Hz for X-axis and Y-axis sensing,respectively.This work provides a paradigm to simultaneously implement function configurations of spintronic devices by using the local control characteristic of SOT.展开更多
The nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center in diamond is a point defect formed by a substitutional nitrogen atom adjacent to a carbon vacancy.Owing to its exceptional fluorescence properties and long quantum coherence,the NV cent...The nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center in diamond is a point defect formed by a substitutional nitrogen atom adjacent to a carbon vacancy.Owing to its exceptional fluorescence properties and long quantum coherence,the NV center has broad applications in quantum computing,quantum sensing,and magnetic field imaging.This study focuses on the magnetic field sensing capabilities of NV centers,with performance critically dependent on the NV concentrations and coherence time.High-performance NV center diamond samples were synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD)with controlled nitrogen doping,followed by electron irradiation and high-temperature annealing.We obtained diamond samples with high NV concentrations and a coherence time of T_(2)*=0.48µs.These diamonds were processed into micrometer-sized crystals via laser cutting and polishing,then integrated into an optical fiber-based probe for magnetic field detection.The sensor’s performance was first characterized independently,with a magnetic sensitivity of 5.77{\rm nT}/{\sqrt{\rm Hz}}and a magnetic resolution of 0.1 G@4715 G.Subsequently,two-dimensional magnetic field imaging experiments were performed on chip surfaces,demonstrating the probe’s capability for precise mapping of local magnetic fields.展开更多
The wearable sensors have recently attracted considerable attentions as communication interfaces through the information perception,decoding,and conveying process.However,it is still challenging to obtain a sensor tha...The wearable sensors have recently attracted considerable attentions as communication interfaces through the information perception,decoding,and conveying process.However,it is still challenging to obtain a sensor that can convert detectable signals into multiple outputs for convenient,e cient,cryptic,and high-capacity information transmission.Herein,we present a capacitive sensor of magnetic field based on a tilted flexible micromagnet array(t-FMA)as the proposed interaction interface.With the bidirectional bending capability of t-FMA actuated by magnetic torque,the sensor can recognize both the magnitude and orientation of magnetic field in real time with non-overlapping capacitance signals.The optimized sensor exhibits the high sensitivity of over 1.3 T-1 and detection limit down to 1 mT with excellent durability.As a proof of concept,the sensor has been successfully demonstrated for convenient,e cient,and programmable interaction systems,e.g.,touchless Morse code and Braille communication.The distinguishable recognition of the magnetic field orientation and magnitude further enables the sensor unit as a high-capacity transmitter for cryptic information interaction(e.g.,encoded ID recognition)and multi-control instruction outputting.We believe that the proposed magnetic field sensor can open up a potential avenue for future applications including information communication,virtual reality device,and interactive robotics.展开更多
Miniaturized fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have attracted considerable interest owing to their superiorities in anti-electromagnetic interference and compactness.However,the intrinsic thermodynamic properties of ...Miniaturized fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have attracted considerable interest owing to their superiorities in anti-electromagnetic interference and compactness.However,the intrinsic thermodynamic properties of the material make temperature cross-sensitivity a challenging problem in terms of sensing accuracy and reliability.In this study,an ultracompact multicore fiber(MCF)tip sensor was designed to discriminatively measure the magnetic field and temperature,which was subsequently evaluated experimentally.The novel 3D printed sensing component consists of a bowl-shaped microcantilever and a polymer microfluid-infiltrated microcavity on the end-facet of an MCF,acting as two miniaturized Fabry-Perot interferometers.The magnetic sensitivity of the microcantilever was implemented by incorporating an iron micro ball into the microcantilever,and the microfluid-infiltrated microcavity enhanced the capability of highly sensitive temperature sensing.Using this tiny fiber-facet device in the two channels of an MCF allows discriminative measurements of the magnetic field and temperature by determining the sensitivity coefficient matrix of two parameters.The device exhibited a high magnetic field intensity sensitivity,approximately 1805.6 pm/mT with a fast response time of~213 ms and a high temperature sensitivity of 160.3 pm/℃.Moreover,the sensor had a low condition number of 11.28,indicating high reliability in two-parameter measurements.The proposed 3D printed MCF-tip probes,which detect multiple signals through multiple channels within a single fiber,can provide an ultracompact,sensitive,and reliable scheme for discriminative measurements.The bowl-shaped microcantilever also provides a useful platform for incorporating microstructures with functional materials,extending multi-parameter sensing scenarios and promoting the application of MCFs.展开更多
Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators emerged as a promising platform for highly sensitive sensing applications due to their high-quality factors and small mode volumes.They offer the advantages of the ultrahigh...Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators emerged as a promising platform for highly sensitive sensing applications due to their high-quality factors and small mode volumes.They offer the advantages of the ultrahigh sensitivity and compact size,rendering them suitable across multiple fields.A stable encapsulation process is essential for practical applications to establish a reliable coupling system between the microcavity and its waveguide coupler,especially for the microtoroidal resonator and tapered fiber coupler.However,adjusting the coupling coefficient after the packaging process poses challenges,thereby compromising coupling accuracy and limiting its range of applications.It is imperative to provide a platform of tunable coupling for packaged WGM resonators.Here,we provide an approach for leveraging the magnetostrictive effect to dynamically regulate the fiber-cavity coupling,enabling the measurement of the magnetic field as an example.Moreover,we show the fine-tuning of coupling within the packaged WGM microresonator,allowing the precision control of the optomechanical effect.Through this method,a tunable coupling platform in a packaged system is realized,opening up new dimensions of research in various fields.展开更多
The ability of perceiving external pressures and conducting corresponding signals is one of the important functions of flexible electronics,which has been widely studied in electronic skin,prosthetics,robotics,healthc...The ability of perceiving external pressures and conducting corresponding signals is one of the important functions of flexible electronics,which has been widely studied in electronic skin,prosthetics,robotics,healthcare,human-machine interfaces,etc.Pressure sensor should not be limited to the detection of unidirectional pressure.Here,a leather-based electronic pressure sensor and corresponding arrays with bidirectional sensing capability are demonstrated.The sensor/arrays consisting of two pieces of stacked leather both modified with acidified carbon nanotubes(a-CNTs)can achieve multi-level response to pressure over a broad working range and sense pulling force opposite to pressure.With polyurethane mixed with ferriferrous oxide(Fe3O4)powder being applied to their upper surface,the resistive sensor/individual units of arrays can also detect the magnetic field because of the contactless pulling force generated by the magnetized Fe3O4.Being able to sense pressure,pulling force and magnetic field,the leather-based electronic bidirectional pressure sensor and corresponding arrays with good performance not only exhibit potential for mass production and their broad application prospects,but also provide a new insight for the development of flexible electronics.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62075124,62275148).
文摘Optical fiber magnetic field sensors play a crucial role in aerospace and medical fields due to their high sensitivity,fast response time,and resistance to electromagnetic interference.Most current research primarily focuses on detecting magnetic field intensity;however,the magnetic field is a vector field with both intensity and direction,making vector magnetic field measurement significantly important in various fields.
基金National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project of China(2013YQ03091502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(61378043,61107035)
文摘A novel magnetic field sensing system based on the fiber loop ring-down technique is proposed in this paper. In the fiber loop, a U-bent single-mode-fiber structure coated with magnetic fluid(MF) serves as the sensing head, and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA) is introduced to compensate for the intrinsic loss of the cavity. The ring-down time of the system varies with the change of applied magnetic field due to the tunable absorption coefficient and refractive index of the MF. Therefore, measurement of the magnetic field can be realized by monitoring the ringdown time. The experimental results show that the performance of the system is extremely dependent on the interrogation wavelength, because both the gain of the EDFA and the loss of the sensing head are wavelength dependent.We found that at the optimal wavelength, the ratio of the gain to loss attained its maximum. The sensing system was experimentally demonstrated and a sensitivity of-0.5951 μs∕Oe was achieved.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51977214)。
文摘A high-sensitivity magnetic sensing system based on giant magneto-impedance(GMI)effect is designed and fabricated.The system comprises a GMI sensor equipped with a gradient probe and an signal acquisition and processing module.A segmented superposition algorithm is used to increase target signal and reduce the random noise.The results show that under unshielded,room temperature conditions,the system achieves successful detection of weak magnetic fields down to 2 pT with a notable sensitivity of 1.84×10^(8)V/T(G=1000).By applying 17 overlays,the segmented superposition algorithm increases the power proportion of the target signal at 31 Hz from6.89%to 45.91%,surpassing the power proportion of the 2 Hz low-frequency interference signal.Simultaneously,it reduces the power proportion of the 20 Hz random noise.The segmented superposition process effectively cancels out certain random noise elements,leading to a reduction in their respective power proportions.This high-sensitivity magnetic sensing system features a simple structure,and is easy to operate,making it highly valuable for both practical applications and broader dissemination.
