Toni Morrison has made great achievements in American literary history. In her famous work Sula, motherhood is an essential theme which has attracted public attention. This essay interprets the abnormal maternal love ...Toni Morrison has made great achievements in American literary history. In her famous work Sula, motherhood is an essential theme which has attracted public attention. This essay interprets the abnormal maternal love provided by silenced black mothers in Sula and the ways for black women to break the silence.展开更多
A woman experiences heightened vulnerability and faces tremendous challenges when transitioning to motherhood.This is exacerbated for young mothers and studies have shown that adolescent mothers experience an increase...A woman experiences heightened vulnerability and faces tremendous challenges when transitioning to motherhood.This is exacerbated for young mothers and studies have shown that adolescent mothers experience an increased burden of responsibility during the transition to motherhood.Recent research addressing the experiences of adolescent mothers has increased.However,the current literature on this topic is still fragmented.The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the literature to explore adolescent mothers' experiences of transition to motherhood and identify associated factors.The literature was searched using electronic databases: Medline,Cumulative index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL),ProQuest,Scopus and PubMed.Relevant articles published in English from February 2005 to 2018 were included.Eighteen articles were included in the analysis.Based on this review,factors influencing a successful to transition to motherhood for adolescents included physical problems related to birth and breastfeeding,psychological well-being,ability to care for their baby,social support,education and economic strain and the provision of healthcare.The literature indicated a relationship between social supports and the development of positive maternal identity in the transition period for adolescent motherhood.Future healthcare interventions for adolescent mothers during the transitional period should aim to provide social support and the increase ability of adolescent mothers to manage the physical and psychological challenges of young motherhood,and enhance new mothers' knowledge about caring for babies.展开更多
This report presents the results of a study on Reproductive Health done in North Kivu in September 2009. It was conducted by HEAL Africa, in partnership with the Provisional Division of Health, and financed by the Uni...This report presents the results of a study on Reproductive Health done in North Kivu in September 2009. It was conducted by HEAL Africa, in partnership with the Provisional Division of Health, and financed by the University of Ottawa, Canada/CRDI with technical assistance from Western Cape University of South Africa. The study was conducted in the health zones of Birambizo and Kayna within the framework of the central office. The focus of the report is on one aspect of Reproductive Health—Low Risk Maternity. This study was conducted in rural areas given that Reproductive Health indicators are much weaker when compared with urban areas, according to EDS RDC, 2007 [1]. This study emphasizes the following points: General characteristics of the participants in the study, and the utilization and accessibility of maternity services in rural areas in conflict situations. The formula SPSS 12.0.1 was used to facilitate data analysis in the study. This study comes at a point in time when its relevance to HEAL Africa’s work will assist HEAL and its partners in determining the focus of interventions done in health zones in order to improve maternal and neonatal health. HEAL Africa firstly stepped into a Safe Motherhood pilot project in June 2006 for 9 months in the Masisi zone, then in 2007 in the Birambizo and Kayna health zones. In November 2007, HEAL expanded into Walikale and in October 2008, into Kirotshe, Binza, and Lubero. The intervention kit consists of reinforcing the capacity of existing health facilities, training traditional midwives who serve as a link between the community and the health structures, the provision of sanitary equipment, medical essentials and community mobilization was done through local leaders about health and reproduction, and organizing women of reproductive age in solidarity groups (SG) to generate maternity insurance. The community approach “Solidarity Groups for Maternity Insurance” constitutes the spine of HEAL Africa within the support it provides in Reproductive Health. The principal idea is to educate and train communities on how to use the MMR services that are available in their community, and to remove financial barriers to accessing health services. The 4 pillars that comprise the Safe Motherhood program are: family planning, prenatal care, safe assisted delivery and essential obstetric care. These four strategic measures are integral in assuring primary health care and equality for women. This study evaluates this approach, keeping in mind local strategies and their effects on improving the utilization and accessibility of reproductive health services.展开更多
