Groundwater and surface water contamination by PTE(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Ruashi and Annexe municipalities of Lubumbashi city.Analyses of seventy water samples collected from six drilled wells,eigh...Groundwater and surface water contamination by PTE(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Ruashi and Annexe municipalities of Lubumbashi city.Analyses of seventy water samples collected from six drilled wells,eight spade-sunk wells,one river and one spring in both municipalities in 2017 and 2018 were carried out by ICP-SF-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry).Twenty PTEs including aluminum,arsenic,barium,bismuth,cadmium,cesium,chromium,cobalt,copper,iron,lead,manganese,molybdenum,nickel,strontium,thallium,tungsten,uranium,vanadium and zinc were detected at various concentrations in each one of the samples.Many samples had concentrations and mean concentrations of PTEs,such as aluminum,cadmium,copper,iron,lead,manganese,nickel and zinc,higher than the respective acceptable limits set for drinking water by the EU(European Union),the USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency),and the WHO(World Health Organization)standards.Most PTEs being deleterious to human health even at very low concentrations,people who use the groundwater and surface water to meet their water needs in both Ruashi and Annexe municipalities are at risk.展开更多
The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environment...The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environmentally friendly and economical method of P recovery from municipal wastewater,providing the P source for LiFePO_(4) cathodes.The novel approach utilizes the sludge of Fe-coagulant-based chemical P removal(CPR)in wastewater treatment.After a sintering treatment with acid washing,the CPR sludge,enriched with P and Fe,transforms into purified P-Fe oxides(Fe2.1P1.0O5.6).These oxides can substitute up to 35%of the FePO_(4) reagent as precursor,producing a carbon-coated LiFePO_(4)(LiFePO_(4)/C)cathode with a specific discharge capacity of 114.9 mA·h·g^(-1)at current density of 17 mA·g^(-1)),and cycle stability of 99.2%after 100 cycles.The enhanced cycle performance of the as-prepared LiFePO_(4)/C cathode may be attributed to the incorporations of impurities(such as Ca^(2+)and Na^(+))from sludge,with improved stability of crystal structure.Unlike conventional P-fertilizers,this P recovery technology converts 100%of P in CPR sludge into the production of value-added LiFePO_(4)/C cathodes.The recovered P from municipal wastewater can meet up to 35%of the P demand in the Chinese LIBs industry,offering a cost-effective solution for addressing the pressing challenges of P scarcity.展开更多
The rapid urbanization underscores the urgency of efficient treatment and resource utilization of municipal sludge for environmental conservation.To address this,a novel pH-responsive dual network polyvinyl alcohol/so...The rapid urbanization underscores the urgency of efficient treatment and resource utilization of municipal sludge for environmental conservation.To address this,a novel pH-responsive dual network polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate sludge hydrogel was devised by integrating municipal sludge with acrylic acid monomers,ammonium persulphate initiator,N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide crosslinking agent,reinforced by polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate through free radical cross-linking polymerization.The hydrogel’s optimal formulation was identified by adjusting the monomer,crosslinking agent,and initiator dosage while assessing its swelling behavior across various pH environments.Results revealed excellent swelling capacity,notably exhibiting a remarkable swelling capacity of up to 7265.64% at pH 11.0,suggesting the hydrogel’s potential in environmental remediation and innovative material design.This research presents a pioneering approach to harnessing municipal sludge and developing intelligent hydrogels,fostering sustainable resource management.展开更多
With the continuous advancement of the country’s urbanization process,many cities are simultaneously carrying out the renovation of old urban areas while building new urban areas,which involves the demolition of many...With the continuous advancement of the country’s urbanization process,many cities are simultaneously carrying out the renovation of old urban areas while building new urban areas,which involves the demolition of many buildings and municipal infrastructures.To ensure the smooth progress of demolition projects,related safety management work is crucial.This article will discuss the safety management measures for demolition projects based on the basic principles of safety management for municipal infrastructure demolition projects,taking the demolition of gas storage tanks as an example.展开更多
To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furn...To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furnace,a three-dimensional model including coal lance,blowpipe,tuyere,and raceway was established.The model was then used to compare the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal and MSW in the raceway and to investigate the effects of blast temperature and particle size on the combustion characteristics of MSW in the raceway.The results showed that MSW combusted more rapidly,achieving a maximum temperature of 3839 K in the raceway,comparing to 2974 K during pulverized coal injection.However,the average temperature during MSW injection was 1790 K,which was 73 K lower than that of pulverized coal injection.The maximum velocity during MSW injection was 120 m/s,lower than 188 m/s obtained during pulverized coal injection.MSW could be completely burned out in the middle of the raceway,while the burnout of pulverized coal at this position was only 50%.The combustion effect of MSW makes no difference when the blast temperature increased from 1273 to 1673 K,due to its excellent combustion characteristic.When the MSW particle size was increased from 0.074 to 2 mm,the burnout was 75%,which was still higher than that of pulverized coal injection with a particle size of 0.074 mm.However,injecting larger-sized fuel might increase the risk of tuyere wear.To ensure stable furnace conditions and great combustion,a blast temperature of 1473 K and a MSW particle size of about 1 mm will be better.展开更多
