In April 1993, under UN Resolution 817, the Republic was admitted to the UN under the temporary name of ＂The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia （FYROM）＂ to resolve differences that have arisen in connection wit...In April 1993, under UN Resolution 817, the Republic was admitted to the UN under the temporary name of ＂The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia （FYROM）＂ to resolve differences that have arisen in connection with the name of the State. After four years of debates Macedonia and Greece signed agreement on the normalization of the relations. Greece has agreed to accept Macedonia as a sovereign state, to remove the economic embargo, and Skopje vice-versa refused from the emblem and national flag with the star of Verginia. Macedonia also declared that it had no territorial claims on Greece. At the beginning the US were rather passively reacting to events in the region, meanwhile, Greece has actively continued to pressure on Macedonia. Profound differences in Macedonian issue led Greece into conflict with the US and the EU. Recently there has been extremely active and growing interest in stabilizing the region by the EU and the US. It becomes more apparent as energy resources for the US and European countries are exported through the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, the international community is concerned about the increasing terrorist activity in the peninsula, possible Islamization and further destabilization of the region.展开更多
The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this pap...The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.展开更多
In this paper we deal with Twitter and the presence of the keyword “Macedonia” in tweets over a period of time. We searched for the same term in three different languages, i.e. “Μακεδονíα”, “Macedoni...In this paper we deal with Twitter and the presence of the keyword “Macedonia” in tweets over a period of time. We searched for the same term in three different languages, i.e. “Μακεδονíα”, “Macedonia” and “Македонска - Македониjа”, since we are primarily interested in views from Greece and FYROM without excluding views from other regions. We use methods from Social Network Analysis (SNA) in order to create networks of users, calculate some main network metrics, measure user importance and investigate the presence of possible fragmentations—communities among them. We furthermore proceed to a form of content analysis, using pairs of words within tweets, in order to obtain main ideas, trends and public views that circulated over the network.展开更多
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world’s deadliest diseases. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Eastern Europe, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa now threaten to undermine the gains made by worldwide tu...Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world’s deadliest diseases. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Eastern Europe, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa now threaten to undermine the gains made by worldwide tuberculosis control efforts. The region of Macedonia in North Greece is an entrance gate of thousands of immigrants, moving mainly from East European countries with high tuberculosis prevalence to Greece and the whole Europe. Our study determines the drug susceptibility pattern of new TB cases in the region of Macedonia, Greece. A total of 63 M. tuberculosis strains were isolated by cultivation between January 2012 and December 2014 in Macedonia, North Greece. After microscopic examination with Ziehl-Neelsen staining, clinical samples were simultaneously tested by two methods: conventional culture method on the Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) slants for 8 weeks (at 370°C) and molecular method Genotype MTBDR plus (Hain-Lifescience). According to the study results, 2 out of 63 strains (3.2%) were resistant to both isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP). Additionally, 3 strains (4.8%) were INH mono-resistant. Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in presence of resistance according to patients’ gender or origin (Greeks or immigrants). It is clear that the implementation of an efficient nationwide system for the surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of TB is essential. The best strategy in order to control, and prevent TB includes, first of, all a rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment, something which is the most important for public health.展开更多
In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained i...In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to explore the historical development of tourism through identified stages of the life cycle （TALC） model. Many of the major destinations in the world have a far longer history and go throug...The aim of this paper is to explore the historical development of tourism through identified stages of the life cycle （TALC） model. Many of the major destinations in the world have a far longer history and go through various successive cycles with different phases. In this article, we present the case of Macedonia, as a Balkan mainland tourist destination. The analysis is based on primary and secondary data sources for an extended period. The article shows the life cycle of the tourist destination in combination and adaptation of new TALC model that matches regulation theories and the Ford paradigm of global model for tourism development of mass production and consumption. Finally, the paper suggests and recommends practical advice aimed at motivating key players in the formation of economic policy for tourism development.