Delayed childbearing(DC) is common in most Western countries.The average age of first-time mothers increased in United States from 21.4 years in 1970 to 25.0 years in 2006 and from 25.4 to 30.8 years in Australia in t...Delayed childbearing(DC) is common in most Western countries.The average age of first-time mothers increased in United States from 21.4 years in 1970 to 25.0 years in 2006 and from 25.4 to 30.8 years in Australia in the same period.It is commonly believed that this has no ominous consequences.But several negative consequences of this behavior are described: stillbirth,prematurity,twins,birth anomalies.Age also decreases women's fertility,thus many couples undergo in vitro fertilization.And we highlight a paradox: medical reproduction techniques decreases their effectiveness with maternal age,but their availability can be an incentive to postpone parenthood.Of course the risks of delayed parenthood involve a minority of cases,but are parents entitled to accept any risk on the behalf of their baby? A complete information would make people cautious before deciding to postpone childbearing,though this is often an obliged rather that a free choice: the consumerist society pressure and the difficulty to find an employment have their heavy weight in this choice.But if this choice is not really free,people's interest is to overcome these pressures and to claim for a real broad choice on when becoming parent,despite the pressures made by their cultural environment to postpone parenthood.Moreover,even reproductive techniques have some risks.Unfortunately,mass mediaoften praise and endorse DC,disregarding the increase of premature babies born because of DC,a real alarm for public health.Pediatricians should discourage the culture that makes DC a normal event.展开更多
This article is about the question of what the term“motherhood”signifies,and how the figure of the Continuum helps recognize and explain pluralities of motherhood beyond the gender binary of“female-male”.After an ...This article is about the question of what the term“motherhood”signifies,and how the figure of the Continuum helps recognize and explain pluralities of motherhood beyond the gender binary of“female-male”.After an initial explanation of the concept of gender as a Continuum,the figure of the Continuum will be applied to forms of motherhood and will discuss them in light of the four dimensions of the Continuum—physicality,feeling,sociality,and desire.The tensions between physical and social motherhood will be traced in an examination of Bertold Brecht’s“The Caucasian Chalk Circle”(1948)and its references to biblical,Chinese and German-language texts.Based on the diverse forms of motherhood discussed in the article,concerning trans*men among others,the necessity of a reformulation of the understanding of motherhood as a new parenthood will be outlined,which overturns the limiting connection between motherhood and heteronormatively defined femininity.展开更多
Background: Niger is one of the countries that have the highest fertility rate in the world, with 7, 6 children per woman. Zinder is the most populated region of Niger with 5 million inhabitants that is 1/5 of Niger p...Background: Niger is one of the countries that have the highest fertility rate in the world, with 7, 6 children per woman. Zinder is the most populated region of Niger with 5 million inhabitants that is 1/5 of Niger population. The demographic impact that has affected Niger the last 10 years: unemployment poverty and drug use, spawned violence of all kinds in Zinder region (physical and sexual violence). Sexual abuse is a major risk for poor psychiatric and physical outcomes. As sexual violence has serious consequences on the life and future of women and the community and it concerns our field of intervention, we initiated this study whose objective was to determine the socio-epidemiological and lesional aspects, the consequences and appropriate solutions of sexual violence in the Zinder. Methodology: This was a retrospective collection study of all cases of alleged sexual violence received over a 12-year period from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2021 in Zinder’s referral maternity wards. Results: During the study period, 441 cases of sexual violence were collected;an annual average of 36 cases (441/12). The frequency is 1.29% on the 34,186 consultations. The mean age was 12.31 years with age extremes of 3 to 43 years. Students accounted for 25.39%. Street vendors were found in 224 cases or 50.79%. The predominant reason for admission is rape in 64.63%. The defloration was 52.15%. Pregnancy was found in 118 cases or 26.75%. HIV serology was positive in 1 victim. School dropout was 26.75%. Conclusion: The victims of sexual violence were minors, mostly street vendors and school children. The lack of means of repression at the time allowed the expansion of this violence. The consequences of sexual violence were severe. Advocacy has improved the phenomen on of sexual violence in Zinder.展开更多