With the global advancement of the circular economy,integrating reverse osmosis(RO)or forward osmosis(FO)with anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)offers a promising approach to simultaneously generate high-grade recla...With the global advancement of the circular economy,integrating reverse osmosis(RO)or forward osmosis(FO)with anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)offers a promising approach to simultaneously generate high-grade reclaimed water,produce energy,and preserve valuable nutrients from municipal wastewater.However,the selectivity of these osmotic membranes towards ammonia nitrogen,a major component in municipal wastewater and anaerobic effluent,remains unsatisfactory due to its similar polarity and hydraulic radius to water molecules.Therefore,enhancing the ammonia nitrogen rejection of osmotic membranes is imperative to maximize the quality of reclaimed water and minimize the loss of ammonia nitrogen resources.Unfortunately,the current understanding of the mapping relationship between ammonia nitrogen transmembrane diffusion and the micro/nano-structure of osmotic membranes is not systematic,making precise optimization of the membranes challenging.Hence,this review comprehensively analyzed the diffusion behavior of ammonia nitrogen through osmotic membranes to lay the foundation for targeted regulation of membrane fine structure.Initially,the desire for ammonia/ammonium-rejecting membranes was highlighted by introducing current and promising osmotic membrane-based applications in municipal wastewater reclamation processes.Subsequently,the connection between the micro/nano-structure of osmotic membranes and the transmembrane diffusion behavior of ammonia nitrogen was explored by analyzing the effects of membrane characteristics on ammonia nitrogen transport using the DSPM-DE model.Finally,precise methods for modifying membranes to enhance ammonia nitrogen rejection were proposed.This review aims to offer theoretical insights guiding the development of RO and FO membranes with superior ammonia nitrogen rejection for efficient reclamation of municipal wastewater.展开更多
Housing construction and municipal engineering have full lifecycle characteristics,involving multiple stages.Emphasizing the coherence and systematicity of each stage,the supervisor should establish a three-dimensiona...Housing construction and municipal engineering have full lifecycle characteristics,involving multiple stages.Emphasizing the coherence and systematicity of each stage,the supervisor should establish a three-dimensional management system.Establishing quantitative evaluation models and visual monitoring schemes to ensure quality and safety,as well as introducing cost control methods and innovative collaborative management mechanisms,ultimately forming a supervision-led paradigm and proposing directions for the application of digital twin technology.展开更多
Urban areas worldwide face escalating challenges in managing municipal solid waste (MSW) due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns. Inefficient waste management systems contribute...Urban areas worldwide face escalating challenges in managing municipal solid waste (MSW) due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns. Inefficient waste management systems contribute to environmental degradation, public health risks, and resource depletion, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This review employing AI-driven sorting technologies in urban waste management as a transformative framework for sustainable MSW management, emphasizing waste reduction, resource recovery, and closed-loop systems. The paper synthesizes existing literature, case studies, and technological advancements to explore strategies for integrating CE principles into MSW management. Key areas of focus include the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics;advancements in waste-to-resource technologies;the development of scalable and adaptable CE models tailored to diverse urban contexts;and fostering collaboration among governments, private sectors, and communities. Findings highlight the potential of CE frameworks to minimize waste generation, enhance resource efficiency, and create resilient urban systems. However, significant barriers remain, including technological, financial, and policy challenges. The review concludes by identifying future research directions and actionable recommendations for stakeholders, aiming to advance the global transition toward sustainable urban waste management.展开更多
Reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to address climate change is a global consensus,and municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWWTPs)should lead the way in low-carbon sustainable development.However,achieving efflue...Reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to address climate change is a global consensus,and municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWWTPs)should lead the way in low-carbon sustainable development.However,achieving effluent discharge standards often requires considerable energy and chemical consumption during operation,resulting in significant carbon footprints.In this study,GHG emissions are systematically accounted for,and the driving factors of carbon footprint growth in China’s MWWTPs are explored.In 2020,a total of 41.9 million tonnes(Mt)of carbon dioxide equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)were released by the sector,with nearly two-thirds being indirect emissions resulting from energy and material usage.The intensity of electricity,carbon source,and phosphorus removing agent consumption increasingly influence carbon footprint growth over time.Through statistical inference,benchmarks for electricity and chemical consumption intensity are established across all MWWTPs under various operational conditions,and the potential for mitigation through more efficient energy and material utilization is calculated.The results suggest that many MWWTPs offer significant opportunities for emission reduction.Consequently,empirical decarbonization measures,including intelligent device control,optimization of aeration equipment,energy recovery initiatives,and other enhancements to improve operational and carbon efficiency,are recommended.展开更多
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA...Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA)bricks,MSWI and FA were utilized to prepare autoclaved MSWI-FA block samples.Ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis technology was used for production to explore the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment.Compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal ultrasonic parameters.Ultrasonic pre-treating mechanisms were investigated by SEM,FT-IR,particle size analysis,and BET.Furthermore,the micro-analyses of block samples were conducted.The heavy metal leaching concentration was studied to assess the environmental safety.The experimental results show that the ultrasonic pre-treating time,water bath temperature,and ultrasonic power of 3 h,30℃,and 840 W are the optimal,under which the compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption were 8.14 MPa,1417.48 kg/m^(3),and 0.38,respectively.It is shown that ultrasound destroys the surface structure of raw materials and smaller FA particles embed into MSWI.The particle size distribution of pre-treated raw materials mixture is wider and total pore volume is decreased by 6.3%.During hydrothermal processing,more Al-substituted tobermorite crystals are generated,which is the main source of higher strength and smaller pore volume of prepared block samples.The solidification/stabilization rates of Cu,Pb,and Zn increased by 30.77%,4.76%,and 35.29%,respectively.This study shows a feasible way to utilize MSWI as raw material for construction.展开更多