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Macedonia has universal public health care coverage.Acute and emergency patient care is provided in different care environments based on the medical complaint and resource proximity.While emergency medicine...BACKGROUND:Macedonia has universal public health care coverage.Acute and emergency patient care is provided in different care environments based on the medical complaint and resource proximity.While emergency medicine and well organized emergency departments(EDs) are an essential component of any developed health care system,emergency medicine as a specialty is relatively non-existent in Macedonia.DATA RESOURCES:A system assessment regarding presence,availability and capacity of EDs was completed from 2013-2015,based upon assessments of 21 institutions providing emergency care and information provided by the Ministry of Health.This assessment establishes a benchmark from which to strategically identify,plan and implement the future of emergency medicine in Macedonia.RESULTS:In general,emergency departments- defined by offering acute care 24 hours per day,7 days per week- were available at all general and university hospitals.However,care resources,emergency and acute care training,and patient care capacity vary greatly within the country.There is limited uniformity in acute care approach and methodology.Hospital EDs are not organized as separate divisions run by a head medical doctor,nor are they staffed by specialists trained in emergency medicine.The diagnostic and treatment capacities are insufficient or outdated by current international emergency medicine standards and frequently require patient transfer or admission prior to initiation.CONCLUSION:Most of the surveyed hospitals are capable of providing essential diagnostic tests,but very few are able to do so at the point or time of presentation.While emergency medical services(EMS) have improved system-wide,emergent care interventions by EMS and within all hospitals remain limited.Further system-wide acute and emergency care improvements are forthcoming.展开更多
By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade ar...By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade area among the following member-states： Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Monte Negro and Serbia.l The free trade area was supposed to be fully functional by the end of 2010 and should provide trade liberalization by elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, as well as trade facilitation by simplification of rules of origin and transit procedures. It should also provide mutual recognition of national sanitary, phytosanitary and technical standards. The free trade area should also enable free trade of services, full protection of intellectual rights, fair rules of public procurement procedures and liberalization of capital investment. The beginning of the creation of the free trade area of the Western Balkan countries created a positive effect upon the increment of the trade exchange of goods among its member-states. However, the weak individual economic capacity of each of them immediately caused a decrement in the exports of goods towards trading partners out of CEFTA-2006. Positive effects realized in the beginning of the creation of the free-trade area were very soon annulated by the influence of the economic crises in 2008. At present, the region experiences a slight, but very slow recovery.展开更多
Collecting eggs of Aedes （Stegomyia） albopictus （Skuse, 1894） （Diptera, ram. Culicidae）, i.e. Asian tiger mosquito was carded out in August 2016. Fourteen （14） ovitraps were placed at 3 different places： the ...Collecting eggs of Aedes （Stegomyia） albopictus （Skuse, 1894） （Diptera, ram. Culicidae）, i.e. Asian tiger mosquito was carded out in August 2016. Fourteen （14） ovitraps were placed at 3 different places： the area Banja Bansko （near Strumica）, Mrzenci （Gevgelija） and at the border crossing between Macedonia-Greece （Bogorodica）. During one month the ovitraps were exposed for two weeks, near the vegetation that mosquitoes use as resting places, also in the places where people are present and close to potted flower arrangements. The collected eggs from the ovitraps were returned to the Entomological laboratory of the P.H.O. Center for public health-Skopje and put in an entomological （hand-made） cage. Under the optimum moisture and temperature, after a few days the adults emerged. The determination of species was performed using a binocular magnifier. A total of 50 mosquitoes were collected, of those 23 were male Ae. albopictus and 27 were female Ae. albopictus. These examples were verified by prof. Dusan Petric and the Medical entomology laboratory at the Faculty of Agficul^tre Novi Sad （Republic of Serbia）. The presence of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of Macedonia was for the first time determined. We are now even more motivated to investigate and prove the presence of tiger mosquitos in other locations in Macedonia.展开更多
文摘In April 1993, under UN Resolution 817, the Republic was admitted to the UN under the temporary name of ＂The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia （FYROM）＂ to resolve differences that have arisen in connection with the name of the State. After four years of debates Macedonia and Greece signed agreement on the normalization of the relations. Greece has agreed to accept Macedonia as a sovereign state, to remove the economic embargo, and Skopje vice-versa refused from the emblem and national flag with the star of Verginia. Macedonia also declared that it had no territorial claims on Greece. At the beginning the US were rather passively reacting to events in the region, meanwhile, Greece has actively continued to pressure on Macedonia. Profound differences in Macedonian issue led Greece into conflict with the US and the EU. Recently there has been extremely active and growing interest in stabilizing the region by the EU and the US. It becomes more apparent as energy resources for the US and European countries are exported through the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, the international community is concerned about the increasing terrorist activity in the peninsula, possible Islamization and further destabilization of the region.
