This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic ...This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.展开更多
Water-soluble crude polyseccharide（PIP） was extracted from cultured mycelium of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. After ethanol precipitation and sepharose CL-6B gel filtration, the fraction of PIP1 was obtained, whic...Water-soluble crude polyseccharide（PIP） was extracted from cultured mycelium of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. After ethanol precipitation and sepharose CL-6B gel filtration, the fraction of PIP1 was obtained, which was shown to be a homogeneous polysaccharide by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of PIPt was determined by using several methods. C.,C analysis indicates that PIP1 is composed of the monosaccharides of glucose, galactose, and mannose. Their malar ratio is 3. 70： 4. 06： 1.00. The molar weight was estimated to be 17 kd via HPLC. IR, GC, partial hydrolysis with acid, pefiedate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation, and GC-MS analysis were used for the structural analyses of PIP1. The results show that PIP1 has a small quantity of branch structure, The main glycosidic linkage of PIP1 has a β-configurafion. The main chain is made up of a large mass of glucose （ 1→3 ） and few mannose （ 1→4 ） ; the side chain is composed of glucose （ 1 →3 ） and galactose （ 1→6 ） ; the nonreduced end is composed of galactose and glucose. The side chains are branched at 6-0 of glucose（ 1→3,6） and mannose（1→4,6）. On an average, there are three branches among 20 residues. It is presumable that the existence of 1,3-linked Glc in the main and side chains is the main reason for its higher antitumor activity.展开更多
The adsorption properties of chitin adsorbent from mycelium of fermentation industries for the removal of heavy metal ions were studied. The result shows that the chitin adsorbent has high adsorption capacity for many...The adsorption properties of chitin adsorbent from mycelium of fermentation industries for the removal of heavy metal ions were studied. The result shows that the chitin adsorbent has high adsorption capacity for many heavy metal ions and Ni2+ in citric acid. The influence of pH was significant:When pH is higher than 4.0, the high adsorption capacity is obtained,otherwise H+ ion inhibits the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The comparison of the chitin adsorbent with some other commercial adsorbents was made, in which that the adsorption behaviorchitin adsorbent is close to that of commercial cation exchange adsorbents, and its cost is much lower than those commercial adsorbents.展开更多
The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （...The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, and 400 mg·L^-1） were measured. The results indicated that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was stimulated in solid medium when the concentration of Nd^3＋ ranges from 2 to 180 mg·L^-1, whereas it was inhibited when Nd^3 ＋ concentration was greater than 200 mg· L^-1. The colonies were fewer and smaller when Nd^3 ＋ was used in the solid medium. The growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited in liquid medium when Nd^3＋ was used. The inhibition rate showed by the dry weight of mycelium ranged from 4.83% to 52.18% and inereased with Nd^3 ＋ concentration. The pectinase activity decreased compared with that of controls. When the concentration of Nd^3 ＋ was 10 and 400 mg· L^- 1, the pectinase activity decreased by 95 % at both concentrations. Mycelium cell membrane permeability increased when Nd^3 ＋ concentrations ranged from 10 to 400 mg· L^-1 but decreased when Nd^3＋ concentration was 2 mg· L^-1.展开更多
The water extract of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum （DME） was used to induce resistance in Virginia tobacco plants against Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Results showed that the efficacy of DME in c...The water extract of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum （DME） was used to induce resistance in Virginia tobacco plants against Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Results showed that the efficacy of DME in controlling black shank disease depended on both DME solution concentration and its＇ treatment methodology. Soil application of 1.5-5% DME 72 hr before inoculation with Phtophthora parasitica vat. nicotianae provided highly significant protection against black shank, relative to the control without DME treatment. Optimized tobacco plant treatment with 2.5% DME significantly increased peroxidase （POD） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity levels in the upper leaf sections of the tobacco plants. DME had no direct antifungal activity on the growth of Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DME treatment resulted from the induced propagation of natural defense mechanisms in the tobacco plants.展开更多
Three soil-transmitted pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Pythium sp. were selected to investigate the effect of lanthanum on their growth and the pathogenic enzymes using liquid cultu...Three soil-transmitted pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Pythium sp. were selected to investigate the effect of lanthanum on their growth and the pathogenic enzymes using liquid culture. Variance analysis shows significant differences among treatments with different concentrations of lanthanum （Rhizoctonia solani F = 6.75 〉 F0.01= 5.99; Fusarium solani F = 18.1 〉 F0.01 = 5.99, Pythium sp. F = 23.29 〉 F0.01 = 5.99）. The inhibitory effect of lanthanum on pathogenic fungi increased with an increase in La concentration. The activities of the three pathogenic enzymes per gram mycelium were promoted remarkably. However, the quantity or the activities of the total enzymes were inhibited because of the strong inhibition of mycelium growth by lanthanum. Meanwhile, the effect of lanthanum on toxins of pathogenic fungi were studied using the seed germination experiment. Toxins of pathogenic fungi are influenced by lanthanum and the virulence decreases significantly with the increase of lanthanum concentration.展开更多
Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, ...Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, water at 120℃, 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution at 25 and 65℃, consecutively. Their chemical components wereanalyzed by using IR, GC, HPLC and ^(13)C-NMR, and some new results were obtained. The four samples GM1, GM2, GM3and GM4 are heteropolysaccharide-prote in complexes, in which, α- (1→3) linked D-glucose is the major monosaccharidewhile galactose, mannose and ribose are the secondary ones. GM5 and GM6 are β-(1→3)-D-glucan-protein complexes. Theprotein content increased from 32% to 69% with the progress of isolation. Weight-average molecu1ar mass M_w and theintrinsic viscosity [η] of the GM samples in 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaCl solution at 25℃ were measured systematically by laserlight scartering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with LLS, and viscometry. The M_w of GM1 to GM6are 35.5, 46.8, 58.9, 41.6, 3.3 and 22.0×10~4, respectively. The conformation and molecular mass of the two fractions of sample GM5 were characterized satisfactorily by SEC-LLS without further fractionation.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the fermentation condition of Lepista sordida mycelium. [ Method ] The effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources ,pH and incubation time on the dry weight of mycelium in L. ...[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the fermentation condition of Lepista sordida mycelium. [ Method ] The effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources ,pH and incubation time on the dry weight of mycelium in L. sordida fermentation were investigated. [ Result] The descending order of the influences on L. sordida mycelium growth was ： carbon sources 〉 incubation time 〉 pH 〉 nitrogen sources. Based on orthogonal experiment, the optimal fermentation condition of L. sordida mycelium was determined as ： fermentation medium of 3% corn powder and 0.2% yeast extract, pH of 6.0, and incubation time of 8 d. [ Conclusion ] This study provides theoretical reference and experimental basis for the development and utilization of L. sordida biological resources.展开更多
Antibiotics mycelium, byproduct of pharmaceutical industry, contains high percentage of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, while, the low solubility in traditional solvents limits its utilization. The dissolution p...Antibiotics mycelium, byproduct of pharmaceutical industry, contains high percentage of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, while, the low solubility in traditional solvents limits its utilization. The dissolution process of penicillin mycelium was investigated using ionic liquids （ILs） as solvent. Quantitative correlation of solubility and ILs structure and dissolution mechanism were determined. About 91 45% of penicillin mycelium was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate （[Bmim]Ac） under the condition of 120.0℃C and [Bmim]Ac/ mycelium （m/m） ratio of 3.90：1. Synergistic effect of ILs and DMSO was confirmed with the DMSO/[Bmim]Ac （v/m） ratio in the range of 0.0-1.0. At 25.0 ℃, the dissolution of penicillin mycelium increased from 69.74% to 94.50%, with the ratio of DMSO to [Bmim]Ac （v/m） as 1：1. The room temperature dissolution of mycelium provides a novel and energy-saving process for its high-valued utilization. The NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that hydrogen bonds are the dominant driving force for the dissolution in ILs. Quantitative study on the effects of anions and cations of lLs on dissolution using Kamlet-Taft model showed that there was a linearly positive correlation between solubility of penicillin mycelium and β parameter of the ILs. The solubility of mycelium increased with increasing hydrogen bond accepting ability of anions and donating ability of cations.展开更多
This study investigated the development of mycelium-based biofoams as sustainable cushioning materials using Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus,combined with different sawdust substrates,and subjected to va...This study investigated the development of mycelium-based biofoams as sustainable cushioning materials using Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus,combined with different sawdust substrates,and subjected to various pressing methods.The results indicated significant effects of mushroom species,sawdust type,and pressing method on the properties of biofoams.Growth rate,morphology,chemical composition,physical and mechanical properties,water resistance,and cushioning factor were evaluated.The results indicated that Lentinus squarrosulus(LS)exhibited faster growth rates(up to 14.37 mm/day)and produced biofoams with superior properties compared to Pleurotus ostreatus(PO).Core wood(CW)sawdust generally resulted in biofoams with lower density(0.1-0.3 g/cm^(3)),lower shrinkage(7.17%-11.41%),and better shock absorption properties(cushion factor of 4.45-4.73).Hot pressing(HO)consistently produced biofoams with higher density(up to 0.31 g/cm^(3)),improved mechanical strength(compression strength up to 0.53 MPa),and enhanced hydrophobicity(water contact angle up to 102.03°)but slightly reduced the shock absorption performance.Biofoam made from LS cultivated on CW sawdust and pressed using hand-packing(HP)exhibited superior shock absorption properties,achieving a cushion factor of 4.45 comparable to expanded polystyrene(EPS)foam.The findings demonstrated that certain combinations of sawdust types and pressing methods can optimize the performance of mycelium-based biofoams,making them viable for sustainable packaging applications.This study highlighted the potential of mycelium biofoams as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging materials,thereby decreasing environmental impact and promoting a sustainable future.展开更多
Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and b...Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and birch （1：1）） and sawdust substrates （birch, beech, oak, maple, alder） was investigated. Petri dishes （Ф 9 cm） for agar media and biological tubes （18 cm long and Ф 2.5 cm） for sawdust substrates were used. Yield and morphological features were studied on birch, beech and mixture of beech and alder （1：1） sawdust substrates. The temperature of inoculation for agar media and sawdust substrates was 25 ℃. For yielding, when mycelium has completely overgrown the substrate the temperature was decreased to 15-17 ℃ to initiate primordia formation. The cultivation was enlightened 10 h/d with daylight lamps （500 Ix）. One crop was harvested after five weeks. The carpophores of black poplar mushrooms were picked up in clusters. There was no statistically important difference between the mycelial growths of the investigated strains. The best growing agar media were PDA （7.3 cm）, MEA （7.2 cm） and wheat （7.1 cm）, both strains showed the slowest mycelium growth on CYM （5.2 cm）. The mycelial growth on sawdust was the best on the beech （7.1 cm） and birch （6.8 cm） sawdust. The best substrate for cultivation ofA. aegerita was mixture of beech and alder sawdust （39.5 g/100 substrate DM）. The dry yield of carpophores were the highest on beech and alder substrate （3.2 g/100 substrate DM）, but dry matter content was the highest on beech sawdust （15.7%）. The heaviest carpophores were harvested from birch sawdust （3.7 g）; the biggest caps from beech and alder sawdust （3.3 cm）. There were no statistically important differences between the mycelium growth and yielding between both investigated strains.展开更多
The effect of propolis, taken from honeybee hives in Tokat (Turkey), on mycelium development of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated. Propolis contains various chemical com- pounds and has antiviral,...The effect of propolis, taken from honeybee hives in Tokat (Turkey), on mycelium development of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated. Propolis contains various chemical com- pounds and has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Mushroom spores were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media containing different proportions of propolis. Mycelium development on media containing 0.10%, 0.30%, and 0.50% propolis occured at the first, third, and fifth days, respectively. The fastest and most intense development was seen on medium containing 0.10% propolis. According to our results, propolis can be used as an enriching material in mushroom cultivating.展开更多
Mycelium bio-composites was developed by incubating Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on different sub-strates from agricultural residual byproducts,including rice straw,bagasse,coir-pith,sawdust,and corn straw.The scanning e...Mycelium bio-composites was developed by incubating Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on different sub-strates from agricultural residual byproducts,including rice straw,bagasse,coir-pith,sawdust,and corn straw.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)results showed that the hypha of com-posite derived from bagasse was the densest,and the diameter of hypha was the biggest(0.77μm),which was presumably due to the existence of cellulose in bagasse in the form of dextran and xylan.The maximum and minimum compression strength for sawdust substrate and corn straw substrate were 456.70 and 270.31 kPa,respectively.The flexural strength for bagasse sub-strate and rice straw substrate were 0.54 and 0.16 MPa,respectively.The two composites derived from rice straw and bagasse exhibited higher hydrophobic properties than others.In comparison,mycelium bio-composite derived from bagasse showed the best comprehensive properties.Except for a little worse anti-creep ability and waterproof performance,other properties of mycelium bio-composites could be comparable to commercially expanded polystyrene(EPS)packaging mate-rial.Derived from this study,mycelium material provided a good way to use agricultural residual byproducts and could be a good alternative to non-biodegradable materials for packaging appli-cations.展开更多
This study proposed the development of a house with the following characteristics： grows, builds, and repairs itself; changes with the seasons; uses the forces of nature and is in harmony with its environment; favors...This study proposed the development of a house with the following characteristics： grows, builds, and repairs itself; changes with the seasons; uses the forces of nature and is in harmony with its environment; favors biodiversity and natural equilibrium; Low cost and does not require considerable workforce or industrial material; carbon free and waste free; returns to nature when no longer in use; enables sustainable and balanced mankind development. The use of Living architecture to decrease or nullify the environmental costs of structure materials was also investigated. Furthermore, the use of Living architecture techniques to comply with the current Living and construction style with as Little change as possible was analyzed. A new envelope material with Little to no carbon impact was scientifically explored, and the use of this material to create a sustainable house was technically examined. Findings demonstrate that such a house is not only feasible but also rational and beneficial from the economic and environmental perspectives.展开更多