The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed mate...The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed materials emerges as a crucial pathway for resource utilization.However,the engineering performance and durability of roadbed materials prepared from WMC have always been a concern for scholars and engineers.This study employs alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS)and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWIBA)to solidify WMC for preparation of the roadbed materials.The results showed that the combined utilization of alkali-activated GGBFS and MSWIBA to improve WMC can meet the environmental and mechanical requirements of roadbed materials.The incorporation of 5e20%MSWIBA could improve the water stability coefficient and California bearing ratio to more than 85%and 80%,respectively.The durability of roadbed material was significantly improved by addition of MSWIBA.After 12 dryewet cycles,the strength of the material without MSWIBA and with 5%MSWIBA was 0 and 2.87 MPa,respectively.Following analysis of engineering properties and durability,the optimal dosage of MSWIBA was determined to be 5%.The enhanced durability can be attributed to the optimization of material gradation and pore structure achieved through the incorporation of a small quantity of MSWIBA.The carbon emission and normalized global warming potentials of roadbed material treated by MSWIBA and GGBFS were much lower than that of cementitious binders such as ordinary Portland cement.These findings indicate that MSWIBA has the potential to substitute natural aggregates like sand and gravel,effectively improving the durability of roadbed materials and promoting the safe and efficient recycling of solid waste resources.展开更多
This article focuses on the municipal prefabricated bathroom station.It elaborates on its modular design concept,including key design points such as spatial layout,functional modules,and determination of key parameter...This article focuses on the municipal prefabricated bathroom station.It elaborates on its modular design concept,including key design points such as spatial layout,functional modules,and determination of key parameters;introduces the optimization of intelligent production processes,precision control,and integration of construction technology,and also mentions the verification of full lifecycle applications and quality control;as well as emphasizes the importance of BIM+IoT platform and looks forward to the future.展开更多
Small municipal projects,constrained by resources and extensive management models,commonly face issues of delayed progress and cost overruns.This study uses a road renovation project in a city as an empirical case.By ...Small municipal projects,constrained by resources and extensive management models,commonly face issues of delayed progress and cost overruns.This study uses a road renovation project in a city as an empirical case.By integrating BIM collaborative platforms with real-time IoT monitoring systems,it achieves construction conflict prediction and dynamic resource allocation.Combining rolling planning methods and risk probability models,a“forecast-adaptation”dual-mode management framework is formed.After implementation,the total duration was shortened by 15%,the rework rate decreased by 20%,and inter-departmental communication efficiency improved by 30%.The case validates the effectiveness of digital tools and dynamic mechanisms working together to optimize,aligning with the requirements for refined control outlined in the“Construction Engineering Quantity List Pricing Standard”(GB/T50500-2024).It provides a replicable progress management paradigm for similar projects.展开更多
Climate change and population growth have led to the increase and/or intensification of flooding becoming a major issue. The objective of this study is to visualize flooding risk of municipalities at the intersection ...Climate change and population growth have led to the increase and/or intensification of flooding becoming a major issue. The objective of this study is to visualize flooding risk of municipalities at the intersection of the coastal sedimentary zone and the crystalline surface. The methodology adopted is based on geomatic approach, which involves documentary research, processing and assisted classification using remote sensing images and multi-criteria analysis of the Geographic Information System (GIS). Flooding risk is very high at 8.85% in Djidja, Toffo, Zè and Bonou municipalities. In other municipalities such as Agbangnizoun, Abomey, Bohicon, Za-Kpota and Cove, it is high of 46.85%. To the Southeast of the study area, it is located on the eastern and western banks of Oueme Valley. The medium risk represents 26.35% and is located in the municipalities of Ouinhi and Adjohoun. The other municipalities have a low rate of 17.95%. Risk modeling has made it possible to access the various levels of rising water that can cause flooding. Land-use planning decisions can be influenced by the results of this study.展开更多
The quality and safety of residents’water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes.Therefore,this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe desi...The quality and safety of residents’water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes.Therefore,this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design by focusing on design requirements,principles,and key elements.Drawing from relevant design optimization experiences,technology advancements,and optimization measures,the research will analyze and consolidate the essential aspects of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design.The goal is to fundamentally elevate the quality standards of these designs,ensuring they meet the criteria for engineering project excellence.Through this comprehensive approach,we aim to contribute to the improvement and sustainability of water supply and drainage systems,safeguarding the well-being of residents.展开更多
As global municipal solid waste(MSW)quantities continue to escalate,serious socio-environmental challenges arise,necessitating innovative solutions.Waste-to-hydrogen(WTH)via two-stage gasification-reforming(TSGR)prese...As global municipal solid waste(MSW)quantities continue to escalate,serious socio-environmental challenges arise,necessitating innovative solutions.Waste-to-hydrogen(WTH)via two-stage gasification-reforming(TSGR)presents an emergent technology for MSW upcycling,offering to ease waste management burdens and bolster the burgeoning hydrogen economy.Despite early initiatives to advance TSGR technology,a cohesive and critical analysis of cutting-edge knowledge and strategies to enhance hydrogen production remains lacking.This review aggregates literature on MSW upcycling to hydrogen via TSGR,with a focus on optimizing process control and catalytic efficiency.It underscores technological avenues to augment hydrogen output,curtail catalyst costs,and refine system performance.Particularly,the review illuminates the potential for integrating chemical and calcium looping into TSGR processes,identifying opportunities,and pinpointing challenges.The review concludes with a summary of the current state of techno-economic analysis for this technology,presenting outstanding challenges and future research directions,with the ultimate goal of transitioning WTH from theoretical to practical application.展开更多