The mother figure is the most frequent female figure in animated films.The portrayal of the mother figure in Lotus Lantern and Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child reflects the social construction of the mother figure in bo...The mother figure is the most frequent female figure in animated films.The portrayal of the mother figure in Lotus Lantern and Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child reflects the social construction of the mother figure in both films,and sheds light on the concepts and attitudes of women in society at different times.The mother figure in Lotus Lantern has the characteristics of a traditional ideal mother in a typically patriarchal culture;the mother figure in Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child returns to the realistic mother.The construction of the ideal mother to the realistic mother will also lead us to a more realistic understanding and concern for mothers and women in a realistic context.展开更多
Basically, motherhood contains the physical aspect of motherhood, both as the ability to give birth and as the practice of nurturance. There is also the ideology of"the social construction of motherhood"whic...Basically, motherhood contains the physical aspect of motherhood, both as the ability to give birth and as the practice of nurturance. There is also the ideology of"the social construction of motherhood"which encompasses the legal, economic and institutional means by which society defines the roles, rights and duties of mothers.展开更多
Women's well-being has gained increasing importance in global health agendas.This study employed longitudinal data from 36,144 women in China from 2010 to 2018 to investigate the impact of motherhood on women'...Women's well-being has gained increasing importance in global health agendas.This study employed longitudinal data from 36,144 women in China from 2010 to 2018 to investigate the impact of motherhood on women's mental health.Using a model that incorporated interactions between time trends and individual and household characteristics,the study revealed that women with newborns generally reported higher levels of mental well-being.However,those with toddlers aged 3-6 were more likely to experience symptoms of depression.The impact of motherhood on mental health was shaped by the interplay between the emotional benefits linked to hormonal changes and the emotional costs associated with childcare obligations.Access to supportive childcare services can help women alleviate the stresses of maternal responsibility,thereby enhancing their mental well-being.When adequate resources are available,motherhood may not pose significant challenges to women's mental health.展开更多
This study examined the influence of motherhood identity on the teaching practices of English teachers by employing work-family enrichment and identity fusion theories.It explores the relationship between motherhood i...This study examined the influence of motherhood identity on the teaching practices of English teachers by employing work-family enrichment and identity fusion theories.It explores the relationship between motherhood identity and teaching practices,examining the mediating role of work-life enrichment and the moderating efect of community involvement.A survey of 354 English teachers from China,conducted using purposive sampling,was analyzed using Partial Least Squares(PLS)structural equation modeling.Findings reveal how the motherhood identity of English teachers influences their teaching practices:as teachers actively integrate their motherhood experiences into their professional development,the harmonization of work and childcare enhances their teaching performance.Additionally,voluntary community involvement moderates perceptions of motherhood experiences,aiding in overcoming challenges in childcare and teaching.Consequently,with work life enrichment mediating and community involvement moderating,teachers effctively leverage their motherhood experiences to enhance their English teaching practices.This study contributes to the understanding of the nuanced relationship between motherhood identity and teaching practices,highlighting the growing importance of community involvement in the professional development of female English teachers.The limitation of purposive sampling shows that the gencralizability of our findings to other contexts should be considered with caution.展开更多
The period of adolescence,defined by the World Health Organization as the period between 10 and 19 years of age,is the transition from childhood to adulthood through a number of biological,psychological,and social cha...The period of adolescence,defined by the World Health Organization as the period between 10 and 19 years of age,is the transition from childhood to adulthood through a number of biological,psychological,and social changes.It has been reported that one in five individuals is an adolescent,and 85% of adolescents live in developing countries,[1] Pregnancies that occur in this period,when the individual has yet to complete the maturation process in both biological and psychological senses,are risky for both the mother and child.展开更多
