金属氧化锌避雷器(MOV)作为高压直流断路器的重要组成部分,具有电压等级高、吸收能量大(数百兆焦)的特点,工程设计难度大。该文详细开展了高压直流断路器MOV关键技术研究。首先,影响高压直流断路器MOV吸收能量的因素众多,MOV吸收能量计...金属氧化锌避雷器(MOV)作为高压直流断路器的重要组成部分,具有电压等级高、吸收能量大(数百兆焦)的特点,工程设计难度大。该文详细开展了高压直流断路器MOV关键技术研究。首先,影响高压直流断路器MOV吸收能量的因素众多,MOV吸收能量计算和仿真难度大。同时详细分析了柔性直流系统运行方式、暂态保护控制策略、高压直流断路器的位置、故障点的位置以及故障类型对MOV吸收能量的影响,并以张北±535k V柔直工程为例,搭建七端仿真模型,归纳出直流断路器耗能支路MOV能量仿真方法。其次,高压直流断路器MOV能量巨大,需要涉及大量阀片串并联设计,该文从阀片生产工艺、一致性筛选试验、阀片配组、整体结构设计等方面开展多级阀片串并联的MOV一致性关键技术研究,同时设计多柱并联下MOV的监视和保护功能技术,提高其运行可靠性。最后,考虑到高压直流断路器中MOV的特殊应用工况,现有型式试验项目不能充分有效地考核其性能指标,还重点开展了MOV能量等效性试验和多柱均流测试的关键方法研究。高压直流断路器MOV关键技术研究涵盖了设计、生产与试验等各个环节,攻克直流断路器MOV设计难题,相关技术已经成功应用于张北±535 k V多端柔直工程。展开更多
The microstructural heterogeneity in thick-Sect.15CrNi3MoV steel forgings caused by cooling rate gradients during quenching critically impacts their mechanical reliability.Combining finite element simulation and multi...The microstructural heterogeneity in thick-Sect.15CrNi3MoV steel forgings caused by cooling rate gradients during quenching critically impacts their mechanical reliability.Combining finite element simulation and multi-scale physical simulations,the microstructure evolution was decoded,and an optimised heat treatment process was designed for a 10-t large-tube forging.Key findings reveal that the cooling rate dictates phase transformation:the surface forms martensite,while the centre develops martensite and granular bainite with metastable martensite-austenite(M-A)constituents.During tempering,prolonged holding at 650℃ drives the decomposition of M-A constituents into fine carbides,with 12-h tempering achieving optimal strength–toughness balance.Crucially,carbide uniformity eliminates property gradients across 140 mm in thickness,suppressing embrittlement risks.Moreover,in the 180-mm-thick plate,the large-sized M-A constituents formed due to incomplete quenching,resulting in the carbide aggregations after tempering,which deteriorates the impact toughness.By integrating numerical simulation with validations from laboratory-scale and pilot-scale physical simulations,the relationship between microstructure and properties can be precisely predicted.Implementing the optimised process(890℃/8 h water quenching+650℃/12 h tempering)on the 10-t large-tube forging demonstrates homogeneous properties.Thus,a generic methodology was provided for tailoring heat treatment protocols in ultra-thick alloy steel components.展开更多
The present work aims to investigate the effects of quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering(QLT)heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZG14Ni3Cr1Mo V high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel by c...The present work aims to investigate the effects of quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering(QLT)heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZG14Ni3Cr1Mo V high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel by comparing with traditional quenching and tempering(QT) heat treatment. Following the various QLT heat treatments, a dual-phase microstructure consisting of “soft” ferrite and “hard” tempered bainite is obtained, exhibiting significantly refined grain sizes(38.87 to 46.51 μm for QLT samples) compared to QT samples(64.93 μm). As the lamellar quenching temperature increases from 750 ℃ to 810 ℃, the yield strength and tensile strength of the QLT samples increase, although they remain lower than those of the QT samples. Conversely, elongation at fracture, reduction of area, and the product of strength and elongation synergy decrease, yet consistently exceed QT levels. Notably, the QLT samples demonstrate superior cryogenic impact toughness within the range of-80 ℃ to-120 ℃, achieving optimal values after 910 ℃ quenching + 780 ℃ lamellar quenching + 670 ℃ tempering: 215.97 J at-80 ℃, 207.80 J at-100℃, and 183.17 J at-120 ℃. This exceptional cryogenic toughness is attributed to two key mechanisms in the dual-phase microstructure:(i) a low dislocation density that suppresses crack initiation, and(ii) crack-tip passivation by soft ferrite, coupled with crack deflection and hindrance at high-angle grain boundaries(HAGBs). The results establish QLT as a viable method for enhancing cryogenic toughness in ZG14Ni3Cr1Mo V HSLA steels.展开更多