Municipal solid waste(MSW)is accumulating over elapsed time across the world,and it is observed in many projects associated with weak soils,such as marl.Therefore,effective solutions to the environmental problem are e...Municipal solid waste(MSW)is accumulating over elapsed time across the world,and it is observed in many projects associated with weak soils,such as marl.Therefore,effective solutions to the environmental problem are essential.Conventional techniques for stabilizing marl generally use substances such as lime and cement,which could exacerbate pollution.For this,some new stabilizers,e.g.nano-MgO,are used.There are large quantities of marls and MSW in Shiraz City,Iran.The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using nano-MgO as a green low-carbon binder to remove MSW from the environment and make construction projects more cost-effective.Consolidated drained shear tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of the nano-MgO treated marl specimens at high normal stresses.The marl specimens containing MSW percentages of 15%,25%,35%,and 45%and nano-MgO percentages of 0.25%,0.5%,0.75%,and 1%,were used.It is found that the marl containing 15%and 25%MSW and 0.5%nano-MgO at 28-d curing can perform cation exchange and form new cementitious products.The soils with merely MSW show good performance due to the removal of the kaolinite and the formation of brucite.However,the soil with 25%MSW and 0.5%nano-MgO shows the same strength enhancement as the specimen with the optimal nano-MgO(0.75%)through the formation of dolomite,with a 20.59%increase in strain energy(SE).展开更多
Due to the acceleration of urbanization,the municipal waste(MW)problem has transformed into a global challenge for urb-an sustainability.To elucidate historical trends,current focal points,and future directions in MW ...Due to the acceleration of urbanization,the municipal waste(MW)problem has transformed into a global challenge for urb-an sustainability.To elucidate historical trends,current focal points,and future directions in MW research,we conducted a bibliometric analysis and employed knowledge graph visualization to scrutinize a total of 34212 articles,which were published between 1991 and 2021 in the Web of Science(WoS)core database.The results indicated that current major research themes encompass waste classifica-tion and recycling,waste management and public behavior,waste disposal methods and technologies,as well as environmental impact and evaluation.There has been a shift in the research focus from the environmental impacts of waste incineration to sustainable manage-ment related issues.A comparison of research from six typical countries revealed the differences in research priorities and techniques advantages.Scholars from the USA and Britain initiated MW research earlier than other countries and investigated management issues in depth,such as public behavior and willingness to pay.Meanwhile,Japanese,German,and Swedish scholars conducted extensive studies on advanced waste treatment technologies,such as disposal and recycling,risk assessment,and waste-to-energy techniques.Chinese scholars placed particular emphasis on end-of-pipe treatments and their associated environmental impacts.Hotspots and poten-tial future frontiers were identified by burst detection analysis.Keywords with high value of burst index(BI)worldwide are food waste and circular economy.Chinese scholars have put great efforts on waste environmental impact and its recycling technologies,while we’re expecting to further investigating vulnerable population.Furthermore,this study contributes to bridging the regional gap of scientific research among different countries and fostering international collaboration.展开更多
Municipal solid waste incineration tailings were used as lightweight aggregate(MSWIT-LA)in the preparation of specified density concrete to study the effects on compressive strength,axial compressive strength,flexural...Municipal solid waste incineration tailings were used as lightweight aggregate(MSWIT-LA)in the preparation of specified density concrete to study the effects on compressive strength,axial compressive strength,flexural strength,microhardness,total number of pores,pore area,and pore spacing.The results showed that the internal curing and morphological effects induced by an appropriate quantity of MSWIT-LA improved the compressive response of specified density concrete specimens,whereas an excessive quantity of MSWIT-LA significantly reduced their mechanical properties.An analysis of pore structure indicated that the addition of MSWIT-LA increased the total quantity of pores and promoted cement hydration,resulting in a denser microstructure than that of ordinary concrete.The results of a principal component analysis showed that the mechanical response of specified density concrete prepared with 25%MSWIT-LA was superior to that of an equivalent ordinary concrete.It was therefore concluded that MSWIT-LA can be feasibly applied to achieve excellent specified density concrete properties while utilising municipal solid waste incineration tailings to protect the environment and alleviate shortages of sand and gravel resources.展开更多
Chromium released during municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)is toxic and carcinogenic.The removal of chromium from simulated MSWI flue gas by four sorbents(CaO,bamboo charcoal(BC),powdered activated carbon(PAC),a...Chromium released during municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)is toxic and carcinogenic.The removal of chromium from simulated MSWI flue gas by four sorbents(CaO,bamboo charcoal(BC),powdered activated carbon(PAC),and Al_(2)O_(3))and the effects of four oxides(SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(3),and CaO)on chromium speciation transformationwere investigated.The results showed that the removal rates of total Cr by the four sorbents were Al_(2)O_(3)<CaO<PAC<BC,while the removal rates of Cr(Ⅵ)by the four sorbents were Al_(2)O_(3)<PAC<BC<CaO.CaO had a strong oxidizing effect on Cr(Ⅲ),while BC and PAC had a better-reducing effect on Cr(Ⅵ).SiO_(2)was better for the reduction of Na_(2)CrO_(4)and K_(2)CrO_(4)above 1000℃due to its strong acidity,and the addition of CaO significantly inhibited the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ).MgCrO_(4)decomposed above 700℃to form MgCr_(2)O_(4),and the reaction between MgCrO_(4)and oxides also existed in the form of a more stable trivalent spinel.Furthermore,when investigating the effect of oxides on the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ)in CrC_(l3),it was discovered that CaO promoted the conversion of Cr(Ⅲ)to Cr(Ⅵ),while the presence of chlorine caused chromium to exist in the form of Cr(V),and increasing the content of CaO and extending the heating time facilitated the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ).In addition,silicate,aluminate,and ferrite were generated after the addition of SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),which reduced the alkalinity of CaO and had an important role in inhibiting the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ).The acidic oxides can not only promote the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)but also have an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ)ascribed to alkali metals/alkaline earth metals,and the proportion of acidic oxides can be increased moderately to reduce the generation of harmful substances in the hazardous solid waste heat treatment.展开更多