The medical fungus Hirsutella sinensis has been used as a Chinese folk health supplement because of its immunomodulatory properties.Our previous studies established the antifibrotic action of Hirsutella sinensis mycel...The medical fungus Hirsutella sinensis has been used as a Chinese folk health supplement because of its immunomodulatory properties.Our previous studies established the antifibrotic action of Hirsutella sinensis mycelium(HSM)in the lung.The epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.The present study investigates the role of HSM in mediating EMT during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.HSM significantly inhibits bleomycin(BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by blocking the EMT.In addition,the expression levels of midkine are increased in the lungs of the BLM-induced group.Further analysis of the results indicates that the mRNA level of midkine correlated positively with EMT.HSM markedly abrogates the transforming growth factorβ-induced EMT-like phenotype and behavior in vitro.The activation of midkine related signaling pathway is ameliorated following HSM treatment,whereas this extract also caused an effective attenuation of the induction of EMT(caused by midkine overexpression)in vitro.Results further confirm that oral medication of HSM disrupted the midkine pathway in vivo.Overall,findings suggest that the midkine pathway and the regulation of the EMT may be considered novel candidate therapeutic targets for the antifibrotic effects caused by HSM.展开更多
Over the last couple of decades,the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biological resources is receiving immense consideration.This is also in accordance ...Over the last couple of decades,the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biological resources is receiving immense consideration.This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materi-als.For example,the growing concerns of the degradation of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources.For example,the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different organic substrates.Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust.The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural,physical,chemical,mechanical,and biological properties are relying on the strain,feeding substrate,and the manufacturing process.The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin,glucans,proteins,and lipids,whose concentrations depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials.The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method.The pure and composites of stiff,elastic,porous,less dense,fast-growing,and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial,antioxidant,and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction,packaging,medicine,and cosmetics.This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials.It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties.Finally,it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine,cosmetics,packaging,and construction fields.展开更多
Disposable face masks are an essential piece of personal protective equipment for workers in medical facilities,laboratories,and the general public to prevent the spread of illnesses and/or contamination.Covid-19 resu...Disposable face masks are an essential piece of personal protective equipment for workers in medical facilities,laboratories,and the general public to prevent the spread of illnesses and/or contamination.Covid-19 resulted in an uptick in the usage and production of face masks,exacerbating issues related to the waste and recycling of these materials.Traditionally,face masks are derived from petrochemicals,such as melt-blown or spunbound polypropylene.As such,there is a need to find sustainable mask materials that can maintain or improve the performance of petrochemical masks.This paper explores an alternative mask material that utilizes fungal mycelium as self-growing filaments to enhance the efficiency of individual polypropylene mask layers.By engineering the growth pattern and time,breathability and filtration efficiency was optimized such that one layer of the mycelium-modified mask could replace all three layers of the traditional three-layer mask.Additionally,it was found that the mycelium-modified mask exhibits asymmetric hydrophobicity,with super-hydrophobicity at the composite-air interface and lower hydrophobicity at the composite-medium interface.This property can improve the performance of the modified mask by protecting the mask from external liquids without trapping water vapor from the user’s breath.The findings from this study can provide a basis for further development of mycelium to create sustainable filtration materials with enhanced functionality.展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(cstc2012jjA80026)Scientific Research Project of Chongqing Education Committee(KJ131311)Scientific Research Project of Yangtze Normal University(2013XJZD003)~~
文摘This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.
