Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions....Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions.While mucinous neoplasms are classified and staged using established guidelines,interobserver variability occurs when acellular mucin pools are encountered,leading to inconsistent interpretation and staging.In particular,acellular mucin found in regional lymph nodes of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients who have not received treatment presents a diagnostic challenge,as its prognostic implication is not clearly defined.Acellular mucin is also commonly seen in treated colorectal adenocarcinoma,post neoadjuvant therapy.Although acellular mucin is not counted toward T or N staging in this setting,variation in how pathologists report and stage these cases persists.Acellular mucin can also be seen in non-neoplastic specimens,such as those from interval appendectomies,appendiceal diverticula,colonic diverticulitis,volvulus,and Crohn’s disease where it may mimic a neoplastic lesion.Acellular mucin in this setting is often a byproduct of inflammation,increased luminal pressure,and mural defect.This review highlights the clinical relevance and diagnostic complexity of acellular mucin in pathologic conditions of the lower GI tract.Further studies are needed to clarify its prognostic value and develop standardized guidelines.展开更多
In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this ...In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this study investigated the function of the Mucin2-like gene(NlMuc2)in the embryogenesis of N.lugens.The results showed that NlMuc2 was highly expressed in female reproductive organs and in 1-day-old eggs.Knockdown of NlMuc2 via RNA interference(RNAi)in 3rd instar nymphs resulted in increased mortality.In 5th instar nymphs,NlMuc2 knockdown led to a dramatic reduction in egg hatchability from 86.0%to 24.0%,offspring numbers from 330.4 to 81.5,egg count from 382.4 to 217.0,and resulted in 86.0%of eggs exhibiting inverted embryos.In newly emerged females,NlMuc2 knockdown retarded ovarian development and decreased the number of mature eggs,with 51.0%of eggs containing inverted embryos.Transcriptome sequencing analysis of eggs revealed that numerous genes were downregulated after NlMuc2 knockdown,with 16 and 15 downregulated genes enriched in the Wnt and MAPK pathways,respectively.Temporal and spatial expression profiling of selected differentially expressed genes,including Axin,δ-Catenin,Glypican-4-like,and Ror-like in the Wnt pathway,and MKK4 in the MAPK pathway,showed expression patterns similar to NlMuc2.Knockdown of Ror-like,Glypican-4-like,or MKK4 reduced the total number of eggs.Knockdown of Axin or MKK4 reduced the egg hatchability.A similar phenotype of eggs with inverted embryos was also observed in eggs laid by dsMKK4-and dsAxin-treated females.Thus,NlMuc2 is involved in embryonic development mainly by regulating the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings may provide new targets for pesticide design and RNAi-based control of N.lugens,and will also provide new insights into insect embryonic development and the function of insect mucins.展开更多
BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to ...BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to relieve constipation.The pathophysiology of functional constipation(FC)is associated with a reduction in mucin-2(MUC2)secretion and microbial dysbiosis.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of RCNSP against FC through MUC2 and the gut mucosal microbiota.METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry characterized RCNSP composition to elucidate the material basis of action.FC model was induced via loperamide gavage(16 mg/kg)twice daily for 7 days.Applying defecation function and gastrointestinal motility to assess constipation severity.Hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff staining analyzed colonic mucosal morphology.Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of goblet cells(GCs).Immunofluorescence colocalization,quantitative PCR,and western blot assessed the impact of RCNSP on gene and protein expression within the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.16S rDNA was employed to sequence the gut mucosal microbiota.RESULTS RCNSP contained 12 components with potential laxative effects.It enhanced defecation function,accelerated gastrointestinal motility,and maintained colonic mucosal integrity.RCNSP treatment significantly increased GC abundance and MUC2 production while preserving GC ultrastructure.At the molecular level,RCNSP enhanced the colocalized expression of key regulatory proteins and modulated mRNA and protein expressions in the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.Through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis,RCNSP significantly altered the mucosal microbiota composition.Specifically,it increased beneficial bacterial strains while reducing harmful ones.Simultaneously,RCNSP reduced butyrate-producing bacteria like Proteobacteria,Enterobacteriaceae,Blautia,and Eubacterium and decreased hydrogen sulfide-producing species,such as Prevotellaceae.It also reduced bile acidinhibiting species,such as g_Eubacter_coprostanoligenes_group and Erysipelotrichaceae while increasing bile acidproducing species,such as Colidextribacter.CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that RCNSP ameliorated constipation through a dual mechanism:It stimulated colonic MUC2 secretion by activating NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy and modulated the composition of the mucosal microbiota.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occ...BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract.Primary mesenteric LPS is particularly uncommon,especially in the transverse colonic mesentery.CASE SUMMARY This report describes the case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal distension and was diagnosed with a giant mucinous LPS of the transverse colonic mesentery.Upon admission,the patient underwent a comprehensive evaluation.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)of the chest and abdomen revealed a large malignant tumor with aortic dissection,while colonoscopy identified rectal cancer.Given the patient's condition and surgical risk,an interventional procedure was first performed to manage the aortic coarctation,followed by tumor resection via laparotomy.Intraoperative and histopathological findings confirmed a giant mucinous LPS originating from the transverse colon mesentery.Postoperatively,the patient underwent chemotherapy and regular follow-up CT.Although the rectal tumor did not recur,the mesenteric tumor showed extensive recurrence,compressing the intestinal lumen and causing mechanical obstruction,which severely threatened the patient's life.A second operation temporarily relieved the obstructive symptoms;however,it had a limited effect on tumor progression.The patient died four months later due to disease progression.CONCLUSION While no standardized treatment exists for MLPS co-occurring with multiple diseases,operation remains the mainstay.However,recurrence,metastasis,and poor postoperative prognosis continue to pose serious threats to patient survival.展开更多
Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during a...Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during appendectomy.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mimicking acute appendicitis.Histologically,noninvasive AMNs are classified as low-grade AMNs(LAMNs)or high-grade AMNs(HAMNs),whereas invasive tumors are categorized as mucinous adenocarcinomas.Although LAMNs and HAMNs are generally nonmalignant,rupture can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP).Surgical resection is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic approach,with intraoperative assessment to prevent rupture.Treatment strategies vary based on findings and include appendectomy,right hemicolectomy,and cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.Histological diagnosis relies on mucin detection,and immunohistochemical markers such as cytokeratin 20(diffusely positive),cytokeratin 7(often negative),mucin 5AC,and special ATrich sequence-binding protein 2 assist in characterization.Molecular profiling frequently identifies KRAS,GNAS,and TP53 mutations.KRAS mutations are generally associated with a favorable prognosis,whereas GNAS and TP53 mutations correlate with poorer survival outcomes.These findings highlight the potential role of molecular profiling in guiding treatment strategies for AMN and PMP.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumul...BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumulation of external appen-diceal mucus.They may present as an extra-appendiceal mass-like bulge,mucus or polypoid tissue at the appendiceal orifice,or even with abdominal dissem-ination.The surgical approach is usually appendectomy,ileocecal resection or right hemicolectomy.It is essential to raise awareness of LAMNs and choose an appropriate treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man underwent a routine physical examination at our hospital on May 17,2022.The patient had no symptoms of abdominal pain,bloating,or weight loss,and his tumour marker levels were normal.The faecal occult blood test was negative,and no abnormalities were identified on physical examination.Colonoscopy revealed a submucosal protrusion at the appendiceal orifice.During endoscopic ultrasound,uneven echoes were observed in the appendix cavity.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a nodular thickening at the base of the appendix,with a diameter of approximately 1 cm.When all the examination results were considered,we suspected the lesion to be an appendiceal mucinous tumour.Laparoscopic surgery was performed using the double purse-string suture method.Postoperative pathology suggested a low-grade mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix with no involvement of the margins.A repeat colonoscopy 18 months after surgery revealed no significant abnormality at the appendiceal orifice.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen suggested only postoperative changes.CONCLUSION This study describes a case of LAMN that was treated by resecting the mass at the appendiceal orifice via the double purse-string suture technique and provides new insights on the diagnosis and treatment of LAMNs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct...BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct(IPMN-B)is a rare precancerous lesion in the bile duct system,with potential for malignancy.The combination of pNENs and IPMN-B is exceptionally rare and often leads to misdiagnosis.This study aims to report a rare case of pNENs combined with IPMN-B treated at Yanbian University Hospital to improve understanding and management of this unusual tumor combination.CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed a case from Yanbian University Hospital.We re-viewed clinical records,imaging findings,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography,surgical exploration,and histopathological examination.The pa-tient was diagnosed with pNENs and IPMN-B.Surgical treatment was performed,with follow-up showing effective management and no significant recurrence.CONCLUSION This case represents the first report of pNENs combined with IPMN-B.It high-lights the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to prevent misdiagnosis and improve treatment strategies.展开更多
Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses sign...Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other cystic lesions and their potential for malignant transformation.Early recognition and definitive surgical intervention are therefore critical to ensure optimal patient outcomes.A literature review was conducted to summarize epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnostic modalities,and management strategies for MCN-L.Additionally,from 2019 to 2025,9 patients with MCN-L were identified at our center.Clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.MCN-L predominantly affects middle-aged women and presents as large,multiloculated cystic lesions without biliary communication.The revised 2010 World Health Organization classification emphasizes the presence of ovarian-like stroma for definitive diagnosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are often suggestive but not pathognomonic,reinforcing the need for histopathological confirmation.MCN-L remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its resemblance to other cystic liver lesions.Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice to prevent recurrence and malignant transformation,reinforcing the importance of early intervention.Further research is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and refine management strategies.展开更多
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is...Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is exceptionally rare.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old Chinese man presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain.Imaging and laboratory tests revealed lesions consistent with IPNB and IPMN.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed IPNB with high-grade dysplasia and main-duct type IPMN with low-grade dysplasia.The patient underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection with Roux-en-Y choledochoenterostomy and distal pancreatectomy.He had an excellent prognosis with no tumor recurrence during the 30-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive preoperative assessment and individualized management for these complex tumors.Further research is needed to understand their pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.展开更多
Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are uncl...Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are unclear.Cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in mice was utilized to observe changes in colonic mucus,gut microbiota,and their interaction with glutamine intervention.Our findings indicated that glutamine mitigated sepsis-induced intestinal damage and restores colonic mucus barrier function by augmenting mucin synthesis.Further analysis revealed that goblet cells were under oxidative stress after sepsis,resulting in anterior gradient-2(AGR2),the key mucin-modifying enzyme,being dissynthesized,and inhibiting mucin 2(MUC2)maturation.Glutamine could ameliorates this situation by promoting the key enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)glycosylation in the pentose phosphate pathway,increasing the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)synthesis,reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress,and accelerating AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation.Additionally,glutamine aided in maintaining gut microbiota stability during sepsis,up-regulating mucin-associated bacteria such as Akkermansia and Alistipes.These bacteria,intimately linked to mucin synthesis and degradation,may impact intestinal mucus stability.In conclusion,glutamine can maintain goblet cell redox balance,promotes AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation,shields the mucus barrier,and potentially maintains gut microbiota stability by regulating the interaction between bacteria and mucus,thus alleviating sepsis-induced intestinal damage.展开更多
Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air duri...Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.展开更多
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilate...Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilated and filled with neoplastic papillae and mucus in variable intensity.IPMN lacks ovarian-type stroma,unlike mucinous cystic neoplasm,and is defined as a grossly visible entity(≥ 5 mm),unlike pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm.With the use of high-resolution imaging techniques,very small IPMNs are increasingly being identified.Most IPMNs are solitary and located in the pancreatic head,although 20%-40% are multifocal.Macroscopic classification in MD type,BD type and mixed or combined type reflects biological differences with important prognostic and preoperative clinical management implications.Based on cytoarchitectural atypia,IPMN is classified into low-grade,intermediategrade and high-grade dysplasia.Based on histological features and mucin(MUC) immunophenotype,IPMNs are classified into gastric,intestinal,pancreatobiliary and oncocytic types.These different phenotypes can be observed together,with the IPMN classified according to the predominant type.Two pathways have been suggested:gastric phenotype corresponds to less aggressive uncommitted cells(MUC1-,MUC2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC6 +) with the capacity to evolve to intestinal phenotype(intestinal pathway)(MUC1-,MUC2 +,MUC5 AC +,MUC6- or weak +) or pancreatobiliary /oncocytic phenotypes(pyloropancreatic pathway)(MUC1 +,MUC 2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC 6 +) becoming more aggressive.Prognosis of IPMN is excellent but critically worsens when invasive carcinoma arises(about 40% of IPMNs),except in some cases of minimal invasion.The clinical challenge is to establish which IPMNs should be removed because of their higher risk of developing invasive cancer.Once resected,they must be extensively sampled or,much better,submitted in its entirety for microscopic study to completely rule out associated invasive carcinoma.