First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art ...First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art Museum opened at the Buzludzha Monument in Bulgaria.This exhibition used light as a medium and nomadism as a method.展开更多
Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new an...Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new and contemporary square in the working area where the current use and traffic create chaos,to add a new square to the open and green areas in Ankara(Turkey)and to create a connection between this area and the existing open and green areas.At the same time,health workers are honoured through a memorial area integrated into the square.The importance of the location chosen as the study area is that it is surrounded by many public health facilities and is a point of intersection of Ankara’s existing open green space systems.Throughout the three-stage design process,brainstorming sessions were held,drawings and sketches were made,and urban analyses were carried out on transport,culture,art,education,health,open and green spaces.Solutions were proposed for both indoor and outdoor spaces,and the forms were transformed into functional design elements and reflected in the space.As a result,after the pandemic,a city square has been created where people can socialise again,with a monument,a square,water surfaces,an amphitheatre,viewing terraces,a market area,a bridge,sitting and walking areas that are appropriate to the capital.展开更多
Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The May...Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The Mayan civilization arose around 2000 BC,reaching its height between 400 AD and 900 AD in what is present-day southern Mexico and Guatemala,as well as parts of Belize,El Salvador and Honduras.展开更多
The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to ...The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.展开更多
The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins o...The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins of periodic signals in GPS observations makes it difficult to isolate the millimeter-levelMTE displacement from other signals and noises.In this study,to assess the diurnal and semidiurnalsignals induced by MTE,we processed 12 very short GPS baselines(VSGB)with length<150 m.Themonument pairs for each baseline differ in their heights,horizontal structure,or base foundations.Meanwhile,two zero-baselines were also processed as the control group.Results showed that the sea-sonal signals observed in VSGB time series in the horizontal and vertical directions,were mainly inducedby seasonal MTE.Time-varying diurnal and semidiurnal signals with amplitude up to 4 mm wereobserved in the vertical direction for baselines with monument height difference(MHD)larger than10 m.Horizontal diurnal signal with an amplitude of about 2 mm was also detected for baselines withnon-axisymmetric monument structure.The orientation of the detected horizontal displacement wascoherent with the direction of daily temperature variation(DTV)driven by direct solar radiation,whichindicates that the diurnal and semidiurnal signals are likely induced by MTE.The observed high-frequency MTE displacements,if not well modeled and removed,may propagate into spurious long-term signals and bias the velocity estimation in the daily GPS time series.展开更多
On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,...On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,our two peoples fought the Japanese fascists together,and forged a deep friendship that stood the test of blood and fre."展开更多
The monumental second edition Petroleum Geology of China has been published by the Petroleum Industry Press.This definitive work was compiled under the leadership of Academician Zhai Guangming,a preeminent authority i...The monumental second edition Petroleum Geology of China has been published by the Petroleum Industry Press.This definitive work was compiled under the leadership of Academician Zhai Guangming,a preeminent authority in petroleum exploration.As the culmination of eight years of dedicated effort by over a thousand experts and scholars,this monumental publication comprises 25 volumes(bound in 32 books).展开更多
This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodiu...This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodium chloride on two series of specimens sampled parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane.Capillary imbibition was carried out using saline solutions of two concentrations(15 g/L and 45 g/L).SEM observations show that,across all contaminated samples,halite precipitates mainly on the surface,in the form of efflorescence,while subflorescence remains negligible.The analysis identifies two distinct halite morphologies:(i)cubic crystals of 2 to 10μm at grain boundaries and(ii)xenomorphic aggregates on pore walls,reflecting that the size and morphology of halite crystals vary according to local nucleation conditions,influenced by the mineralogical composition of the substrates and the degree of supersaturation reached during the cycles.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed significantly higher halite precipitation in samples oriented perpendicular to the sediment bedding(4.53–5.22%)than in those oriented parallel(2.71–4.17%),indicating that bedding plane orientation is a determining factor in weathering processes and the evolution of petrophysical properties.These results demonstrate that capillary transport is intrinsically anisotropic in calcarenite,with bedding orientation controlling both the amount of precipitated salt and the location of crystallizations.This study thus establishes a solid mechanistic framework for predicting salt weathering patterns in stratified heritage stones,and offers concrete perspectives for optimizing conservation strategies in coastal environments.展开更多
It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservat...It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.展开更多
The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this pap...The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.展开更多
Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built m...Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into展开更多
Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （gra...Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.展开更多
In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii ...In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.展开更多