基金Supported by the Science and Technique Bureau of Wenzhou City(No. S2005A003).
文摘Water-soluble crude polyseccharide（PIP） was extracted from cultured mycelium of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. After ethanol precipitation and sepharose CL-6B gel filtration, the fraction of PIP1 was obtained, which was shown to be a homogeneous polysaccharide by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of PIPt was determined by using several methods. C.,C analysis indicates that PIP1 is composed of the monosaccharides of glucose, galactose, and mannose. Their malar ratio is 3. 70： 4. 06： 1.00. The molar weight was estimated to be 17 kd via HPLC. IR, GC, partial hydrolysis with acid, pefiedate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation, and GC-MS analysis were used for the structural analyses of PIP1. The results show that PIP1 has a small quantity of branch structure, The main glycosidic linkage of PIP1 has a β-configurafion. The main chain is made up of a large mass of glucose （ 1→3 ） and few mannose （ 1→4 ） ; the side chain is composed of glucose （ 1 →3 ） and galactose （ 1→6 ） ; the nonreduced end is composed of galactose and glucose. The side chains are branched at 6-0 of glucose（ 1→3,6） and mannose（1→4,6）. On an average, there are three branches among 20 residues. It is presumable that the existence of 1,3-linked Glc in the main and side chains is the main reason for its higher antitumor activity.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 29976004 and 20136020) and Fok Ying-tung Education Foundation(No. 71067).
文摘The adsorption properties of chitin adsorbent from mycelium of fermentation industries for the removal of heavy metal ions were studied. The result shows that the chitin adsorbent has high adsorption capacity for many heavy metal ions and Ni2+ in citric acid. The influence of pH was significant:When pH is higher than 4.0, the high adsorption capacity is obtained,otherwise H+ ion inhibits the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The comparison of the chitin adsorbent with some other commercial adsorbents was made, in which that the adsorption behaviorchitin adsorbent is close to that of commercial cation exchange adsorbents, and its cost is much lower than those commercial adsorbents.
基金Project supported by the High Technology Research and Development Programof China (2002AA244031) China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and Young Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science
文摘The diameter of the colony of Fusarium oxysporum in solid medium, and the mycelium growth, pectinase activity, and mycelium permeability of Fusarium oxysporum in liquid medium under varying concentrations of Nd^3＋ （0, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, and 400 mg·L^-1） were measured. The results indicated that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was stimulated in solid medium when the concentration of Nd^3＋ ranges from 2 to 180 mg·L^-1, whereas it was inhibited when Nd^3 ＋ concentration was greater than 200 mg· L^-1. The colonies were fewer and smaller when Nd^3 ＋ was used in the solid medium. The growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited in liquid medium when Nd^3＋ was used. The inhibition rate showed by the dry weight of mycelium ranged from 4.83% to 52.18% and inereased with Nd^3 ＋ concentration. The pectinase activity decreased compared with that of controls. When the concentration of Nd^3 ＋ was 10 and 400 mg· L^- 1, the pectinase activity decreased by 95 % at both concentrations. Mycelium cell membrane permeability increased when Nd^3 ＋ concentrations ranged from 10 to 400 mg· L^-1 but decreased when Nd^3＋ concentration was 2 mg· L^-1.
文摘The water extract of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum （DME） was used to induce resistance in Virginia tobacco plants against Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Results showed that the efficacy of DME in controlling black shank disease depended on both DME solution concentration and its＇ treatment methodology. Soil application of 1.5-5% DME 72 hr before inoculation with Phtophthora parasitica vat. nicotianae provided highly significant protection against black shank, relative to the control without DME treatment. Optimized tobacco plant treatment with 2.5% DME significantly increased peroxidase （POD） and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity levels in the upper leaf sections of the tobacco plants. DME had no direct antifungal activity on the growth of Phtophthora parasitica var. nicotianae in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DME treatment resulted from the induced propagation of natural defense mechanisms in the tobacco plants.