文摘The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.
文摘In this paper we deal with Twitter and the presence of the keyword “Macedonia” in tweets over a period of time. We searched for the same term in three different languages, i.e. “Μακεδονíα”, “Macedonia” and “Македонска - Македониjа”, since we are primarily interested in views from Greece and FYROM without excluding views from other regions. We use methods from Social Network Analysis (SNA) in order to create networks of users, calculate some main network metrics, measure user importance and investigate the presence of possible fragmentations—communities among them. We furthermore proceed to a form of content analysis, using pairs of words within tweets, in order to obtain main ideas, trends and public views that circulated over the network.
文摘Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world’s deadliest diseases. Increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Eastern Europe, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa now threaten to undermine the gains made by worldwide tuberculosis control efforts. The region of Macedonia in North Greece is an entrance gate of thousands of immigrants, moving mainly from East European countries with high tuberculosis prevalence to Greece and the whole Europe. Our study determines the drug susceptibility pattern of new TB cases in the region of Macedonia, Greece. A total of 63 M. tuberculosis strains were isolated by cultivation between January 2012 and December 2014 in Macedonia, North Greece. After microscopic examination with Ziehl-Neelsen staining, clinical samples were simultaneously tested by two methods: conventional culture method on the Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) slants for 8 weeks (at 370°C) and molecular method Genotype MTBDR plus (Hain-Lifescience). According to the study results, 2 out of 63 strains (3.2%) were resistant to both isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP). Additionally, 3 strains (4.8%) were INH mono-resistant. Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in presence of resistance according to patients’ gender or origin (Greeks or immigrants). It is clear that the implementation of an efficient nationwide system for the surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of TB is essential. The best strategy in order to control, and prevent TB includes, first of, all a rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment, something which is the most important for public health.
文摘In this paper, it explained the process of demographic aging in Republic of Macedonia. There is relevant information for the gradually process of aging. At the end of the text, there are few charts. Macedonia gained independence in 1991, in the course of transition from planned to market economy, many socio-economic parameters changed： Demography become evident that fertility rate dropped significantly. In the previous 20 years, number of infants born decreased somewhat 5-6 times compared to 1980. Number of divorce grew rapidly. Also, in the Republic of Macedonia, there followed a parallel process of immigration to western countries, especially western Europe, USA and Australia as well as other countries from the developed world. This migration happened as a result of mainly economic reasons, i.e., countries in which Macedonians migrate have much higher real incomes when compared with Macedonia, and comparatively much higher living standard. One also can find reason for migration in political reasons also, and family reunification. Low fertility is associated with low income and unemployment. People in Macedonia had suffered greatly in transition times with high unemployment, low wages, and corruption, which largely derogated their chances of better future and career and contributed to the demographic aging and low fertility rates.
