The leaf muntjac （Muntiacus putaoensis） is an endemic deer species found in the east trans- Himalayan region. In recent years, population numbers have decreased due to heavy hunting and habitat loss, and little gene...The leaf muntjac （Muntiacus putaoensis） is an endemic deer species found in the east trans- Himalayan region. In recent years, population numbers have decreased due to heavy hunting and habitat loss, and little genetic data exists for this species, thus our knowledge of distribution rangs and population sizes likewise remain limited. We obtained mtDNA genes and the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of M. putaoensis using PCR, followed by direct sequencing. The complete mitogenome sequence was determined as a circular 16 349 bp mitochondrial genome, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes 22 tRNA genes, and one control region, the gene composition and order of which were similar to most other vertebrates so far reported. Most mitochondrial genes, except for ND6 and eight tRNAs, were encoded on the heavy strand. The overall base composition of the heavy strand was 33.1% A, 29.3% T, 24.2% C, and 13.4% G, with a strong AT bias of 62.4%. There were seven regions of gene overlap totaling 95 bp and 11 intergenic spacer regions totaling 74 bp. Phylogenetic analyses （ML and BI） among the Muntiacus genus based on the sequenced of mitogenome and ND4L-ND4 supported M. putaoensis as a member of Muntiacus, most closely related to M. vuquangensis. However, when analyses based on cyt b included two more muntjacs, M. truongsonensis was most closely related to M. putaoensis rather than M. vuquangensis, and together with M. rooseveltorum, likely forming a M. rooseveltorum complex of the species. This study will help in the exploration of the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the leaf muntjac, as well as its protection as a genetic resource.展开更多
Recent molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrate that extensive centromere-telomere fusions are the main chromosomal rearrangements underlying the karyotypic evolution of extant muntjacs. Although the molecular mechan...Recent molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrate that extensive centromere-telomere fusions are the main chromosomal rearrangements underlying the karyotypic evolution of extant muntjacs. Although the molecular mechanism of tandem fusions remains unknown, satellite DNA is believed to have facilitated chromosome fusions by non-allelic homologous recombination. Previous studies detected non-random hybridization signals of cloned satellite DNA at the postulated fusion sites on the chromosomes in Indian and Chinese muntjacs. But the genomic distribution and organization of satellite DNAs in other muntjacs have not been investigated. In this study, we have isolated four satellite DNA clones （BMCS, BM700, BM 1.1 k and FM700） from the black muntjac （Muntiacus crinifrons） and Fea＇s muntjac （M. feae）, and hybridized these four clones onto chromosomes of four muntjac species （M. reevesi, M. crinifrons, M. gongshanenisis and M. feae）. Besides the predominant centromeric signals, non-random interstitial hybridization signals from satellite I and II DNA clones （BMC5, BM700 and FM700） were also observed on the arms of chromosomes of these four muntjacs. Our results provide additional support for the notion that the karyotypes of M. crinifrons, M. feae and M. gongshanensis have evolved from a 2n = 70 ancestral karyotype by a series of chromosome fusions.展开更多
Climate fluctuations in the past and in the future are likely to result in population expansions,shifts,or the contraction of the ecological niche of many species,and potentially leading to the changes in their geogra...Climate fluctuations in the past and in the future are likely to result in population expansions,shifts,or the contraction of the ecological niche of many species,and potentially leading to the changes in their geographical distributions.Prediction of suitable habitats has been developed as a useful tool for the assessment of habitat suitability and resource conservation to protect wildlife.Here,we model the ancestral demographic history of the extant modern Chinese Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi populations using approximate Bayesian computation(ABC)and used the maximum entropy model to simulate the past and predict the future spatial dynamics of the species under climate oscillations.Our results indicated that the suitable habitats for the M.reevesi shifted to the Southeast and contracted during the Last Glacial Maximum,whereas they covered a broader more northern position in the Middle Holocene.The ABC analyses revealed that the modern M.reevesi populations diverged in the Middle Holocene coinciding with the significant contraction of the highly suitable habitat areas.Furthermore,our predictions suggest that the potentially suitable environment distribution for the species will expand under all future climate scenarios.These results indicated that the M.reevesi diverged in the recent time after the glacial period and simultaneously as its habitat's expanded in the Middle Holocene.Furthermore,the past and future climate fluctuation triggered the change of Chinese muntjac spatial distribution,which has great influence on the Chinese muntjac's population demographic history.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y4ZK111B01)