基金Project supported by Research Promotion Foundation of China Agricultural University and Sino-American Turf ManagementProject
文摘Three soil-transmitted pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Pythium sp. were selected to investigate the effect of lanthanum on their growth and the pathogenic enzymes using liquid culture. Variance analysis shows significant differences among treatments with different concentrations of lanthanum （Rhizoctonia solani F = 6.75 〉 F0.01= 5.99; Fusarium solani F = 18.1 〉 F0.01 = 5.99, Pythium sp. F = 23.29 〉 F0.01 = 5.99）. The inhibitory effect of lanthanum on pathogenic fungi increased with an increase in La concentration. The activities of the three pathogenic enzymes per gram mycelium were promoted remarkably. However, the quantity or the activities of the total enzymes were inhibited because of the strong inhibition of mycelium growth by lanthanum. Meanwhile, the effect of lanthanum on toxins of pathogenic fungi were studied using the seed germination experiment. Toxins of pathogenic fungi are influenced by lanthanum and the virulence decreases significantly with the increase of lanthanum concentration.
基金This work was supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20074025).
文摘Six water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complexes coded as GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4, GM5 and GM6 wereisolated from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae by extracting with 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer solution at 25, 40 and80℃, water at 120℃, 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaOH solution at 25 and 65℃, consecutively. Their chemical components wereanalyzed by using IR, GC, HPLC and ^(13)C-NMR, and some new results were obtained. The four samples GM1, GM2, GM3and GM4 are heteropolysaccharide-prote in complexes, in which, α- (1→3) linked D-glucose is the major monosaccharidewhile galactose, mannose and ribose are the secondary ones. GM5 and GM6 are β-(1→3)-D-glucan-protein complexes. Theprotein content increased from 32% to 69% with the progress of isolation. Weight-average molecu1ar mass M_w and theintrinsic viscosity [η] of the GM samples in 0.5 mol/L aqueous NaCl solution at 25℃ were measured systematically by laserlight scartering (LLS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with LLS, and viscometry. The M_w of GM1 to GM6are 35.5, 46.8, 58.9, 41.6, 3.3 and 22.0×10~4, respectively. The conformation and molecular mass of the two fractions of sample GM5 were characterized satisfactorily by SEC-LLS without further fractionation.
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to optimize the fermentation condition of Lepista sordida mycelium. [ Method ] The effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources ,pH and incubation time on the dry weight of mycelium in L. sordida fermentation were investigated. [ Result] The descending order of the influences on L. sordida mycelium growth was ： carbon sources 〉 incubation time 〉 pH 〉 nitrogen sources. Based on orthogonal experiment, the optimal fermentation condition of L. sordida mycelium was determined as ： fermentation medium of 3% corn powder and 0.2% yeast extract, pH of 6.0, and incubation time of 8 d. [ Conclusion ] This study provides theoretical reference and experimental basis for the development and utilization of L. sordida biological resources.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676272)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(2017ZX07402003)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-ZS-2016-5-3)
文摘Antibiotics mycelium, byproduct of pharmaceutical industry, contains high percentage of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids, while, the low solubility in traditional solvents limits its utilization. The dissolution process of penicillin mycelium was investigated using ionic liquids （ILs） as solvent. Quantitative correlation of solubility and ILs structure and dissolution mechanism were determined. About 91 45% of penicillin mycelium was dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate （[Bmim]Ac） under the condition of 120.0℃C and [Bmim]Ac/ mycelium （m/m） ratio of 3.90：1. Synergistic effect of ILs and DMSO was confirmed with the DMSO/[Bmim]Ac （v/m） ratio in the range of 0.0-1.0. At 25.0 ℃, the dissolution of penicillin mycelium increased from 69.74% to 94.50%, with the ratio of DMSO to [Bmim]Ac （v/m） as 1：1. The room temperature dissolution of mycelium provides a novel and energy-saving process for its high-valued utilization. The NMR and FT-IR spectra showed that hydrogen bonds are the dominant driving force for the dissolution in ILs. Quantitative study on the effects of anions and cations of lLs on dissolution using Kamlet-Taft model showed that there was a linearly positive correlation between solubility of penicillin mycelium and β parameter of the ILs. The solubility of mycelium increased with increasing hydrogen bond accepting ability of anions and donating ability of cations.