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a highly malignant cancer,characterized by frequent mucin overexpression.MUC1 has been identified as a critical oncogene in the progression of CCA.However,the comprehensive underst...BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a highly malignant cancer,characterized by frequent mucin overexpression.MUC1 has been identified as a critical oncogene in the progression of CCA.However,the comprehensive understanding of how the mucin family influences CCA progression and prognosis is still incomplete.AIM To investigate the functions of mucins on the progression of CCA and to establish a risk evaluation formula for stratifying CCA patients.METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing data from 14 CCA samples were employed for elucidating the roles of mucins,complemented by bioinformatic analyses.Subse-quent validations were conducted through spatial transcriptomics and immuno-histochemistry.The construction of a risk evaluation model utilized the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression algorithm,which was further confirmed by independent cohorts and diverse data types.RESULTS CCA tumor cells with elevated levels of MUC1 and MUC4 showed activated nucleotide metabolic pathways and increased invasiveness.MUC5AC-high cells were found to promote CCA progression through WNT signaling.MUC5B-high cells exhibited robust cellular oxidation activities,leading to resistance against antitumoral treatments.MUC13-high cells were observed to secret chemokines,recruiting and transforming macrophages into the M2-polarized state,thereby suppressing antitumor immunity.MUC16-high cells were found to promote tumor progression through interleukin-1/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling upon interaction with neutrophils.Utilizing the expression levels of these mucins,a risk factor evaluation formula for CCA was developed and validated across multiple cohorts.CCA samples with higher risk factors exhibited stronger metastatic potential,chemotherapy resistance,and poorer prognosis.CONCLUSION Our study elucidates the functional mechanisms through which mucins contribute to CCA development,and provides tools for risk stratification in CCA.展开更多
BACKGROUND Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs),although not classified as rare,are relatively uncommon tumors most often discovered incidentally during colorectal surgery.Accurate identification of AMNs is difficult ...BACKGROUND Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs),although not classified as rare,are relatively uncommon tumors most often discovered incidentally during colorectal surgery.Accurate identification of AMNs is difficult due to non-specific sym-ptoms,overlapping tumor markers with other conditions,and the potential for misdiagnosis.This underscores the urgent need for precision in diagnosis to pre-vent severe complications.CASE SUMMARY This case report describes the unexpected discovery and treatment of a low-grade AMN(LAMN)in a 74-year-old man undergoing laparoscopic hemicolectomy for transverse colon adenocarcinoma(AC).Preoperatively,non-specific gastroin-testinal symptoms and elevated tumor markers masked the presence of AMN.The tumor,presumed to be an AMN peritoneal cyst intraoperatively,was con-firmed as LAMN through histopathological examination.The neoplasm exhibited mucin accumulation and a distinct immunohistochemical profile:Positive for Ho-meobox protein CDX-2,Cytokeratin 20,special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2,and Mucin 2 but negative for cytokeratin 7 and Paired box gene 8.This profile aids in distinguishing appendiceal and ovarian mucinous tumors.Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated,and the patient initiated adjuvant chemotherapy for the colon AC.CONCLUSION This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of AMNs,emphasizing the need for vigilant identification to avert potential complications,such as pseudomyxoma peritonei.展开更多
Mucin family members play an indispensable role in immunity against pathogen invasion.Currently,there are very few studies on members of the mucin family in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.In this regard,we c...Mucin family members play an indispensable role in immunity against pathogen invasion.Currently,there are very few studies on members of the mucin family in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.In this regard,we characterized the mucin members in Japanese flounder as well as their involvement in response to pathogen infection.In our results,a total of 9 mucin genes were identified based on the whole genome database of flounder.Among them,MUC2-1,MUC2-2,MUC5AC-1,MUC5AC-2 and MUC5B are secreted mucins,while MUC3A,MUC3B,MUC13 and MUC15 are membrane binding mucins.The collinearity results showed that the adjacent MUC genes of flounder had collinearity relationship with many other teleosts.Phylogenetic tree results showed that the mucin gene of flounder was divided into several subfamilies.In addition,the expression patterns of flounder mucin family members were examined in 11 healthy tissues.The expression changes of mucin gene were also detected in six immune tissues(gill,intestine,skin,liver,kidney,spleen)after pathogen infection,revealing their role in disease resistance.Collinear analysis indicates the adjacent mucin genes.According to the protein interaction network(PPI)results,the mucin genes interact with the galnt genes.The results provide a solid foundation for further research on the function of mucins in mucosal immunity of flounder.展开更多
Background: Biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms(BMCNs) are rare hepatobiliary cystic tumors, which can be divided into noninvasive and invasive types. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and progno...Background: Biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms(BMCNs) are rare hepatobiliary cystic tumors, which can be divided into noninvasive and invasive types. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BMCNs in a large single center. Methods: We analyzed 49 patients with BMCNs confirmed by postoperative pathology at the First Afflliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2007 and December 2021. Results: Among the 49 patients, 37 were female(75.5%), and the average age was 57.04 years. Common symptoms included abdominal discomfort, jaundice and fever, while 22 patients(44.9%) had no symptoms. Serum carbohydrate antigen(CA) 19-9 and CA125 concentrations were elevated in 34.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. Forty-eight patients had tumors in the intrahepatic bile ducts and only one had a tumor in the extrahepatic bile duct. Forty-eight patients with noninvasive intrahepatic BMCNs were further analyzed in terms of pathological features: 34(70.8%) had low-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(LGINs), and 14(29.2%) had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(HGINs). The potential immunohistochemical markers of BMCNs were cytokeratin(CK) 19, CK7, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Follow-up data for 37 patients with intrahepatic BMCNs were obtained. The median overall survival(OS) of BMCNs was not reached. The longest survival time was 137 months.The 5-and 10-year OS rates were 100% and 85.4%, respectively. The 5-and 10-year recurrence-free survival(RFS) rates were 93.9% and 80.2%, respectively. Conclusions: BMCNs are rare cystic neoplasms that commonly occur in middle-aged females. BMCNs can only be diagnosed and classified by postoperative pathology, as there are no specific clinical presentations, serological indicators or imaging modalities for preoperative diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is necessary for BMCNs, and the postoperative prognosis is favorable.