基金funding received from UNESCO-SIDA Project as well as Professor Martine Leermakers and Professor Willy Baeyens for their financial help to analyze the water samples in their laboratory at VUB.Acknowledgements
文摘Groundwater and surface water contamination by PTE(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Ruashi and Annexe municipalities of Lubumbashi city.Analyses of seventy water samples collected from six drilled wells,eight spade-sunk wells,one river and one spring in both municipalities in 2017 and 2018 were carried out by ICP-SF-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry).Twenty PTEs including aluminum,arsenic,barium,bismuth,cadmium,cesium,chromium,cobalt,copper,iron,lead,manganese,molybdenum,nickel,strontium,thallium,tungsten,uranium,vanadium and zinc were detected at various concentrations in each one of the samples.Many samples had concentrations and mean concentrations of PTEs,such as aluminum,cadmium,copper,iron,lead,manganese,nickel and zinc,higher than the respective acceptable limits set for drinking water by the EU(European Union),the USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency),and the WHO(World Health Organization)standards.Most PTEs being deleterious to human health even at very low concentrations,people who use the groundwater and surface water to meet their water needs in both Ruashi and Annexe municipalities are at risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100093,52270128,and 52261135627)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011734 and 2021B1515120068)+2 种基金the Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council of the Shen-zhen Government(KCXFZ20211020163556020 and SGDX20230116092359002)the Research Grants Council(17210219)the Innovation and Technology Fund(ITS/242/20FP)of the Hong Kong SAR Government。
文摘The rapidly growing demand for lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4))as the cathode material of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has aggravated the scarcity of phosphorus(P)reserves on Earth.This study introduces an environmentally friendly and economical method of P recovery from municipal wastewater,providing the P source for LiFePO_(4) cathodes.The novel approach utilizes the sludge of Fe-coagulant-based chemical P removal(CPR)in wastewater treatment.After a sintering treatment with acid washing,the CPR sludge,enriched with P and Fe,transforms into purified P-Fe oxides(Fe2.1P1.0O5.6).These oxides can substitute up to 35%of the FePO_(4) reagent as precursor,producing a carbon-coated LiFePO_(4)(LiFePO_(4)/C)cathode with a specific discharge capacity of 114.9 mA·h·g^(-1)at current density of 17 mA·g^(-1)),and cycle stability of 99.2%after 100 cycles.The enhanced cycle performance of the as-prepared LiFePO_(4)/C cathode may be attributed to the incorporations of impurities(such as Ca^(2+)and Na^(+))from sludge,with improved stability of crystal structure.Unlike conventional P-fertilizers,this P recovery technology converts 100%of P in CPR sludge into the production of value-added LiFePO_(4)/C cathodes.The recovered P from municipal wastewater can meet up to 35%of the P demand in the Chinese LIBs industry,offering a cost-effective solution for addressing the pressing challenges of P scarcity.
基金the Hubei Provincial Key Scientific Research Project on Water Resources“Study on the Distribution and Characteristics of Sediment Siltation in the Key Waters of Zhanghe Reservoir(HBSLKY202302)”Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology 2023 Knowledge and Innovation Special Project,“Research on key technology for fine traceability of total phosphorus in urban lakes in Wuhan”(No.2023020201010119)+1 种基金the National Visiting Scholar Program for Key Young Teachers of Central and Western Universities,and the Ministry of Education(19042)Science and Technology Tackling Projects in Henan Province in 2025(Research on key technology for removing microdust from the surface of photovoltaic power generation panels by spray coating with high-efficiency hydrogel coatings prepared from multi-source solid wastes).
文摘The rapid urbanization underscores the urgency of efficient treatment and resource utilization of municipal sludge for environmental conservation.To address this,a novel pH-responsive dual network polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate sludge hydrogel was devised by integrating municipal sludge with acrylic acid monomers,ammonium persulphate initiator,N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide crosslinking agent,reinforced by polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate through free radical cross-linking polymerization.The hydrogel’s optimal formulation was identified by adjusting the monomer,crosslinking agent,and initiator dosage while assessing its swelling behavior across various pH environments.Results revealed excellent swelling capacity,notably exhibiting a remarkable swelling capacity of up to 7265.64% at pH 11.0,suggesting the hydrogel’s potential in environmental remediation and innovative material design.This research presents a pioneering approach to harnessing municipal sludge and developing intelligent hydrogels,fostering sustainable resource management.
文摘With the continuous advancement of the country’s urbanization process,many cities are simultaneously carrying out the renovation of old urban areas while building new urban areas,which involves the demolition of many buildings and municipal infrastructures.To ensure the smooth progress of demolition projects,related safety management work is crucial.This article will discuss the safety management measures for demolition projects based on the basic principles of safety management for municipal infrastructure demolition projects,taking the demolition of gas storage tanks as an example.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51804024 and 52474342)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IC-20-09)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy of University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.41621002).