This paper demonstrates the experiences of dealing with unhappiness when doing prenatal medical check ups and of seeking pleasure through prenatal shopping among two generation mothers, the younger expectant mother an...This paper demonstrates the experiences of dealing with unhappiness when doing prenatal medical check ups and of seeking pleasure through prenatal shopping among two generation mothers, the younger expectant mother and their older mothers. It argues that the conflicts between them arise from the state intentions of marginalizing and eliminating the socialist past embedded in the older generation mothers. Locating these contrasts into historical specificies, it illustrates that the distinctions imposed by the state to grouping and categorizing its national subjects are in fact discursively produced through people＇s everyday life by evoking both their desires and fears. It further suggests that as subjected bodies, no matter how unevenly they were, they all subvert the authorities in one way or another.展开更多
Motherhood protection means that the government provides protective measures to help mothers during pregnancy and childbirth.During Taisho period,there was a heated discussion over motherhood protection among feminist...Motherhood protection means that the government provides protective measures to help mothers during pregnancy and childbirth.During Taisho period,there was a heated discussion over motherhood protection among feminists.The leading feminists in this discussion,Hiratsuka Raicho and Yosano Akiko,held totally opposed ideas towards motherhood protection.It is worth noting that the differences in their views are mainly due to their different life experiences.This heated debate lasted for several years,although it did not reach a concrete conclusion,it left a valuable legacy for later generations of feminists.Analyzing the reasons for their different attitudes and exploring the theoretical logic behind their different attitudes can provide lessons for solving the problems of low fertility and motherhood protection in Japan and the world today.To truly protect women's interest and promote gender equality,motherhood protection should focuses more on the plight of women due to childbirth than national interest,making becoming a mother no longer be an obstacle to women's self-achievement and personal independence.展开更多
本文标题中的Motherhood即“母性”的意思。具体言之,本文的Motherhood即pregnancy(怀孕)。鼠的试验表明,生育能使脑中的海马状突起大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物(主要由灰白质构成,在泛记过程中起主要作用)发生变化。这种变化能够增强思维...本文标题中的Motherhood即“母性”的意思。具体言之,本文的Motherhood即pregnancy(怀孕)。鼠的试验表明,生育能使脑中的海马状突起大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物(主要由灰白质构成,在泛记过程中起主要作用)发生变化。这种变化能够增强思维能力,改善记忆,并能预防老年痴呆疾病的发生。且此种变化,随生育次数的增加而增加。文章结尾处,科研人员讲述了自己潜心研究此课题的由来,非常生动感人,且本文遣词造句,文采不俗,值得英语学习者琢磨。如:bathing/translate into这些寻常字眼,在本文用得神采熠熠。此外,文章的末尾句也值得我们再三回味:Nature seems to provide the mother with aboost(本义:增加‘鼓舞)to enable her to care,long term,for the most importantand costly genetic and metabolic(新陈代谢的)investment she will ever make——her offspring.展开更多
文摘Toni Morrison has made great achievements in American literary history. In her famous work Sula, motherhood is an essential theme which has attracted public attention. This essay interprets the abnormal maternal love provided by silenced black mothers in Sula and the ways for black women to break the silence.
基金The author received financial support for this research from The Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education(LPDP)of Indonesian government
文摘A woman experiences heightened vulnerability and faces tremendous challenges when transitioning to motherhood.This is exacerbated for young mothers and studies have shown that adolescent mothers experience an increased burden of responsibility during the transition to motherhood.Recent research addressing the experiences of adolescent mothers has increased.However,the current literature on this topic is still fragmented.The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the literature to explore adolescent mothers' experiences of transition to motherhood and identify associated factors.The literature was searched using electronic databases: Medline,Cumulative index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL),ProQuest,Scopus and PubMed.Relevant articles published in English from February 2005 to 2018 were included.Eighteen articles were included in the analysis.Based on this review,factors influencing a successful to transition to motherhood for adolescents included physical problems related to birth and breastfeeding,psychological well-being,ability to care for their baby,social support,education and economic strain and the provision of healthcare.The literature indicated a relationship between social supports and the development of positive maternal identity in the transition period for adolescent motherhood.Future healthcare interventions for adolescent mothers during the transitional period should aim to provide social support and the increase ability of adolescent mothers to manage the physical and psychological challenges of young motherhood,and enhance new mothers' knowledge about caring for babies.