文摘A kind of photonic crystal (PC) micro-cavity sensor based on magnetic fluid (MF) filling is designed with simulation model. Generally, many sensors’ designs are based on a universal temperature in the whole structure. However, strong photothermal effect in high Q micro-cavities will lead to different temperatures between cavities and environment inevitably. In many theoretical PC sensor designs, researchers neglected the different temperature between environment and cavities. This simple hypothesis will probably lead to failure of sensor design and get wrong temperature. Moreover, few theoretical or experimental works have been done to study optical cavity’s heating process and temperature. We propose that researchers should take seriously about this point. Here, the designed cascaded micro-cavity structure has three spectral lines and a reversible sensitivity matrix, which can simultaneously detect magnetic field, ambient temperature and MF micro-cavity temperature. It can solve the magnetic field and temperature cross-sensitivity problem, and further, distinguish the different temperatures of environment and magnetic fluid cavities. The influence of hole radius and slab thickness on the depth and Q value of the resonant spectral line are also studied. Responses of three dips to magnetic field, ambient temperature and MF micro-cavity temperature are simulated, respectively, where dip 1 belongs to MF cavity 1, dip 2 and dip 3 belong to MF cavity 2. The obtained magnetic field sensitivities are 2.89 pm/Oe, 4.57 pm/Oe, and 5.14 pm/Oe, respectively;the ambient temperature sensitivities are 65.51 pm/K, 50.94 pm/K, and 58.98 pm/K, respectively;and the MF micro-cavity temperature sensitivities are −14.41 pm/K, −17.06 pm/K, and −18.81 pm/K, respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51901008)the Major Basic Research Project of Shandong Province(ZR2020ZD28).
文摘Spin orbit torque(SOT)of spin current has provided an efficient manipulation of ferromagnet order,antiferromagnet order,and exchange bias field for various spintronic applications.Here,in contrast to the external magnetic field which is very hard to apply locally,we propose to utilize the local control characteristic of SOT on the macro-nano-meter scale to set four different directions of exchange bias field at the IrMn/CoFe interface on one chip simultaneously.Moreover,with this fully electrical control technology to replace the existing various complex processes based on magnetic field annealing,we fabricate monolithic dual-axis full Wheatstone-bridge magnetoresistance sensors to detect two-dimensional magnetic field vector,which exhibit very high detection sensitivity of 9.45 nT-Hz^(1/2)and 12.3 nT-Hz^(1/2)at 10 Hz for X-axis and Y-axis sensing,respectively.This work provides a paradigm to simultaneously implement function configurations of spintronic devices by using the local control characteristic of SOT.
基金support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2012600)the Fund of National Key laboratory of Plasma Physics(Grant No.6142A04240204)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62474165)the Science and Technology Major Project of Henan Province(Grant No.231100230300)the Henan Association for Science and Technology Youth Talent Support Program(Grant No.2024HYTP024)the Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province(Grant No.231111232100)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(Grant No.252300421228),and Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Youth Top Talent Program.
文摘The nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center in diamond is a point defect formed by a substitutional nitrogen atom adjacent to a carbon vacancy.Owing to its exceptional fluorescence properties and long quantum coherence,the NV center has broad applications in quantum computing,quantum sensing,and magnetic field imaging.This study focuses on the magnetic field sensing capabilities of NV centers,with performance critically dependent on the NV concentrations and coherence time.High-performance NV center diamond samples were synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD)with controlled nitrogen doping,followed by electron irradiation and high-temperature annealing.We obtained diamond samples with high NV concentrations and a coherence time of T_(2)*=0.48µs.These diamonds were processed into micrometer-sized crystals via laser cutting and polishing,then integrated into an optical fiber-based probe for magnetic field detection.The sensor’s performance was first characterized independently,with a magnetic sensitivity of 5.77{\rm nT}/{\sqrt{\rm Hz}}and a magnetic resolution of 0.1 G@4715 G.Subsequently,two-dimensional magnetic field imaging experiments were performed on chip surfaces,demonstrating the probe’s capability for precise mapping of local magnetic fields.
基金supported by The Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File No.0037/2018/A1,0026/2020/AGJ)MultiYear Research Grant funded by University of Macao(File No.MYRG2017-00089-FST,MYRG2018-00063-IAPME)。
文摘The wearable sensors have recently attracted considerable attentions as communication interfaces through the information perception,decoding,and conveying process.However,it is still challenging to obtain a sensor that can convert detectable signals into multiple outputs for convenient,e cient,cryptic,and high-capacity information transmission.Herein,we present a capacitive sensor of magnetic field based on a tilted flexible micromagnet array(t-FMA)as the proposed interaction interface.With the bidirectional bending capability of t-FMA actuated by magnetic torque,the sensor can recognize both the magnitude and orientation of magnetic field in real time with non-overlapping capacitance signals.The optimized sensor exhibits the high sensitivity of over 1.3 T-1 and detection limit down to 1 mT with excellent durability.As a proof of concept,the sensor has been successfully demonstrated for convenient,e cient,and programmable interaction systems,e.g.,touchless Morse code and Braille communication.The distinguishable recognition of the magnetic field orientation and magnitude further enables the sensor unit as a high-capacity transmitter for cryptic information interaction(e.g.,encoded ID recognition)and multi-control instruction outputting.We believe that the proposed magnetic field sensor can open up a potential avenue for future applications including information communication,virtual reality device,and interactive robotics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62275052,No.62275148)Shanghai 2021 Science and Technology International Cooperation Project“Program of Action for Science and Technology Innovation”(21530710400)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Province's Industry Outlook and Key Core Technologies-Key Projects(BE2022055-4)the Open Fund of Laboratory of Science and Technology on Marine Navigation and Control,China State Shipbuilding Corporation(2023010102).