文摘金属氧化锌避雷器(MOV)作为高压直流断路器的重要组成部分,具有电压等级高、吸收能量大(数百兆焦)的特点,工程设计难度大。该文详细开展了高压直流断路器MOV关键技术研究。首先,影响高压直流断路器MOV吸收能量的因素众多,MOV吸收能量计算和仿真难度大。同时详细分析了柔性直流系统运行方式、暂态保护控制策略、高压直流断路器的位置、故障点的位置以及故障类型对MOV吸收能量的影响,并以张北±535k V柔直工程为例,搭建七端仿真模型,归纳出直流断路器耗能支路MOV能量仿真方法。其次,高压直流断路器MOV能量巨大,需要涉及大量阀片串并联设计,该文从阀片生产工艺、一致性筛选试验、阀片配组、整体结构设计等方面开展多级阀片串并联的MOV一致性关键技术研究,同时设计多柱并联下MOV的监视和保护功能技术,提高其运行可靠性。最后,考虑到高压直流断路器中MOV的特殊应用工况,现有型式试验项目不能充分有效地考核其性能指标,还重点开展了MOV能量等效性试验和多柱均流测试的关键方法研究。高压直流断路器MOV关键技术研究涵盖了设计、生产与试验等各个环节,攻克直流断路器MOV设计难题,相关技术已经成功应用于张北±535 k V多端柔直工程。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3714200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52173305,52101061,52233017,52203384 and U244120568)+2 种基金the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.RCJJ-145-24-40)Ling Chuang Research Project of China National Nuclear CorporationCNNC Science Fund for Talented Young Scholars.
文摘The microstructural heterogeneity in thick-Sect.15CrNi3MoV steel forgings caused by cooling rate gradients during quenching critically impacts their mechanical reliability.Combining finite element simulation and multi-scale physical simulations,the microstructure evolution was decoded,and an optimised heat treatment process was designed for a 10-t large-tube forging.Key findings reveal that the cooling rate dictates phase transformation:the surface forms martensite,while the centre develops martensite and granular bainite with metastable martensite-austenite(M-A)constituents.During tempering,prolonged holding at 650℃ drives the decomposition of M-A constituents into fine carbides,with 12-h tempering achieving optimal strength–toughness balance.Crucially,carbide uniformity eliminates property gradients across 140 mm in thickness,suppressing embrittlement risks.Moreover,in the 180-mm-thick plate,the large-sized M-A constituents formed due to incomplete quenching,resulting in the carbide aggregations after tempering,which deteriorates the impact toughness.By integrating numerical simulation with validations from laboratory-scale and pilot-scale physical simulations,the relationship between microstructure and properties can be precisely predicted.Implementing the optimised process(890℃/8 h water quenching+650℃/12 h tempering)on the 10-t large-tube forging demonstrates homogeneous properties.Thus,a generic methodology was provided for tailoring heat treatment protocols in ultra-thick alloy steel components.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Planning Joint Program of Liaoning Province(Applied Basic Research Project,No.2023JH2/101700054).
文摘The present work aims to investigate the effects of quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering(QLT)heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZG14Ni3Cr1Mo V high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel by comparing with traditional quenching and tempering(QT) heat treatment. Following the various QLT heat treatments, a dual-phase microstructure consisting of “soft” ferrite and “hard” tempered bainite is obtained, exhibiting significantly refined grain sizes(38.87 to 46.51 μm for QLT samples) compared to QT samples(64.93 μm). As the lamellar quenching temperature increases from 750 ℃ to 810 ℃, the yield strength and tensile strength of the QLT samples increase, although they remain lower than those of the QT samples. Conversely, elongation at fracture, reduction of area, and the product of strength and elongation synergy decrease, yet consistently exceed QT levels. Notably, the QLT samples demonstrate superior cryogenic impact toughness within the range of-80 ℃ to-120 ℃, achieving optimal values after 910 ℃ quenching + 780 ℃ lamellar quenching + 670 ℃ tempering: 215.97 J at-80 ℃, 207.80 J at-100℃, and 183.17 J at-120 ℃. This exceptional cryogenic toughness is attributed to two key mechanisms in the dual-phase microstructure:(i) a low dislocation density that suppresses crack initiation, and(ii) crack-tip passivation by soft ferrite, coupled with crack deflection and hindrance at high-angle grain boundaries(HAGBs). The results establish QLT as a viable method for enhancing cryogenic toughness in ZG14Ni3Cr1Mo V HSLA steels.