文摘To study the combustion behavior of municipal solid waste(MSW)in blast furnace,the combustion process within the raceway was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.Based on the parameters of an actual blast furnace,a three-dimensional model including coal lance,blowpipe,tuyere,and raceway was established.The model was then used to compare the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal and MSW in the raceway and to investigate the effects of blast temperature and particle size on the combustion characteristics of MSW in the raceway.The results showed that MSW combusted more rapidly,achieving a maximum temperature of 3839 K in the raceway,comparing to 2974 K during pulverized coal injection.However,the average temperature during MSW injection was 1790 K,which was 73 K lower than that of pulverized coal injection.The maximum velocity during MSW injection was 120 m/s,lower than 188 m/s obtained during pulverized coal injection.MSW could be completely burned out in the middle of the raceway,while the burnout of pulverized coal at this position was only 50%.The combustion effect of MSW makes no difference when the blast temperature increased from 1273 to 1673 K,due to its excellent combustion characteristic.When the MSW particle size was increased from 0.074 to 2 mm,the burnout was 75%,which was still higher than that of pulverized coal injection with a particle size of 0.074 mm.However,injecting larger-sized fuel might increase the risk of tuyere wear.To ensure stable furnace conditions and great combustion,a blast temperature of 1473 K and a MSW particle size of about 1 mm will be better.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52200051)Harbin Institute of Technology(No.HC202236)Outstanding Youth Fund of Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation(No.YQ2023E021)。
文摘With the global advancement of the circular economy,integrating reverse osmosis(RO)or forward osmosis(FO)with anaerobic membrane bioreactor(AnMBR)offers a promising approach to simultaneously generate high-grade reclaimed water,produce energy,and preserve valuable nutrients from municipal wastewater.However,the selectivity of these osmotic membranes towards ammonia nitrogen,a major component in municipal wastewater and anaerobic effluent,remains unsatisfactory due to its similar polarity and hydraulic radius to water molecules.Therefore,enhancing the ammonia nitrogen rejection of osmotic membranes is imperative to maximize the quality of reclaimed water and minimize the loss of ammonia nitrogen resources.Unfortunately,the current understanding of the mapping relationship between ammonia nitrogen transmembrane diffusion and the micro/nano-structure of osmotic membranes is not systematic,making precise optimization of the membranes challenging.Hence,this review comprehensively analyzed the diffusion behavior of ammonia nitrogen through osmotic membranes to lay the foundation for targeted regulation of membrane fine structure.Initially,the desire for ammonia/ammonium-rejecting membranes was highlighted by introducing current and promising osmotic membrane-based applications in municipal wastewater reclamation processes.Subsequently,the connection between the micro/nano-structure of osmotic membranes and the transmembrane diffusion behavior of ammonia nitrogen was explored by analyzing the effects of membrane characteristics on ammonia nitrogen transport using the DSPM-DE model.Finally,precise methods for modifying membranes to enhance ammonia nitrogen rejection were proposed.This review aims to offer theoretical insights guiding the development of RO and FO membranes with superior ammonia nitrogen rejection for efficient reclamation of municipal wastewater.
文摘Housing construction and municipal engineering have full lifecycle characteristics,involving multiple stages.Emphasizing the coherence and systematicity of each stage,the supervisor should establish a three-dimensional management system.Establishing quantitative evaluation models and visual monitoring schemes to ensure quality and safety,as well as introducing cost control methods and innovative collaborative management mechanisms,ultimately forming a supervision-led paradigm and proposing directions for the application of digital twin technology.
文摘Urban areas worldwide face escalating challenges in managing municipal solid waste (MSW) due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns. Inefficient waste management systems contribute to environmental degradation, public health risks, and resource depletion, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This review employing AI-driven sorting technologies in urban waste management as a transformative framework for sustainable MSW management, emphasizing waste reduction, resource recovery, and closed-loop systems. The paper synthesizes existing literature, case studies, and technological advancements to explore strategies for integrating CE principles into MSW management. Key areas of focus include the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics;advancements in waste-to-resource technologies;the development of scalable and adaptable CE models tailored to diverse urban contexts;and fostering collaboration among governments, private sectors, and communities. Findings highlight the potential of CE frameworks to minimize waste generation, enhance resource efficiency, and create resilient urban systems. However, significant barriers remain, including technological, financial, and policy challenges. The review concludes by identifying future research directions and actionable recommendations for stakeholders, aiming to advance the global transition toward sustainable urban waste management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52200228 and 72022004)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3200205 and 2022YFC3203704).
文摘Reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to address climate change is a global consensus,and municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWWTPs)should lead the way in low-carbon sustainable development.However,achieving effluent discharge standards often requires considerable energy and chemical consumption during operation,resulting in significant carbon footprints.In this study,GHG emissions are systematically accounted for,and the driving factors of carbon footprint growth in China’s MWWTPs are explored.In 2020,a total of 41.9 million tonnes(Mt)of carbon dioxide equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)were released by the sector,with nearly two-thirds being indirect emissions resulting from energy and material usage.The intensity of electricity,carbon source,and phosphorus removing agent consumption increasingly influence carbon footprint growth over time.Through statistical inference,benchmarks for electricity and chemical consumption intensity are established across all MWWTPs under various operational conditions,and the potential for mitigation through more efficient energy and material utilization is calculated.The results suggest that many MWWTPs offer significant opportunities for emission reduction.Consequently,empirical decarbonization measures,including intelligent device control,optimization of aeration equipment,energy recovery initiatives,and other enhancements to improve operational and carbon efficiency,are recommended.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178241)the National Key Research and Development Program of China during the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan Period(No.2021YFB3802001)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(No.23D21201401)the Key Research and Development of the Shaanxi Province of China(No.2022GY-163)。
文摘Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI)is considered as one of the hazardous wastes and requires to be well disposed to reduce the contaminant to the environment.Reference to the production of coal fly ash(FA)bricks,MSWI and FA were utilized to prepare autoclaved MSWI-FA block samples.Ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis technology was used for production to explore the effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment.Compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption tests were conducted to determine the optimal ultrasonic parameters.Ultrasonic pre-treating mechanisms were investigated by SEM,FT-IR,particle size analysis,and BET.Furthermore,the micro-analyses of block samples were conducted.The heavy metal leaching concentration was studied to assess the environmental safety.The experimental results show that the ultrasonic pre-treating time,water bath temperature,and ultrasonic power of 3 h,30℃,and 840 W are the optimal,under which the compressive strength,dry density,and water absorption were 8.14 MPa,1417.48 kg/m^(3),and 0.38,respectively.It is shown that ultrasound destroys the surface structure of raw materials and smaller FA particles embed into MSWI.The particle size distribution of pre-treated raw materials mixture is wider and total pore volume is decreased by 6.3%.During hydrothermal processing,more Al-substituted tobermorite crystals are generated,which is the main source of higher strength and smaller pore volume of prepared block samples.The solidification/stabilization rates of Cu,Pb,and Zn increased by 30.77%,4.76%,and 35.29%,respectively.This study shows a feasible way to utilize MSWI as raw material for construction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023YFC3707802)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42107185)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.115242KYSB20200002).