基金supported by the Graduate School,Prince of Songkla University。
文摘This study investigated the development of mycelium-based biofoams as sustainable cushioning materials using Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus,combined with different sawdust substrates,and subjected to various pressing methods.The results indicated significant effects of mushroom species,sawdust type,and pressing method on the properties of biofoams.Growth rate,morphology,chemical composition,physical and mechanical properties,water resistance,and cushioning factor were evaluated.The results indicated that Lentinus squarrosulus(LS)exhibited faster growth rates(up to 14.37 mm/day)and produced biofoams with superior properties compared to Pleurotus ostreatus(PO).Core wood(CW)sawdust generally resulted in biofoams with lower density(0.1-0.3 g/cm^(3)),lower shrinkage(7.17%-11.41%),and better shock absorption properties(cushion factor of 4.45-4.73).Hot pressing(HO)consistently produced biofoams with higher density(up to 0.31 g/cm^(3)),improved mechanical strength(compression strength up to 0.53 MPa),and enhanced hydrophobicity(water contact angle up to 102.03°)but slightly reduced the shock absorption performance.Biofoam made from LS cultivated on CW sawdust and pressed using hand-packing(HP)exhibited superior shock absorption properties,achieving a cushion factor of 4.45 comparable to expanded polystyrene(EPS)foam.The findings demonstrated that certain combinations of sawdust types and pressing methods can optimize the performance of mycelium-based biofoams,making them viable for sustainable packaging applications.This study highlighted the potential of mycelium biofoams as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging materials,thereby decreasing environmental impact and promoting a sustainable future.
文摘Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and birch （1：1）） and sawdust substrates （birch, beech, oak, maple, alder） was investigated. Petri dishes （Ф 9 cm） for agar media and biological tubes （18 cm long and Ф 2.5 cm） for sawdust substrates were used. Yield and morphological features were studied on birch, beech and mixture of beech and alder （1：1） sawdust substrates. The temperature of inoculation for agar media and sawdust substrates was 25 ℃. For yielding, when mycelium has completely overgrown the substrate the temperature was decreased to 15-17 ℃ to initiate primordia formation. The cultivation was enlightened 10 h/d with daylight lamps （500 Ix）. One crop was harvested after five weeks. The carpophores of black poplar mushrooms were picked up in clusters. There was no statistically important difference between the mycelial growths of the investigated strains. The best growing agar media were PDA （7.3 cm）, MEA （7.2 cm） and wheat （7.1 cm）, both strains showed the slowest mycelium growth on CYM （5.2 cm）. The mycelial growth on sawdust was the best on the beech （7.1 cm） and birch （6.8 cm） sawdust. The best substrate for cultivation ofA. aegerita was mixture of beech and alder sawdust （39.5 g/100 substrate DM）. The dry yield of carpophores were the highest on beech and alder substrate （3.2 g/100 substrate DM）, but dry matter content was the highest on beech sawdust （15.7%）. The heaviest carpophores were harvested from birch sawdust （3.7 g）; the biggest caps from beech and alder sawdust （3.3 cm）. There were no statistically important differences between the mycelium growth and yielding between both investigated strains.
文摘The effect of propolis, taken from honeybee hives in Tokat (Turkey), on mycelium development of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was investigated. Propolis contains various chemical com- pounds and has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Mushroom spores were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media containing different proportions of propolis. Mycelium development on media containing 0.10%, 0.30%, and 0.50% propolis occured at the first, third, and fifth days, respectively. The fastest and most intense development was seen on medium containing 0.10% propolis. According to our results, propolis can be used as an enriching material in mushroom cultivating.
文摘Mycelium bio-composites was developed by incubating Pleurotus ostreatus fungi on different sub-strates from agricultural residual byproducts,including rice straw,bagasse,coir-pith,sawdust,and corn straw.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)results showed that the hypha of com-posite derived from bagasse was the densest,and the diameter of hypha was the biggest(0.77μm),which was presumably due to the existence of cellulose in bagasse in the form of dextran and xylan.The maximum and minimum compression strength for sawdust substrate and corn straw substrate were 456.70 and 270.31 kPa,respectively.The flexural strength for bagasse sub-strate and rice straw substrate were 0.54 and 0.16 MPa,respectively.The two composites derived from rice straw and bagasse exhibited higher hydrophobic properties than others.In comparison,mycelium bio-composite derived from bagasse showed the best comprehensive properties.Except for a little worse anti-creep ability and waterproof performance,other properties of mycelium bio-composites could be comparable to commercially expanded polystyrene(EPS)packaging mate-rial.Derived from this study,mycelium material provided a good way to use agricultural residual byproducts and could be a good alternative to non-biodegradable materials for packaging appli-cations.