文摘The leaf muntjac （Muntiacus putaoensis） is an endemic deer species found in the east trans- Himalayan region. In recent years, population numbers have decreased due to heavy hunting and habitat loss, and little genetic data exists for this species, thus our knowledge of distribution rangs and population sizes likewise remain limited. We obtained mtDNA genes and the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of M. putaoensis using PCR, followed by direct sequencing. The complete mitogenome sequence was determined as a circular 16 349 bp mitochondrial genome, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes 22 tRNA genes, and one control region, the gene composition and order of which were similar to most other vertebrates so far reported. Most mitochondrial genes, except for ND6 and eight tRNAs, were encoded on the heavy strand. The overall base composition of the heavy strand was 33.1% A, 29.3% T, 24.2% C, and 13.4% G, with a strong AT bias of 62.4%. There were seven regions of gene overlap totaling 95 bp and 11 intergenic spacer regions totaling 74 bp. Phylogenetic analyses （ML and BI） among the Muntiacus genus based on the sequenced of mitogenome and ND4L-ND4 supported M. putaoensis as a member of Muntiacus, most closely related to M. vuquangensis. However, when analyses based on cyt b included two more muntjacs, M. truongsonensis was most closely related to M. putaoensis rather than M. vuquangensis, and together with M. rooseveltorum, likely forming a M. rooseveltorum complex of the species. This study will help in the exploration of the evolutionary history and taxonomic status of the leaf muntjac, as well as its protection as a genetic resource.
基金the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30270719)
文摘Recent molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrate that extensive centromere-telomere fusions are the main chromosomal rearrangements underlying the karyotypic evolution of extant muntjacs. Although the molecular mechanism of tandem fusions remains unknown, satellite DNA is believed to have facilitated chromosome fusions by non-allelic homologous recombination. Previous studies detected non-random hybridization signals of cloned satellite DNA at the postulated fusion sites on the chromosomes in Indian and Chinese muntjacs. But the genomic distribution and organization of satellite DNAs in other muntjacs have not been investigated. In this study, we have isolated four satellite DNA clones （BMCS, BM700, BM 1.1 k and FM700） from the black muntjac （Muntiacus crinifrons） and Fea＇s muntjac （M. feae）, and hybridized these four clones onto chromosomes of four muntjac species （M. reevesi, M. crinifrons, M. gongshanenisis and M. feae）. Besides the predominant centromeric signals, non-random interstitial hybridization signals from satellite I and II DNA clones （BMC5, BM700 and FM700） were also observed on the arms of chromosomes of these four muntjacs. Our results provide additional support for the notion that the karyotypes of M. crinifrons, M. feae and M. gongshanensis have evolved from a 2n = 70 ancestral karyotype by a series of chromosome fusions.
基金funded by the Key Science and Technology Financing Projects of the Ministry of Education(2012)the Scientific Research and Protection Project of Black Muntjac in Qianjiangyuan National Park,Zhejiang,China(2019-2021)+1 种基金the Biodiversity Survey,Monitoring and Assessment Project of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(Grant No.2019HB2096001006)the National Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(Grant No.2019FY101803).
文摘Climate fluctuations in the past and in the future are likely to result in population expansions,shifts,or the contraction of the ecological niche of many species,and potentially leading to the changes in their geographical distributions.Prediction of suitable habitats has been developed as a useful tool for the assessment of habitat suitability and resource conservation to protect wildlife.Here,we model the ancestral demographic history of the extant modern Chinese Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi populations using approximate Bayesian computation(ABC)and used the maximum entropy model to simulate the past and predict the future spatial dynamics of the species under climate oscillations.Our results indicated that the suitable habitats for the M.reevesi shifted to the Southeast and contracted during the Last Glacial Maximum,whereas they covered a broader more northern position in the Middle Holocene.The ABC analyses revealed that the modern M.reevesi populations diverged in the Middle Holocene coinciding with the significant contraction of the highly suitable habitat areas.Furthermore,our predictions suggest that the potentially suitable environment distribution for the species will expand under all future climate scenarios.These results indicated that the M.reevesi diverged in the recent time after the glacial period and simultaneously as its habitat's expanded in the Middle Holocene.Furthermore,the past and future climate fluctuation triggered the change of Chinese muntjac spatial distribution,which has great influence on the Chinese muntjac's population demographic history.