Ancient Bukhara is the cultural and educational center of East which made huge contribution to a treasury of world art. Culture and art buildings were built in Bukhara and around its territory. Ancient Bukhara turned ...Ancient Bukhara is the cultural and educational center of East which made huge contribution to a treasury of world art. Culture and art buildings were built in Bukhara and around its territory. Ancient Bukhara turned out as one of the biggest centers of Middle East in the period （era） of outstanding Somoniy （in the IX-X centuries） and Temurids （in the XIV-XV centuries）, particular, its developed literature, culture, architecture, and music art; especially, as being the capital of dynasty Mangits （at the beginning of the century XVIII-XX）, served as the groundwork of forming Shashmakom samples in groups. This time among a number of poets and artists, lived Akhmad Danish--the most mature scientist, philosopher, poet, calligrapher, and painter, Abdurauf Fitrat--poet and writer, theoretician, musician and political activist.展开更多
Florence (Italy) is a worldwide well-known cultural historical city, with many outstanding monumental buildings visited every year by about 20M people, since 1982 the historical city center is under the UNESCO Patrona...Florence (Italy) is a worldwide well-known cultural historical city, with many outstanding monumental buildings visited every year by about 20M people, since 1982 the historical city center is under the UNESCO Patronage. Conservation of monumental buildings is subject to the principles of integrity and authenticity, in Italy recalled by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage 2011 rule, which defines the procedure for their seismic vulnerability evaluation. For that, the knowledge of the masonry structure is in need, and in lack of historical documentation on the design, only non destructive tests (NDT), or very low destructive tests, can be run on the masonry for acquiring this knowledge on its structure and consistence. For this purpose, we are largely using specific ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology, which is resulting highly performing in defining masonry structure and consistence. This paper summarizes selected case histories regarding the main Florentine historical monumental buildings: Palazzo Vecchio, Brunelleschi’s Cupola, Giotto’s Bell-Tower, and San Giovanni Baptistery. The correct interpretation of the GPR data requires knowledge about the masonry techniques of the age of construction, and local verification with micro drill-holes with video inspections, sonic and ultrasonic tests, in defining historical monumental buildings masonry structure and competence, static and dynamic behavior parameters and seismic vulnerability.展开更多
This article presents the history of urban development in Uzbekistan. In the XX century urban development in Uzbekistan is undergoing some significant changes. Depending on social changes there are changes of tenor of...This article presents the history of urban development in Uzbekistan. In the XX century urban development in Uzbekistan is undergoing some significant changes. Depending on social changes there are changes of tenor of life of society that finds reflection in town planning and architecture. The local architecture gets a variety of artistic styles. The Soviet period in Uzbekistan has been a difficult and controversial. City 1920-1980 biennium was under pressure from the Soviet doctrine. During the reconstruction after the earthquake in Tashkent used progressive methods of planning and development. During the period of independence of Uzbekistan to the 1990s to the present day there is a reassessment of values in the spiritual culture of the Uzbek people, when the problems of national identity become dominant in all spheres, including in urban planning.展开更多
The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influen...The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.展开更多
A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the mos...A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.展开更多
The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt is one of the oldest stone monuments in the world and along with other historical monuments of this area is included in the World Heritage List of UNESCO （United Nations E...The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt is one of the oldest stone monuments in the world and along with other historical monuments of this area is included in the World Heritage List of UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）. In a way, this monument was an experimental construction and served as a prototype for other pyramids afterwards built in Ancient Egypt. Innovative materials, mortar, construction and engineering solutions were introduced and approbated during the construction process of the Step Pyramid. Therefore, the reconstruction of this monument possibly close to its original state is an extremely difficult task. The preservation of this pyramid for future generations is a challenge to the specialists of various scientific fields. Current study is focusing on systematic assessment of the exposed surfaces of the pyramid＇s facades identifying various stone material weathering types and their intensities, as well as major deformations of the structure further integrated into the geospatial model of the pyramid. The results of this study provide possibility to determine the most endangered areas of pyramid＇s facades and calculate the volume of necessary reconstruction work.展开更多
文摘First Stop of the‘Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series’Launched in Bulgaria On 12 February,the first stop of the new series“Expeditionary Light Project:Human Utopia Series”organized by the Zhejiang Art Museum opened at the Buzludzha Monument in Bulgaria.This exhibition used light as a medium and nomadism as a method.
文摘Open and green spaces are essential elements of cities.With the COVID epidemic,the importance of the need for open and green spaces in urban areas has become more understood.The aim of this study is to create a new and contemporary square in the working area where the current use and traffic create chaos,to add a new square to the open and green areas in Ankara(Turkey)and to create a connection between this area and the existing open and green areas.At the same time,health workers are honoured through a memorial area integrated into the square.The importance of the location chosen as the study area is that it is surrounded by many public health facilities and is a point of intersection of Ankara’s existing open green space systems.Throughout the three-stage design process,brainstorming sessions were held,drawings and sketches were made,and urban analyses were carried out on transport,culture,art,education,health,open and green spaces.Solutions were proposed for both indoor and outdoor spaces,and the forms were transformed into functional design elements and reflected in the space.As a result,after the pandemic,a city square has been created where people can socialise again,with a monument,a square,water surfaces,an amphitheatre,viewing terraces,a market area,a bridge,sitting and walking areas that are appropriate to the capital.