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal neoplasms(LAMN)are characterized by low incidence and atypical clinical presentations,often leading to misdiagnosis as acute or chronic appendicitis before surgery.The primary diagnost...BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal neoplasms(LAMN)are characterized by low incidence and atypical clinical presentations,often leading to misdiagnosis as acute or chronic appendicitis before surgery.The primary diagnostic tool for LAMN is abdominal computed tomography(CT)imaging.Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of LAMN management,necessitating en bloc tumor excision to minimize the risk of iatrogenic rupture.Laparoscopy,known for its minimal invasiveness,reduced postoperative discomfort,and expedited recovery,is a safe and reliable approach for LAMN treatment.Despite the possibility of pseudomyxoma peritonei development,appendectomy and partial appendectomy generally result in negative tumor margins and favorable outcomes,which can be attributed to the disease’s slow growth and lower malignancy.CASE SUMMARY A 71-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with a pelvic spaceoccupying lesion detected 1 mo prior.Physical examination showed a soft abdomen without tenderness or rebound and no palpable masses.No shifting dullness was noted,and digital rectal examination revealed no palpable mass.Enteroscopy revealed a raised,smooth-surfaced mass measuring 3.0 cm in the cecum.Abdominal contrast-enhanced CT showed a markedly thickened and dilated appendix with visible cystic shadows.Laparoscopic surgery was performed and revealed a significantly dilated appendix,leading to laparoscopic resection of the appendix and part of the cecum.Post-surgical pathologic analysis confirmed LAMN.The patient received symptomatic and supportive post-operative care and was discharged on postoperative day 4 without complications such as abdominal bleeding,intestinal obstruction,or incision infection.No tumor recurrence was observed during a 7-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSION LAMN is a rare disease that lacks specific clinical manifestations.Abdominal CT plays a crucial role in diagnosing LAMN,and laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approach.展开更多
BACKGROUND Rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma(MAC)is a rare pathological type of rectal can-cer with unique pathological features and a poor prognosis.It is difficult to diag-nose and treat early because of the lack of sp...BACKGROUND Rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma(MAC)is a rare pathological type of rectal can-cer with unique pathological features and a poor prognosis.It is difficult to diag-nose and treat early because of the lack of specific manifestations in some aspects of the disease.The common metastatic organs of rectal cancer are the liver and lung;however,rectal carcinoma with metastasis to subcutaneous soft tissue is a rare finding.CASE SUMMARY In this report,the clinical data,diagnosis and treatment process,and postope-rative pathological features of a patient with left waist subcutaneous soft tissue masses were retrospectively analyzed.The patient underwent surgical treatment after admission and recovered well after surgery.The final pathological diagnosis was rectal MAC with left waist subcutaneous soft tissue metastasis.CONCLUSION Subcutaneous soft tissue metastasis of rectal MAC is rare,and it can suggest that the tumor is disseminated,and it can appear even earlier than the primary ma-lignant tumor,which is occult and leads to a missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis clinically.When a subcutaneous soft tissue mass of unknown origin appears in a patient with rectal cancer,a ma-lignant tumor should be considered.展开更多
Primary appendiceal neoplasms represent a relatively low percentage of all gastrointestinal cancers. A subset of these neoplasms, those of epithelial origin, are characterised by the production of a considerable amoun...Primary appendiceal neoplasms represent a relatively low percentage of all gastrointestinal cancers. A subset of these neoplasms, those of epithelial origin, are characterised by the production of a considerable amount of mucus, which is referred to as appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN). Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN) have a low incidence, are easily misdiagnosed, depend on postoperative examination for confirmation of the diagnosis, are prone to form a “diagnosis”, and have a high incidence of the disease. Furthermore, they are prone to form peritoneal pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), are controversial in surgical decision-making, are prone to recurring after surgery alone, and are tricky to manage clinically. In this paper, we review the pathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of appendiceal mucinous tumours in the light of recent literature reports, with a view to providing certain references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. .展开更多
BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor ma...BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor markers(STMs)may be used to predict advanced intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs)and mucinous cystic neoplasms(MCNs).However,there are few studies on the usefulness of STMs other than carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9 for early detection of A-cMNs.AIM To study the ability of five STMs-CA19-9,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),CA125,CA724,and CA242 to predict A-cMNs and distinguish IPMNs and MCNs.METHODS We mainly measured the levels of each STM in patients pathologically diagnosed with cMNs.The mean levels of STMs and the number of A-cMN subjects with a higher STM level than the cutoff were compared respectively to identify the ability of STMs to predict A-cMNs and distinguish MCNs from IPMNs.A receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under curve(AUC)was also created to identify the performance of the five STMs.RESULTS A total of 187 patients with cMNs were identified and 72 of them showed AcMNs.We found that CA19-9 exhibited the highest sensitivity(SE)(54.2%)and accuracy(76.5%)and a moderate ability(AUC=0.766)to predict A-cMNs.In predicting high-grade dysplasia IPMNs,the SE of CA19-9 decreased to 38.5%.The ability of CEA,CA125,and CA724 to predict A-cMNs was low(AUC=0.651,0.583,and 0.618,respectively).The predictive ability of CA242 was not identified.The combination of STMs improved the SE to 62.5%.CA125 may be specific to the diagnosis of advanced MCNs.CONCLUSION CA19-9 has a moderate ability,and CEA,CA125,and CA724 have a low ability to predict A-cMNs.The combination of STM testing could improve SE in predicting A-cMNs.展开更多
文摘Acellular mucin refers to pools of mucin without epithelial component,oftentimes harboring inflammatory cells.Acellular mucin can be observed in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lower gastrointestinal(GI)conditions.While mucinous neoplasms are classified and staged using established guidelines,interobserver variability occurs when acellular mucin pools are encountered,leading to inconsistent interpretation and staging.In particular,acellular mucin found in regional lymph nodes of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients who have not received treatment presents a diagnostic challenge,as its prognostic implication is not clearly defined.Acellular mucin is also commonly seen in treated colorectal adenocarcinoma,post neoadjuvant therapy.Although acellular mucin is not counted toward T or N staging in this setting,variation in how pathologists report and stage these cases persists.Acellular mucin can also be seen in non-neoplastic specimens,such as those from interval appendectomies,appendiceal diverticula,colonic diverticulitis,volvulus,and Crohn’s disease where it may mimic a neoplastic lesion.Acellular mucin in this setting is often a byproduct of inflammation,increased luminal pressure,and mural defect.This review highlights the clinical relevance and diagnostic complexity of acellular mucin in pathologic conditions of the lower GI tract.Further studies are needed to clarify its prognostic value and develop standardized guidelines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32272538)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institute,China(Grant No.CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202406).