文摘The construction of coastal areas generates a substantial volume of waste marine clay(WMC),which poses environmental and safety challenges during the stockpiling process.The improved preparation of WMC as roadbed materials emerges as a crucial pathway for resource utilization.However,the engineering performance and durability of roadbed materials prepared from WMC have always been a concern for scholars and engineers.This study employs alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBFS)and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWIBA)to solidify WMC for preparation of the roadbed materials.The results showed that the combined utilization of alkali-activated GGBFS and MSWIBA to improve WMC can meet the environmental and mechanical requirements of roadbed materials.The incorporation of 5e20%MSWIBA could improve the water stability coefficient and California bearing ratio to more than 85%and 80%,respectively.The durability of roadbed material was significantly improved by addition of MSWIBA.After 12 dryewet cycles,the strength of the material without MSWIBA and with 5%MSWIBA was 0 and 2.87 MPa,respectively.Following analysis of engineering properties and durability,the optimal dosage of MSWIBA was determined to be 5%.The enhanced durability can be attributed to the optimization of material gradation and pore structure achieved through the incorporation of a small quantity of MSWIBA.The carbon emission and normalized global warming potentials of roadbed material treated by MSWIBA and GGBFS were much lower than that of cementitious binders such as ordinary Portland cement.These findings indicate that MSWIBA has the potential to substitute natural aggregates like sand and gravel,effectively improving the durability of roadbed materials and promoting the safe and efficient recycling of solid waste resources.
文摘This article focuses on the municipal prefabricated bathroom station.It elaborates on its modular design concept,including key design points such as spatial layout,functional modules,and determination of key parameters;introduces the optimization of intelligent production processes,precision control,and integration of construction technology,and also mentions the verification of full lifecycle applications and quality control;as well as emphasizes the importance of BIM+IoT platform and looks forward to the future.
文摘Small municipal projects,constrained by resources and extensive management models,commonly face issues of delayed progress and cost overruns.This study uses a road renovation project in a city as an empirical case.By integrating BIM collaborative platforms with real-time IoT monitoring systems,it achieves construction conflict prediction and dynamic resource allocation.Combining rolling planning methods and risk probability models,a“forecast-adaptation”dual-mode management framework is formed.After implementation,the total duration was shortened by 15%,the rework rate decreased by 20%,and inter-departmental communication efficiency improved by 30%.The case validates the effectiveness of digital tools and dynamic mechanisms working together to optimize,aligning with the requirements for refined control outlined in the“Construction Engineering Quantity List Pricing Standard”(GB/T50500-2024).It provides a replicable progress management paradigm for similar projects.
文摘Climate change and population growth have led to the increase and/or intensification of flooding becoming a major issue. The objective of this study is to visualize flooding risk of municipalities at the intersection of the coastal sedimentary zone and the crystalline surface. The methodology adopted is based on geomatic approach, which involves documentary research, processing and assisted classification using remote sensing images and multi-criteria analysis of the Geographic Information System (GIS). Flooding risk is very high at 8.85% in Djidja, Toffo, Zè and Bonou municipalities. In other municipalities such as Agbangnizoun, Abomey, Bohicon, Za-Kpota and Cove, it is high of 46.85%. To the Southeast of the study area, it is located on the eastern and western banks of Oueme Valley. The medium risk represents 26.35% and is located in the municipalities of Ouinhi and Adjohoun. The other municipalities have a low rate of 17.95%. Risk modeling has made it possible to access the various levels of rising water that can cause flooding. Land-use planning decisions can be influenced by the results of this study.
文摘The quality and safety of residents’water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes.Therefore,this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design by focusing on design requirements,principles,and key elements.Drawing from relevant design optimization experiences,technology advancements,and optimization measures,the research will analyze and consolidate the essential aspects of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design.The goal is to fundamentally elevate the quality standards of these designs,ensuring they meet the criteria for engineering project excellence.Through this comprehensive approach,we aim to contribute to the improvement and sustainability of water supply and drainage systems,safeguarding the well-being of residents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276202)the Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund.
文摘As global municipal solid waste(MSW)quantities continue to escalate,serious socio-environmental challenges arise,necessitating innovative solutions.Waste-to-hydrogen(WTH)via two-stage gasification-reforming(TSGR)presents an emergent technology for MSW upcycling,offering to ease waste management burdens and bolster the burgeoning hydrogen economy.Despite early initiatives to advance TSGR technology,a cohesive and critical analysis of cutting-edge knowledge and strategies to enhance hydrogen production remains lacking.This review aggregates literature on MSW upcycling to hydrogen via TSGR,with a focus on optimizing process control and catalytic efficiency.It underscores technological avenues to augment hydrogen output,curtail catalyst costs,and refine system performance.Particularly,the review illuminates the potential for integrating chemical and calcium looping into TSGR processes,identifying opportunities,and pinpointing challenges.The review concludes with a summary of the current state of techno-economic analysis for this technology,presenting outstanding challenges and future research directions,with the ultimate goal of transitioning WTH from theoretical to practical application.