文摘Miniaturized fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have attracted considerable interest owing to their superiorities in anti-electromagnetic interference and compactness.However,the intrinsic thermodynamic properties of the material make temperature cross-sensitivity a challenging problem in terms of sensing accuracy and reliability.In this study,an ultracompact multicore fiber(MCF)tip sensor was designed to discriminatively measure the magnetic field and temperature,which was subsequently evaluated experimentally.The novel 3D printed sensing component consists of a bowl-shaped microcantilever and a polymer microfluid-infiltrated microcavity on the end-facet of an MCF,acting as two miniaturized Fabry-Perot interferometers.The magnetic sensitivity of the microcantilever was implemented by incorporating an iron micro ball into the microcantilever,and the microfluid-infiltrated microcavity enhanced the capability of highly sensitive temperature sensing.Using this tiny fiber-facet device in the two channels of an MCF allows discriminative measurements of the magnetic field and temperature by determining the sensitivity coefficient matrix of two parameters.The device exhibited a high magnetic field intensity sensitivity,approximately 1805.6 pm/mT with a fast response time of~213 ms and a high temperature sensitivity of 160.3 pm/℃.Moreover,the sensor had a low condition number of 11.28,indicating high reliability in two-parameter measurements.The proposed 3D printed MCF-tip probes,which detect multiple signals through multiple channels within a single fiber,can provide an ultracompact,sensitive,and reliable scheme for discriminative measurements.The bowl-shaped microcantilever also provides a useful platform for incorporating microstructures with functional materials,extending multi-parameter sensing scenarios and promoting the application of MCFs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB2805600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62131002)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62433015)the Leading Scholar of Xi’an Jiaotong University,Chinathe Laoshan Laboratory,China(Grant No.LSKJ202200900)the Innovative Leading Talent Project of“Shuangqian Plan”in Jiangxi Province,China.
文摘Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microresonators emerged as a promising platform for highly sensitive sensing applications due to their high-quality factors and small mode volumes.They offer the advantages of the ultrahigh sensitivity and compact size,rendering them suitable across multiple fields.A stable encapsulation process is essential for practical applications to establish a reliable coupling system between the microcavity and its waveguide coupler,especially for the microtoroidal resonator and tapered fiber coupler.However,adjusting the coupling coefficient after the packaging process poses challenges,thereby compromising coupling accuracy and limiting its range of applications.It is imperative to provide a platform of tunable coupling for packaged WGM resonators.Here,we provide an approach for leveraging the magnetostrictive effect to dynamically regulate the fiber-cavity coupling,enabling the measurement of the magnetic field as an example.Moreover,we show the fine-tuning of coupling within the packaged WGM microresonator,allowing the precision control of the optomechanical effect.Through this method,a tunable coupling platform in a packaged system is realized,opening up new dimensions of research in various fields.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.21625401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21727808,21574065,21604038,21504043,21604040 and 51702155)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Founds for Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.BK20160975,BK20160981 and BK20170975)the Program for Outstanding Young Scholars from the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee,the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB932200)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0207201)。
文摘The ability of perceiving external pressures and conducting corresponding signals is one of the important functions of flexible electronics,which has been widely studied in electronic skin,prosthetics,robotics,healthcare,human-machine interfaces,etc.Pressure sensor should not be limited to the detection of unidirectional pressure.Here,a leather-based electronic pressure sensor and corresponding arrays with bidirectional sensing capability are demonstrated.The sensor/arrays consisting of two pieces of stacked leather both modified with acidified carbon nanotubes(a-CNTs)can achieve multi-level response to pressure over a broad working range and sense pulling force opposite to pressure.With polyurethane mixed with ferriferrous oxide(Fe3O4)powder being applied to their upper surface,the resistive sensor/individual units of arrays can also detect the magnetic field because of the contactless pulling force generated by the magnetized Fe3O4.Being able to sense pressure,pulling force and magnetic field,the leather-based electronic bidirectional pressure sensor and corresponding arrays with good performance not only exhibit potential for mass production and their broad application prospects,but also provide a new insight for the development of flexible electronics.