文摘In Nilaparvata lugens,a serious and widespread rice pest,high fecundity is one of the important reasons for large populations and outbreaks.As embryogenesis is a critical process associated with insect fecundity,this study investigated the function of the Mucin2-like gene(NlMuc2)in the embryogenesis of N.lugens.The results showed that NlMuc2 was highly expressed in female reproductive organs and in 1-day-old eggs.Knockdown of NlMuc2 via RNA interference(RNAi)in 3rd instar nymphs resulted in increased mortality.In 5th instar nymphs,NlMuc2 knockdown led to a dramatic reduction in egg hatchability from 86.0%to 24.0%,offspring numbers from 330.4 to 81.5,egg count from 382.4 to 217.0,and resulted in 86.0%of eggs exhibiting inverted embryos.In newly emerged females,NlMuc2 knockdown retarded ovarian development and decreased the number of mature eggs,with 51.0%of eggs containing inverted embryos.Transcriptome sequencing analysis of eggs revealed that numerous genes were downregulated after NlMuc2 knockdown,with 16 and 15 downregulated genes enriched in the Wnt and MAPK pathways,respectively.Temporal and spatial expression profiling of selected differentially expressed genes,including Axin,δ-Catenin,Glypican-4-like,and Ror-like in the Wnt pathway,and MKK4 in the MAPK pathway,showed expression patterns similar to NlMuc2.Knockdown of Ror-like,Glypican-4-like,or MKK4 reduced the total number of eggs.Knockdown of Axin or MKK4 reduced the egg hatchability.A similar phenotype of eggs with inverted embryos was also observed in eggs laid by dsMKK4-and dsAxin-treated females.Thus,NlMuc2 is involved in embryonic development mainly by regulating the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings may provide new targets for pesticide design and RNAi-based control of N.lugens,and will also provide new insights into insect embryonic development and the function of insect mucins.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82174309and Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Siming Fund Special Project for Scientific Research,No.SGKJ-202304.
文摘BACKGROUND Runchangningshen paste(RCNSP)is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey.It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to relieve constipation.The pathophysiology of functional constipation(FC)is associated with a reduction in mucin-2(MUC2)secretion and microbial dysbiosis.AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of RCNSP against FC through MUC2 and the gut mucosal microbiota.METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry characterized RCNSP composition to elucidate the material basis of action.FC model was induced via loperamide gavage(16 mg/kg)twice daily for 7 days.Applying defecation function and gastrointestinal motility to assess constipation severity.Hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff staining analyzed colonic mucosal morphology.Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of goblet cells(GCs).Immunofluorescence colocalization,quantitative PCR,and western blot assessed the impact of RCNSP on gene and protein expression within the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.16S rDNA was employed to sequence the gut mucosal microbiota.RESULTS RCNSP contained 12 components with potential laxative effects.It enhanced defecation function,accelerated gastrointestinal motility,and maintained colonic mucosal integrity.RCNSP treatment significantly increased GC abundance and MUC2 production while preserving GC ultrastructure.At the molecular level,RCNSP enhanced the colocalized expression of key regulatory proteins and modulated mRNA and protein expressions in the NLRP6/autophagy pathway.Through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis,RCNSP significantly altered the mucosal microbiota composition.Specifically,it increased beneficial bacterial strains while reducing harmful ones.Simultaneously,RCNSP reduced butyrate-producing bacteria like Proteobacteria,Enterobacteriaceae,Blautia,and Eubacterium and decreased hydrogen sulfide-producing species,such as Prevotellaceae.It also reduced bile acidinhibiting species,such as g_Eubacter_coprostanoligenes_group and Erysipelotrichaceae while increasing bile acidproducing species,such as Colidextribacter.CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that RCNSP ameliorated constipation through a dual mechanism:It stimulated colonic MUC2 secretion by activating NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy and modulated the composition of the mucosal microbiota.
基金Supported by The Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China,No.ZR2021QH046.
文摘BACKGROUND Liposarcomas(LPSs)are malignant mesenchymal tumors originating from adipocytes.Myxoid LPS(MLPS),a common subtype,predominantly arises in the extremities,retroperitoneum,and deep soft tissues,with a rare occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract.Primary mesenteric LPS is particularly uncommon,especially in the transverse colonic mesentery.CASE SUMMARY This report describes the case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal distension and was diagnosed with a giant mucinous LPS of the transverse colonic mesentery.Upon admission,the patient underwent a comprehensive evaluation.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CT)of the chest and abdomen revealed a large malignant tumor with aortic dissection,while colonoscopy identified rectal cancer.Given the patient's condition and surgical risk,an interventional procedure was first performed to manage the aortic coarctation,followed by tumor resection via laparotomy.Intraoperative and histopathological findings confirmed a giant mucinous LPS originating from the transverse colon mesentery.Postoperatively,the patient underwent chemotherapy and regular follow-up CT.Although the rectal tumor did not recur,the mesenteric tumor showed extensive recurrence,compressing the intestinal lumen and causing mechanical obstruction,which severely threatened the patient's life.A second operation temporarily relieved the obstructive symptoms;however,it had a limited effect on tumor progression.The patient died four months later due to disease progression.CONCLUSION While no standardized treatment exists for MLPS co-occurring with multiple diseases,operation remains the mainstay.However,recurrence,metastasis,and poor postoperative prognosis continue to pose serious threats to patient survival.
文摘Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs)are rare tumors originating from mucin-producing epithelial cells of the appendix.They can exhibit both benign and malignant behavior.They are often incidentally discovered during appendectomy.Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mimicking acute appendicitis.Histologically,noninvasive AMNs are classified as low-grade AMNs(LAMNs)or high-grade AMNs(HAMNs),whereas invasive tumors are categorized as mucinous adenocarcinomas.Although LAMNs and HAMNs are generally nonmalignant,rupture can lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP).Surgical resection is the primary diagnostic and therapeutic approach,with intraoperative assessment to prevent rupture.Treatment strategies vary based on findings and include appendectomy,right hemicolectomy,and cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.Histological diagnosis relies on mucin detection,and immunohistochemical markers such as cytokeratin 20(diffusely positive),cytokeratin 7(often negative),mucin 5AC,and special ATrich sequence-binding protein 2 assist in characterization.Molecular profiling frequently identifies KRAS,GNAS,and TP53 mutations.KRAS mutations are generally associated with a favorable prognosis,whereas GNAS and TP53 mutations correlate with poorer survival outcomes.These findings highlight the potential role of molecular profiling in guiding treatment strategies for AMN and PMP.