文摘Municipal solid waste(MSW)is accumulating over elapsed time across the world,and it is observed in many projects associated with weak soils,such as marl.Therefore,effective solutions to the environmental problem are essential.Conventional techniques for stabilizing marl generally use substances such as lime and cement,which could exacerbate pollution.For this,some new stabilizers,e.g.nano-MgO,are used.There are large quantities of marls and MSW in Shiraz City,Iran.The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using nano-MgO as a green low-carbon binder to remove MSW from the environment and make construction projects more cost-effective.Consolidated drained shear tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of the nano-MgO treated marl specimens at high normal stresses.The marl specimens containing MSW percentages of 15%,25%,35%,and 45%and nano-MgO percentages of 0.25%,0.5%,0.75%,and 1%,were used.It is found that the marl containing 15%and 25%MSW and 0.5%nano-MgO at 28-d curing can perform cation exchange and form new cementitious products.The soils with merely MSW show good performance due to the removal of the kaolinite and the formation of brucite.However,the soil with 25%MSW and 0.5%nano-MgO shows the same strength enhancement as the specimen with the optimal nano-MgO(0.75%)through the formation of dolomite,with a 20.59%increase in strain energy(SE).
基金Under the auspices of the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271112)General Research Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education Science(No.KM202011417008)。
文摘Due to the acceleration of urbanization,the municipal waste(MW)problem has transformed into a global challenge for urb-an sustainability.To elucidate historical trends,current focal points,and future directions in MW research,we conducted a bibliometric analysis and employed knowledge graph visualization to scrutinize a total of 34212 articles,which were published between 1991 and 2021 in the Web of Science(WoS)core database.The results indicated that current major research themes encompass waste classifica-tion and recycling,waste management and public behavior,waste disposal methods and technologies,as well as environmental impact and evaluation.There has been a shift in the research focus from the environmental impacts of waste incineration to sustainable manage-ment related issues.A comparison of research from six typical countries revealed the differences in research priorities and techniques advantages.Scholars from the USA and Britain initiated MW research earlier than other countries and investigated management issues in depth,such as public behavior and willingness to pay.Meanwhile,Japanese,German,and Swedish scholars conducted extensive studies on advanced waste treatment technologies,such as disposal and recycling,risk assessment,and waste-to-energy techniques.Chinese scholars placed particular emphasis on end-of-pipe treatments and their associated environmental impacts.Hotspots and poten-tial future frontiers were identified by burst detection analysis.Keywords with high value of burst index(BI)worldwide are food waste and circular economy.Chinese scholars have put great efforts on waste environmental impact and its recycling technologies,while we’re expecting to further investigating vulnerable population.Furthermore,this study contributes to bridging the regional gap of scientific research among different countries and fostering international collaboration.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20150,52208249,51878153,52108219,52008196,52178216)Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies of Green and Smart Highways in Gansu Province(No.21ZD3GA002)+1 种基金Gansu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.23JRRA799)Key Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(No.2021jscx-jbgs0029)。
文摘Municipal solid waste incineration tailings were used as lightweight aggregate(MSWIT-LA)in the preparation of specified density concrete to study the effects on compressive strength,axial compressive strength,flexural strength,microhardness,total number of pores,pore area,and pore spacing.The results showed that the internal curing and morphological effects induced by an appropriate quantity of MSWIT-LA improved the compressive response of specified density concrete specimens,whereas an excessive quantity of MSWIT-LA significantly reduced their mechanical properties.An analysis of pore structure indicated that the addition of MSWIT-LA increased the total quantity of pores and promoted cement hydration,resulting in a denser microstructure than that of ordinary concrete.The results of a principal component analysis showed that the mechanical response of specified density concrete prepared with 25%MSWIT-LA was superior to that of an equivalent ordinary concrete.It was therefore concluded that MSWIT-LA can be feasibly applied to achieve excellent specified density concrete properties while utilising municipal solid waste incineration tailings to protect the environment and alleviate shortages of sand and gravel resources.
基金supported by the National R&D Program Project of China(No.2019YFC1907000)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2020BCA076)+1 种基金the Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.52176127)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2022CFB045)。
文摘Chromium released during municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)is toxic and carcinogenic.The removal of chromium from simulated MSWI flue gas by four sorbents(CaO,bamboo charcoal(BC),powdered activated carbon(PAC),and Al_(2)O_(3))and the effects of four oxides(SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),Fe_(2)O_(3),and CaO)on chromium speciation transformationwere investigated.The results showed that the removal rates of total Cr by the four sorbents were Al_(2)O_(3)<CaO<PAC<BC,while the removal rates of Cr(Ⅵ)by the four sorbents were Al_(2)O_(3)<PAC<BC<CaO.CaO had a strong oxidizing effect on Cr(Ⅲ),while BC and PAC had a better-reducing effect on Cr(Ⅵ).SiO_(2)was better for the reduction of Na_(2)CrO_(4)and K_(2)CrO_(4)above 1000℃due to its strong acidity,and the addition of CaO significantly inhibited the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ).MgCrO_(4)decomposed above 700℃to form MgCr_(2)O_(4),and the reaction between MgCrO_(4)and oxides also existed in the form of a more stable trivalent spinel.Furthermore,when investigating the effect of oxides on the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ)in CrC_(l3),it was discovered that CaO promoted the conversion of Cr(Ⅲ)to Cr(Ⅵ),while the presence of chlorine caused chromium to exist in the form of Cr(V),and increasing the content of CaO and extending the heating time facilitated the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ).In addition,silicate,aluminate,and ferrite were generated after the addition of SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),which reduced the alkalinity of CaO and had an important role in inhibiting the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ).The acidic oxides can not only promote the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)but also have an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of Cr(Ⅲ)ascribed to alkali metals/alkaline earth metals,and the proportion of acidic oxides can be increased moderately to reduce the generation of harmful substances in the hazardous solid waste heat treatment.