文摘The aim of this paper is to explore the historical development of tourism through identified stages of the life cycle （TALC） model. Many of the major destinations in the world have a far longer history and go through various successive cycles with different phases. In this article, we present the case of Macedonia, as a Balkan mainland tourist destination. The analysis is based on primary and secondary data sources for an extended period. The article shows the life cycle of the tourist destination in combination and adaptation of new TALC model that matches regulation theories and the Ford paradigm of global model for tourism development of mass production and consumption. Finally, the paper suggests and recommends practical advice aimed at motivating key players in the formation of economic policy for tourism development.
文摘BACKGROUND:Macedonia has universal public health care coverage.Acute and emergency patient care is provided in different care environments based on the medical complaint and resource proximity.While emergency medicine and well organized emergency departments(EDs) are an essential component of any developed health care system,emergency medicine as a specialty is relatively non-existent in Macedonia.DATA RESOURCES:A system assessment regarding presence,availability and capacity of EDs was completed from 2013-2015,based upon assessments of 21 institutions providing emergency care and information provided by the Ministry of Health.This assessment establishes a benchmark from which to strategically identify,plan and implement the future of emergency medicine in Macedonia.RESULTS:In general,emergency departments- defined by offering acute care 24 hours per day,7 days per week- were available at all general and university hospitals.However,care resources,emergency and acute care training,and patient care capacity vary greatly within the country.There is limited uniformity in acute care approach and methodology.Hospital EDs are not organized as separate divisions run by a head medical doctor,nor are they staffed by specialists trained in emergency medicine.The diagnostic and treatment capacities are insufficient or outdated by current international emergency medicine standards and frequently require patient transfer or admission prior to initiation.CONCLUSION:Most of the surveyed hospitals are capable of providing essential diagnostic tests,but very few are able to do so at the point or time of presentation.While emergency medical services(EMS) have improved system-wide,emergent care interventions by EMS and within all hospitals remain limited.Further system-wide acute and emergency care improvements are forthcoming.
文摘By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade area among the following member-states： Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Monte Negro and Serbia.l The free trade area was supposed to be fully functional by the end of 2010 and should provide trade liberalization by elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, as well as trade facilitation by simplification of rules of origin and transit procedures. It should also provide mutual recognition of national sanitary, phytosanitary and technical standards. The free trade area should also enable free trade of services, full protection of intellectual rights, fair rules of public procurement procedures and liberalization of capital investment. The beginning of the creation of the free trade area of the Western Balkan countries created a positive effect upon the increment of the trade exchange of goods among its member-states. However, the weak individual economic capacity of each of them immediately caused a decrement in the exports of goods towards trading partners out of CEFTA-2006. Positive effects realized in the beginning of the creation of the free-trade area were very soon annulated by the influence of the economic crises in 2008. At present, the region experiences a slight, but very slow recovery.
文摘Collecting eggs of Aedes （Stegomyia） albopictus （Skuse, 1894） （Diptera, ram. Culicidae）, i.e. Asian tiger mosquito was carded out in August 2016. Fourteen （14） ovitraps were placed at 3 different places： the area Banja Bansko （near Strumica）, Mrzenci （Gevgelija） and at the border crossing between Macedonia-Greece （Bogorodica）. During one month the ovitraps were exposed for two weeks, near the vegetation that mosquitoes use as resting places, also in the places where people are present and close to potted flower arrangements. The collected eggs from the ovitraps were returned to the Entomological laboratory of the P.H.O. Center for public health-Skopje and put in an entomological （hand-made） cage. Under the optimum moisture and temperature, after a few days the adults emerged. The determination of species was performed using a binocular magnifier. A total of 50 mosquitoes were collected, of those 23 were male Ae. albopictus and 27 were female Ae. albopictus. These examples were verified by prof. Dusan Petric and the Medical entomology laboratory at the Faculty of Agficul^tre Novi Sad （Republic of Serbia）. The presence of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of Macedonia was for the first time determined. We are now even more motivated to investigate and prove the presence of tiger mosquitos in other locations in Macedonia.