文摘This report presents the results of a study on Reproductive Health done in North Kivu in September 2009. It was conducted by HEAL Africa, in partnership with the Provisional Division of Health, and financed by the University of Ottawa, Canada/CRDI with technical assistance from Western Cape University of South Africa. The study was conducted in the health zones of Birambizo and Kayna within the framework of the central office. The focus of the report is on one aspect of Reproductive Health—Low Risk Maternity. This study was conducted in rural areas given that Reproductive Health indicators are much weaker when compared with urban areas, according to EDS RDC, 2007 [1]. This study emphasizes the following points: General characteristics of the participants in the study, and the utilization and accessibility of maternity services in rural areas in conflict situations. The formula SPSS 12.0.1 was used to facilitate data analysis in the study. This study comes at a point in time when its relevance to HEAL Africa’s work will assist HEAL and its partners in determining the focus of interventions done in health zones in order to improve maternal and neonatal health. HEAL Africa firstly stepped into a Safe Motherhood pilot project in June 2006 for 9 months in the Masisi zone, then in 2007 in the Birambizo and Kayna health zones. In November 2007, HEAL expanded into Walikale and in October 2008, into Kirotshe, Binza, and Lubero. The intervention kit consists of reinforcing the capacity of existing health facilities, training traditional midwives who serve as a link between the community and the health structures, the provision of sanitary equipment, medical essentials and community mobilization was done through local leaders about health and reproduction, and organizing women of reproductive age in solidarity groups (SG) to generate maternity insurance. The community approach “Solidarity Groups for Maternity Insurance” constitutes the spine of HEAL Africa within the support it provides in Reproductive Health. The principal idea is to educate and train communities on how to use the MMR services that are available in their community, and to remove financial barriers to accessing health services. The 4 pillars that comprise the Safe Motherhood program are: family planning, prenatal care, safe assisted delivery and essential obstetric care. These four strategic measures are integral in assuring primary health care and equality for women. This study evaluates this approach, keeping in mind local strategies and their effects on improving the utilization and accessibility of reproductive health services.
文摘Delayed childbearing(DC) is common in most Western countries.The average age of first-time mothers increased in United States from 21.4 years in 1970 to 25.0 years in 2006 and from 25.4 to 30.8 years in Australia in the same period.It is commonly believed that this has no ominous consequences.But several negative consequences of this behavior are described: stillbirth,prematurity,twins,birth anomalies.Age also decreases women's fertility,thus many couples undergo in vitro fertilization.And we highlight a paradox: medical reproduction techniques decreases their effectiveness with maternal age,but their availability can be an incentive to postpone parenthood.Of course the risks of delayed parenthood involve a minority of cases,but are parents entitled to accept any risk on the behalf of their baby? A complete information would make people cautious before deciding to postpone childbearing,though this is often an obliged rather that a free choice: the consumerist society pressure and the difficulty to find an employment have their heavy weight in this choice.But if this choice is not really free,people's interest is to overcome these pressures and to claim for a real broad choice on when becoming parent,despite the pressures made by their cultural environment to postpone parenthood.Moreover,even reproductive techniques have some risks.Unfortunately,mass mediaoften praise and endorse DC,disregarding the increase of premature babies born because of DC,a real alarm for public health.Pediatricians should discourage the culture that makes DC a normal event.