基金Supported by Jinhua City Science and Technology Plan Projects“Improve the Polarization of Cancer-related Fatigue:Clinical Efficacy Study”,No.2018-4-049.
文摘BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(LAMNs)are a class of histolo-gically well-differentiated adenomas that can proliferate outside the appendix in the form of malignant tumours,resulting in the accumulation of external appen-diceal mucus.They may present as an extra-appendiceal mass-like bulge,mucus or polypoid tissue at the appendiceal orifice,or even with abdominal dissem-ination.The surgical approach is usually appendectomy,ileocecal resection or right hemicolectomy.It is essential to raise awareness of LAMNs and choose an appropriate treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old man underwent a routine physical examination at our hospital on May 17,2022.The patient had no symptoms of abdominal pain,bloating,or weight loss,and his tumour marker levels were normal.The faecal occult blood test was negative,and no abnormalities were identified on physical examination.Colonoscopy revealed a submucosal protrusion at the appendiceal orifice.During endoscopic ultrasound,uneven echoes were observed in the appendix cavity.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a nodular thickening at the base of the appendix,with a diameter of approximately 1 cm.When all the examination results were considered,we suspected the lesion to be an appendiceal mucinous tumour.Laparoscopic surgery was performed using the double purse-string suture method.Postoperative pathology suggested a low-grade mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix with no involvement of the margins.A repeat colonoscopy 18 months after surgery revealed no significant abnormality at the appendiceal orifice.A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen suggested only postoperative changes.CONCLUSION This study describes a case of LAMN that was treated by resecting the mass at the appendiceal orifice via the double purse-string suture technique and provides new insights on the diagnosis and treatment of LAMNs.
文摘BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(pNENs)are rare,heterogeneous tumors accounting for 1%-2%of pancreatic tumors,with significant malignant potential.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct(IPMN-B)is a rare precancerous lesion in the bile duct system,with potential for malignancy.The combination of pNENs and IPMN-B is exceptionally rare and often leads to misdiagnosis.This study aims to report a rare case of pNENs combined with IPMN-B treated at Yanbian University Hospital to improve understanding and management of this unusual tumor combination.CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed a case from Yanbian University Hospital.We re-viewed clinical records,imaging findings,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography,surgical exploration,and histopathological examination.The pa-tient was diagnosed with pNENs and IPMN-B.Surgical treatment was performed,with follow-up showing effective management and no significant recurrence.CONCLUSION This case represents the first report of pNENs combined with IPMN-B.It high-lights the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to prevent misdiagnosis and improve treatment strategies.
文摘Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver(MCN-L)are rare cystic lesions characterized by mucin-producing epithelium and ovarian-like stroma.Although they constitute fewer than 5%of hepatic cystic lesions,MCN-L poses significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other cystic lesions and their potential for malignant transformation.Early recognition and definitive surgical intervention are therefore critical to ensure optimal patient outcomes.A literature review was conducted to summarize epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnostic modalities,and management strategies for MCN-L.Additionally,from 2019 to 2025,9 patients with MCN-L were identified at our center.Clinical data and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.MCN-L predominantly affects middle-aged women and presents as large,multiloculated cystic lesions without biliary communication.The revised 2010 World Health Organization classification emphasizes the presence of ovarian-like stroma for definitive diagnosis.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are often suggestive but not pathognomonic,reinforcing the need for histopathological confirmation.MCN-L remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its resemblance to other cystic liver lesions.Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice to prevent recurrence and malignant transformation,reinforcing the importance of early intervention.Further research is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy and refine management strategies.
文摘Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN)and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct(IPNB)are mucinous cystic tumors with intraductal papillary growth and malignant potential.Their concurrent occurrence is exceptionally rare.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old Chinese man presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain.Imaging and laboratory tests revealed lesions consistent with IPNB and IPMN.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed IPNB with high-grade dysplasia and main-duct type IPMN with low-grade dysplasia.The patient underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection with Roux-en-Y choledochoenterostomy and distal pancreatectomy.He had an excellent prognosis with no tumor recurrence during the 30-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive preoperative assessment and individualized management for these complex tumors.Further research is needed to understand their pathogenesis and improve treatment strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172202)Innovative Leading Talents Project of Chongqing(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0148)+1 种基金the Project of NINGBO Leading Medical&Health Discipline(2022-F17)Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program(2023030615).
文摘Colonic mucus and gut microbiota closely linked through mutual regulatory effect.While their alterations during sepsis and whether glutamine can maintain the colonic mucus barrier and gut microbiota stability are unclear.Cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in mice was utilized to observe changes in colonic mucus,gut microbiota,and their interaction with glutamine intervention.Our findings indicated that glutamine mitigated sepsis-induced intestinal damage and restores colonic mucus barrier function by augmenting mucin synthesis.Further analysis revealed that goblet cells were under oxidative stress after sepsis,resulting in anterior gradient-2(AGR2),the key mucin-modifying enzyme,being dissynthesized,and inhibiting mucin 2(MUC2)maturation.Glutamine could ameliorates this situation by promoting the key enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD)glycosylation in the pentose phosphate pathway,increasing the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)synthesis,reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress,and accelerating AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation.Additionally,glutamine aided in maintaining gut microbiota stability during sepsis,up-regulating mucin-associated bacteria such as Akkermansia and Alistipes.These bacteria,intimately linked to mucin synthesis and degradation,may impact intestinal mucus stability.In conclusion,glutamine can maintain goblet cell redox balance,promotes AGR2 synthesis and MUC2 maturation,shields the mucus barrier,and potentially maintains gut microbiota stability by regulating the interaction between bacteria and mucus,thus alleviating sepsis-induced intestinal damage.
文摘Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.