文摘This study proposed the development of a house with the following characteristics： grows, builds, and repairs itself; changes with the seasons; uses the forces of nature and is in harmony with its environment; favors biodiversity and natural equilibrium; Low cost and does not require considerable workforce or industrial material; carbon free and waste free; returns to nature when no longer in use; enables sustainable and balanced mankind development. The use of Living architecture to decrease or nullify the environmental costs of structure materials was also investigated. Furthermore, the use of Living architecture techniques to comply with the current Living and construction style with as Little change as possible was analyzed. A new envelope material with Little to no carbon impact was scientifically explored, and the use of this material to create a sustainable house was technically examined. Findings demonstrate that such a house is not only feasible but also rational and beneficial from the economic and environmental perspectives.
基金the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(No.YY-021)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities(No.021414380342)the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury(No.SKLKF201602)。
文摘The medical fungus Hirsutella sinensis has been used as a Chinese folk health supplement because of its immunomodulatory properties.Our previous studies established the antifibrotic action of Hirsutella sinensis mycelium(HSM)in the lung.The epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.The present study investigates the role of HSM in mediating EMT during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.HSM significantly inhibits bleomycin(BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by blocking the EMT.In addition,the expression levels of midkine are increased in the lungs of the BLM-induced group.Further analysis of the results indicates that the mRNA level of midkine correlated positively with EMT.HSM markedly abrogates the transforming growth factorβ-induced EMT-like phenotype and behavior in vitro.The activation of midkine related signaling pathway is ameliorated following HSM treatment,whereas this extract also caused an effective attenuation of the induction of EMT(caused by midkine overexpression)in vitro.Results further confirm that oral medication of HSM disrupted the midkine pathway in vivo.Overall,findings suggest that the midkine pathway and the regulation of the EMT may be considered novel candidate therapeutic targets for the antifibrotic effects caused by HSM.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21774039,51973076)BRICS STI Framework Programme 3rd call 2019(No.2018YFE0123700)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M602291)Fundamental Re-search Funds for Central Universities,Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Over the last couple of decades,the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biological resources is receiving immense consideration.This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materi-als.For example,the growing concerns of the degradation of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources.For example,the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different organic substrates.Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust.The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural,physical,chemical,mechanical,and biological properties are relying on the strain,feeding substrate,and the manufacturing process.The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin,glucans,proteins,and lipids,whose concentrations depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials.The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method.The pure and composites of stiff,elastic,porous,less dense,fast-growing,and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial,antioxidant,and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction,packaging,medicine,and cosmetics.This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials.It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties.Finally,it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine,cosmetics,packaging,and construction fields.
文摘Disposable face masks are an essential piece of personal protective equipment for workers in medical facilities,laboratories,and the general public to prevent the spread of illnesses and/or contamination.Covid-19 resulted in an uptick in the usage and production of face masks,exacerbating issues related to the waste and recycling of these materials.Traditionally,face masks are derived from petrochemicals,such as melt-blown or spunbound polypropylene.As such,there is a need to find sustainable mask materials that can maintain or improve the performance of petrochemical masks.This paper explores an alternative mask material that utilizes fungal mycelium as self-growing filaments to enhance the efficiency of individual polypropylene mask layers.By engineering the growth pattern and time,breathability and filtration efficiency was optimized such that one layer of the mycelium-modified mask could replace all three layers of the traditional three-layer mask.Additionally,it was found that the mycelium-modified mask exhibits asymmetric hydrophobicity,with super-hydrophobicity at the composite-air interface and lower hydrophobicity at the composite-medium interface.This property can improve the performance of the modified mask by protecting the mask from external liquids without trapping water vapor from the user’s breath.The findings from this study can provide a basis for further development of mycelium to create sustainable filtration materials with enhanced functionality.