文摘This article is about the question of what the term“motherhood”signifies,and how the figure of the Continuum helps recognize and explain pluralities of motherhood beyond the gender binary of“female-male”.After an initial explanation of the concept of gender as a Continuum,the figure of the Continuum will be applied to forms of motherhood and will discuss them in light of the four dimensions of the Continuum—physicality,feeling,sociality,and desire.The tensions between physical and social motherhood will be traced in an examination of Bertold Brecht’s“The Caucasian Chalk Circle”(1948)and its references to biblical,Chinese and German-language texts.Based on the diverse forms of motherhood discussed in the article,concerning trans*men among others,the necessity of a reformulation of the understanding of motherhood as a new parenthood will be outlined,which overturns the limiting connection between motherhood and heteronormatively defined femininity.
文摘Background: Niger is one of the countries that have the highest fertility rate in the world, with 7, 6 children per woman. Zinder is the most populated region of Niger with 5 million inhabitants that is 1/5 of Niger population. The demographic impact that has affected Niger the last 10 years: unemployment poverty and drug use, spawned violence of all kinds in Zinder region (physical and sexual violence). Sexual abuse is a major risk for poor psychiatric and physical outcomes. As sexual violence has serious consequences on the life and future of women and the community and it concerns our field of intervention, we initiated this study whose objective was to determine the socio-epidemiological and lesional aspects, the consequences and appropriate solutions of sexual violence in the Zinder. Methodology: This was a retrospective collection study of all cases of alleged sexual violence received over a 12-year period from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2021 in Zinder’s referral maternity wards. Results: During the study period, 441 cases of sexual violence were collected;an annual average of 36 cases (441/12). The frequency is 1.29% on the 34,186 consultations. The mean age was 12.31 years with age extremes of 3 to 43 years. Students accounted for 25.39%. Street vendors were found in 224 cases or 50.79%. The predominant reason for admission is rape in 64.63%. The defloration was 52.15%. Pregnancy was found in 118 cases or 26.75%. HIV serology was positive in 1 victim. School dropout was 26.75%. Conclusion: The victims of sexual violence were minors, mostly street vendors and school children. The lack of means of repression at the time allowed the expansion of this violence. The consequences of sexual violence were severe. Advocacy has improved the phenomen on of sexual violence in Zinder.
基金A Project Supported by Sichuan Animation and Comic Research Center,Key Research Institute of Social Sciences of Sichuan Province(Project No.DM201208).
文摘The mother figure is the most frequent female figure in animated films.The portrayal of the mother figure in Lotus Lantern and Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child reflects the social construction of the mother figure in both films,and sheds light on the concepts and attitudes of women in society at different times.The mother figure in Lotus Lantern has the characteristics of a traditional ideal mother in a typically patriarchal culture;the mother figure in Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child returns to the realistic mother.The construction of the ideal mother to the realistic mother will also lead us to a more realistic understanding and concern for mothers and women in a realistic context.
文摘Basically, motherhood contains the physical aspect of motherhood, both as the ability to give birth and as the practice of nurturance. There is also the ideology of"the social construction of motherhood"which encompasses the legal, economic and institutional means by which society defines the roles, rights and duties of mothers.
基金supported by the General Research Project of Zhejiang Education Bureau(No.Y202455028)the Research Fund of Hangzhou Dianzi University(No.KYS155624311).
文摘Women's well-being has gained increasing importance in global health agendas.This study employed longitudinal data from 36,144 women in China from 2010 to 2018 to investigate the impact of motherhood on women's mental health.Using a model that incorporated interactions between time trends and individual and household characteristics,the study revealed that women with newborns generally reported higher levels of mental well-being.However,those with toddlers aged 3-6 were more likely to experience symptoms of depression.The impact of motherhood on mental health was shaped by the interplay between the emotional benefits linked to hormonal changes and the emotional costs associated with childcare obligations.Access to supportive childcare services can help women alleviate the stresses of maternal responsibility,thereby enhancing their mental well-being.When adequate resources are available,motherhood may not pose significant challenges to women's mental health.