文摘Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN) of the pancreas is a noninvasive epithelial neoplasm of mucinproducing cells arising in the main duct(MD) and/or branch ducts(BD) of the pancreas.Involved ducts are dilated and filled with neoplastic papillae and mucus in variable intensity.IPMN lacks ovarian-type stroma,unlike mucinous cystic neoplasm,and is defined as a grossly visible entity(≥ 5 mm),unlike pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm.With the use of high-resolution imaging techniques,very small IPMNs are increasingly being identified.Most IPMNs are solitary and located in the pancreatic head,although 20%-40% are multifocal.Macroscopic classification in MD type,BD type and mixed or combined type reflects biological differences with important prognostic and preoperative clinical management implications.Based on cytoarchitectural atypia,IPMN is classified into low-grade,intermediategrade and high-grade dysplasia.Based on histological features and mucin(MUC) immunophenotype,IPMNs are classified into gastric,intestinal,pancreatobiliary and oncocytic types.These different phenotypes can be observed together,with the IPMN classified according to the predominant type.Two pathways have been suggested:gastric phenotype corresponds to less aggressive uncommitted cells(MUC1-,MUC2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC6 +) with the capacity to evolve to intestinal phenotype(intestinal pathway)(MUC1-,MUC2 +,MUC5 AC +,MUC6- or weak +) or pancreatobiliary /oncocytic phenotypes(pyloropancreatic pathway)(MUC1 +,MUC 2-,MUC5 AC +,MUC 6 +) becoming more aggressive.Prognosis of IPMN is excellent but critically worsens when invasive carcinoma arises(about 40% of IPMNs),except in some cases of minimal invasion.The clinical challenge is to establish which IPMNs should be removed because of their higher risk of developing invasive cancer.Once resected,they must be extensively sampled or,much better,submitted in its entirety for microscopic study to completely rule out associated invasive carcinoma.
文摘BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a highly malignant cancer,characterized by frequent mucin overexpression.MUC1 has been identified as a critical oncogene in the progression of CCA.However,the comprehensive understanding of how the mucin family influences CCA progression and prognosis is still incomplete.AIM To investigate the functions of mucins on the progression of CCA and to establish a risk evaluation formula for stratifying CCA patients.METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing data from 14 CCA samples were employed for elucidating the roles of mucins,complemented by bioinformatic analyses.Subse-quent validations were conducted through spatial transcriptomics and immuno-histochemistry.The construction of a risk evaluation model utilized the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression algorithm,which was further confirmed by independent cohorts and diverse data types.RESULTS CCA tumor cells with elevated levels of MUC1 and MUC4 showed activated nucleotide metabolic pathways and increased invasiveness.MUC5AC-high cells were found to promote CCA progression through WNT signaling.MUC5B-high cells exhibited robust cellular oxidation activities,leading to resistance against antitumoral treatments.MUC13-high cells were observed to secret chemokines,recruiting and transforming macrophages into the M2-polarized state,thereby suppressing antitumor immunity.MUC16-high cells were found to promote tumor progression through interleukin-1/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling upon interaction with neutrophils.Utilizing the expression levels of these mucins,a risk factor evaluation formula for CCA was developed and validated across multiple cohorts.CCA samples with higher risk factors exhibited stronger metastatic potential,chemotherapy resistance,and poorer prognosis.CONCLUSION Our study elucidates the functional mechanisms through which mucins contribute to CCA development,and provides tools for risk stratification in CCA.
文摘BACKGROUND Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms(AMNs),although not classified as rare,are relatively uncommon tumors most often discovered incidentally during colorectal surgery.Accurate identification of AMNs is difficult due to non-specific sym-ptoms,overlapping tumor markers with other conditions,and the potential for misdiagnosis.This underscores the urgent need for precision in diagnosis to pre-vent severe complications.CASE SUMMARY This case report describes the unexpected discovery and treatment of a low-grade AMN(LAMN)in a 74-year-old man undergoing laparoscopic hemicolectomy for transverse colon adenocarcinoma(AC).Preoperatively,non-specific gastroin-testinal symptoms and elevated tumor markers masked the presence of AMN.The tumor,presumed to be an AMN peritoneal cyst intraoperatively,was con-firmed as LAMN through histopathological examination.The neoplasm exhibited mucin accumulation and a distinct immunohistochemical profile:Positive for Ho-meobox protein CDX-2,Cytokeratin 20,special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2,and Mucin 2 but negative for cytokeratin 7 and Paired box gene 8.This profile aids in distinguishing appendiceal and ovarian mucinous tumors.Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated,and the patient initiated adjuvant chemotherapy for the colon AC.CONCLUSION This case highlights the diagnostic complexity of AMNs,emphasizing the need for vigilant identification to avert potential complications,such as pseudomyxoma peritonei.
基金supported by Young Experts of Taishan Scholars(No.tsqn 201909130)the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province(No.2019KJF003)+1 种基金the Shandong Technical System of Fish Industry(No.SDAIT12-03),the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QC037)the High-Level Talents Research Fund of Qingdao Agricultural University(No.663/1120033)。
文摘Mucin family members play an indispensable role in immunity against pathogen invasion.Currently,there are very few studies on members of the mucin family in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.In this regard,we characterized the mucin members in Japanese flounder as well as their involvement in response to pathogen infection.In our results,a total of 9 mucin genes were identified based on the whole genome database of flounder.Among them,MUC2-1,MUC2-2,MUC5AC-1,MUC5AC-2 and MUC5B are secreted mucins,while MUC3A,MUC3B,MUC13 and MUC15 are membrane binding mucins.The collinearity results showed that the adjacent MUC genes of flounder had collinearity relationship with many other teleosts.Phylogenetic tree results showed that the mucin gene of flounder was divided into several subfamilies.In addition,the expression patterns of flounder mucin family members were examined in 11 healthy tissues.The expression changes of mucin gene were also detected in six immune tissues(gill,intestine,skin,liver,kidney,spleen)after pathogen infection,revealing their role in disease resistance.Collinear analysis indicates the adjacent mucin genes.According to the protein interaction network(PPI)results,the mucin genes interact with the galnt genes.The results provide a solid foundation for further research on the function of mucins in mucosal immunity of flounder.