文摘This study examined the influence of motherhood identity on the teaching practices of English teachers by employing work-family enrichment and identity fusion theories.It explores the relationship between motherhood identity and teaching practices,examining the mediating role of work-life enrichment and the moderating efect of community involvement.A survey of 354 English teachers from China,conducted using purposive sampling,was analyzed using Partial Least Squares(PLS)structural equation modeling.Findings reveal how the motherhood identity of English teachers influences their teaching practices:as teachers actively integrate their motherhood experiences into their professional development,the harmonization of work and childcare enhances their teaching performance.Additionally,voluntary community involvement moderates perceptions of motherhood experiences,aiding in overcoming challenges in childcare and teaching.Consequently,with work life enrichment mediating and community involvement moderating,teachers effctively leverage their motherhood experiences to enhance their English teaching practices.This study contributes to the understanding of the nuanced relationship between motherhood identity and teaching practices,highlighting the growing importance of community involvement in the professional development of female English teachers.The limitation of purposive sampling shows that the gencralizability of our findings to other contexts should be considered with caution.
文摘The period of adolescence,defined by the World Health Organization as the period between 10 and 19 years of age,is the transition from childhood to adulthood through a number of biological,psychological,and social changes.It has been reported that one in five individuals is an adolescent,and 85% of adolescents live in developing countries,[1] Pregnancies that occur in this period,when the individual has yet to complete the maturation process in both biological and psychological senses,are risky for both the mother and child.
文摘This paper demonstrates the experiences of dealing with unhappiness when doing prenatal medical check ups and of seeking pleasure through prenatal shopping among two generation mothers, the younger expectant mother and their older mothers. It argues that the conflicts between them arise from the state intentions of marginalizing and eliminating the socialist past embedded in the older generation mothers. Locating these contrasts into historical specificies, it illustrates that the distinctions imposed by the state to grouping and categorizing its national subjects are in fact discursively produced through people＇s everyday life by evoking both their desires and fears. It further suggests that as subjected bodies, no matter how unevenly they were, they all subvert the authorities in one way or another.
文摘Motherhood protection means that the government provides protective measures to help mothers during pregnancy and childbirth.During Taisho period,there was a heated discussion over motherhood protection among feminists.The leading feminists in this discussion,Hiratsuka Raicho and Yosano Akiko,held totally opposed ideas towards motherhood protection.It is worth noting that the differences in their views are mainly due to their different life experiences.This heated debate lasted for several years,although it did not reach a concrete conclusion,it left a valuable legacy for later generations of feminists.Analyzing the reasons for their different attitudes and exploring the theoretical logic behind their different attitudes can provide lessons for solving the problems of low fertility and motherhood protection in Japan and the world today.To truly protect women's interest and promote gender equality,motherhood protection should focuses more on the plight of women due to childbirth than national interest,making becoming a mother no longer be an obstacle to women's self-achievement and personal independence.
文摘本文标题中的Motherhood即“母性”的意思。具体言之,本文的Motherhood即pregnancy(怀孕)。鼠的试验表明,生育能使脑中的海马状突起大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物(主要由灰白质构成,在泛记过程中起主要作用)发生变化。这种变化能够增强思维能力,改善记忆,并能预防老年痴呆疾病的发生。且此种变化,随生育次数的增加而增加。文章结尾处,科研人员讲述了自己潜心研究此课题的由来,非常生动感人,且本文遣词造句,文采不俗,值得英语学习者琢磨。如:bathing/translate into这些寻常字眼,在本文用得神采熠熠。此外,文章的末尾句也值得我们再三回味:Nature seems to provide the mother with aboost(本义:增加‘鼓舞)to enable her to care,long term,for the most importantand costly genetic and metabolic(新陈代谢的)investment she will ever make——her offspring.