基金supported by grants from Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (GF21H030024)the General Scientific Re-search Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education (Y202146219)the Postgraduate Education Research Project of Zhejiang University (20220326)。
文摘Background: Biliary mucinous cystic neoplasms(BMCNs) are rare hepatobiliary cystic tumors, which can be divided into noninvasive and invasive types. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BMCNs in a large single center. Methods: We analyzed 49 patients with BMCNs confirmed by postoperative pathology at the First Afflliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2007 and December 2021. Results: Among the 49 patients, 37 were female(75.5%), and the average age was 57.04 years. Common symptoms included abdominal discomfort, jaundice and fever, while 22 patients(44.9%) had no symptoms. Serum carbohydrate antigen(CA) 19-9 and CA125 concentrations were elevated in 34.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. Forty-eight patients had tumors in the intrahepatic bile ducts and only one had a tumor in the extrahepatic bile duct. Forty-eight patients with noninvasive intrahepatic BMCNs were further analyzed in terms of pathological features: 34(70.8%) had low-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(LGINs), and 14(29.2%) had high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms(HGINs). The potential immunohistochemical markers of BMCNs were cytokeratin(CK) 19, CK7, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Follow-up data for 37 patients with intrahepatic BMCNs were obtained. The median overall survival(OS) of BMCNs was not reached. The longest survival time was 137 months.The 5-and 10-year OS rates were 100% and 85.4%, respectively. The 5-and 10-year recurrence-free survival(RFS) rates were 93.9% and 80.2%, respectively. Conclusions: BMCNs are rare cystic neoplasms that commonly occur in middle-aged females. BMCNs can only be diagnosed and classified by postoperative pathology, as there are no specific clinical presentations, serological indicators or imaging modalities for preoperative diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is necessary for BMCNs, and the postoperative prognosis is favorable.
基金Scientific Research Fund of National Health Commission of China,Key Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province,No.WKJ-ZJ-2201Key Project of Social Welfare Program of Zhejiang Science and Technology Department,“Lingyan”Program,No.2022C03099and Clinical Research Fund Project of Zhejiang Medical Association,No.2021ZYC-A173.
文摘BACKGROUND Low-grade appendiceal neoplasms(LAMN)are characterized by low incidence and atypical clinical presentations,often leading to misdiagnosis as acute or chronic appendicitis before surgery.The primary diagnostic tool for LAMN is abdominal computed tomography(CT)imaging.Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of LAMN management,necessitating en bloc tumor excision to minimize the risk of iatrogenic rupture.Laparoscopy,known for its minimal invasiveness,reduced postoperative discomfort,and expedited recovery,is a safe and reliable approach for LAMN treatment.Despite the possibility of pseudomyxoma peritonei development,appendectomy and partial appendectomy generally result in negative tumor margins and favorable outcomes,which can be attributed to the disease’s slow growth and lower malignancy.CASE SUMMARY A 71-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with a pelvic spaceoccupying lesion detected 1 mo prior.Physical examination showed a soft abdomen without tenderness or rebound and no palpable masses.No shifting dullness was noted,and digital rectal examination revealed no palpable mass.Enteroscopy revealed a raised,smooth-surfaced mass measuring 3.0 cm in the cecum.Abdominal contrast-enhanced CT showed a markedly thickened and dilated appendix with visible cystic shadows.Laparoscopic surgery was performed and revealed a significantly dilated appendix,leading to laparoscopic resection of the appendix and part of the cecum.Post-surgical pathologic analysis confirmed LAMN.The patient received symptomatic and supportive post-operative care and was discharged on postoperative day 4 without complications such as abdominal bleeding,intestinal obstruction,or incision infection.No tumor recurrence was observed during a 7-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSION LAMN is a rare disease that lacks specific clinical manifestations.Abdominal CT plays a crucial role in diagnosing LAMN,and laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
文摘BACKGROUND Rectal mucinous adenocarcinoma(MAC)is a rare pathological type of rectal can-cer with unique pathological features and a poor prognosis.It is difficult to diag-nose and treat early because of the lack of specific manifestations in some aspects of the disease.The common metastatic organs of rectal cancer are the liver and lung;however,rectal carcinoma with metastasis to subcutaneous soft tissue is a rare finding.CASE SUMMARY In this report,the clinical data,diagnosis and treatment process,and postope-rative pathological features of a patient with left waist subcutaneous soft tissue masses were retrospectively analyzed.The patient underwent surgical treatment after admission and recovered well after surgery.The final pathological diagnosis was rectal MAC with left waist subcutaneous soft tissue metastasis.CONCLUSION Subcutaneous soft tissue metastasis of rectal MAC is rare,and it can suggest that the tumor is disseminated,and it can appear even earlier than the primary ma-lignant tumor,which is occult and leads to a missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis clinically.When a subcutaneous soft tissue mass of unknown origin appears in a patient with rectal cancer,a ma-lignant tumor should be considered.
文摘Primary appendiceal neoplasms represent a relatively low percentage of all gastrointestinal cancers. A subset of these neoplasms, those of epithelial origin, are characterised by the production of a considerable amount of mucus, which is referred to as appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN). Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN) have a low incidence, are easily misdiagnosed, depend on postoperative examination for confirmation of the diagnosis, are prone to form a “diagnosis”, and have a high incidence of the disease. Furthermore, they are prone to form peritoneal pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), are controversial in surgical decision-making, are prone to recurring after surgery alone, and are tricky to manage clinically. In this paper, we review the pathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of appendiceal mucinous tumours in the light of recent literature reports, with a view to providing certain references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. .
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81770642the Shanghai Association for Science and Technology,China,No.19411951602.
文摘BACKGROUND Early detection of advanced cystic mucinous neoplasms[(A-cMNs),defined as high-grade dysplasia or malignancy]of the pancreas is of great significance.As a simple and feasible detection method,serum tumor markers(STMs)may be used to predict advanced intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs)and mucinous cystic neoplasms(MCNs).However,there are few studies on the usefulness of STMs other than carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9 for early detection of A-cMNs.AIM To study the ability of five STMs-CA19-9,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),CA125,CA724,and CA242 to predict A-cMNs and distinguish IPMNs and MCNs.METHODS We mainly measured the levels of each STM in patients pathologically diagnosed with cMNs.The mean levels of STMs and the number of A-cMN subjects with a higher STM level than the cutoff were compared respectively to identify the ability of STMs to predict A-cMNs and distinguish MCNs from IPMNs.A receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under curve(AUC)was also created to identify the performance of the five STMs.RESULTS A total of 187 patients with cMNs were identified and 72 of them showed AcMNs.We found that CA19-9 exhibited the highest sensitivity(SE)(54.2%)and accuracy(76.5%)and a moderate ability(AUC=0.766)to predict A-cMNs.In predicting high-grade dysplasia IPMNs,the SE of CA19-9 decreased to 38.5%.The ability of CEA,CA125,and CA724 to predict A-cMNs was low(AUC=0.651,0.583,and 0.618,respectively).The predictive ability of CA242 was not identified.The combination of STMs improved the SE to 62.5%.CA125 may be specific to the diagnosis of advanced MCNs.CONCLUSION CA19-9 has a moderate ability,and CEA,CA125,and CA724 have a low ability to predict A-cMNs.The combination of STM testing could improve SE in predicting A-cMNs.