文摘Archaeologists(考古学家)have unearthed the remains of a Mayan city nearly 3,000 years old in northern Guatemala,with pyramids(金字塔)and monuments that showcase its significance as an important ceremonial site.The Mayan civilization arose around 2000 BC,reaching its height between 400 AD and 900 AD in what is present-day southern Mexico and Guatemala,as well as parts of Belize,El Salvador and Honduras.
文摘The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.
基金funded by the Independent Innovation Project of Changjiang Institute of Survey,Planning,Design and Research Corporation (CX2020Z32)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers42204006 and 42104028)the Open Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory (Grant Numbers 230100020 and 230100019)
文摘The monument thermal effect(MTE)displacements could result in periodical signals with several mil-limeters magnitudes in the vertical and horizontal GPS position time series.However,the interaction ofvarious origins of periodic signals in GPS observations makes it difficult to isolate the millimeter-levelMTE displacement from other signals and noises.In this study,to assess the diurnal and semidiurnalsignals induced by MTE,we processed 12 very short GPS baselines(VSGB)with length<150 m.Themonument pairs for each baseline differ in their heights,horizontal structure,or base foundations.Meanwhile,two zero-baselines were also processed as the control group.Results showed that the sea-sonal signals observed in VSGB time series in the horizontal and vertical directions,were mainly inducedby seasonal MTE.Time-varying diurnal and semidiurnal signals with amplitude up to 4 mm wereobserved in the vertical direction for baselines with monument height difference(MHD)larger than10 m.Horizontal diurnal signal with an amplitude of about 2 mm was also detected for baselines withnon-axisymmetric monument structure.The orientation of the detected horizontal displacement wascoherent with the direction of daily temperature variation(DTV)driven by direct solar radiation,whichindicates that the diurnal and semidiurnal signals are likely induced by MTE.The observed high-frequency MTE displacements,if not well modeled and removed,may propagate into spurious long-term signals and bias the velocity estimation in the daily GPS time series.
文摘On September 12,2023,in a reply letter to Jeffrey Greene,Chairman of the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation,and Flying Tigers veterans Harry Moyer and Mel McMullen,President Xi Jinping noted,"In the past,our two peoples fought the Japanese fascists together,and forged a deep friendship that stood the test of blood and fre."
文摘The monumental second edition Petroleum Geology of China has been published by the Petroleum Industry Press.This definitive work was compiled under the leadership of Academician Zhai Guangming,a preeminent authority in petroleum exploration.As the culmination of eight years of dedicated effort by over a thousand experts and scholars,this monumental publication comprises 25 volumes(bound in 32 books).
文摘This study investigates the impact of bedding plane orientation on sodium chloride(NaCl)precipitation in a calcarenite stone,subjected to salt weathering cycles.It involves conducting wetting-drying cycles using sodium chloride on two series of specimens sampled parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane.Capillary imbibition was carried out using saline solutions of two concentrations(15 g/L and 45 g/L).SEM observations show that,across all contaminated samples,halite precipitates mainly on the surface,in the form of efflorescence,while subflorescence remains negligible.The analysis identifies two distinct halite morphologies:(i)cubic crystals of 2 to 10μm at grain boundaries and(ii)xenomorphic aggregates on pore walls,reflecting that the size and morphology of halite crystals vary according to local nucleation conditions,influenced by the mineralogical composition of the substrates and the degree of supersaturation reached during the cycles.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed significantly higher halite precipitation in samples oriented perpendicular to the sediment bedding(4.53–5.22%)than in those oriented parallel(2.71–4.17%),indicating that bedding plane orientation is a determining factor in weathering processes and the evolution of petrophysical properties.These results demonstrate that capillary transport is intrinsically anisotropic in calcarenite,with bedding orientation controlling both the amount of precipitated salt and the location of crystallizations.This study thus establishes a solid mechanistic framework for predicting salt weathering patterns in stratified heritage stones,and offers concrete perspectives for optimizing conservation strategies in coastal environments.
文摘It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.
文摘The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.
文摘Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into
文摘Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.
文摘In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.
文摘Ancient Bukhara is the cultural and educational center of East which made huge contribution to a treasury of world art. Culture and art buildings were built in Bukhara and around its territory. Ancient Bukhara turned out as one of the biggest centers of Middle East in the period （era） of outstanding Somoniy （in the IX-X centuries） and Temurids （in the XIV-XV centuries）, particular, its developed literature, culture, architecture, and music art; especially, as being the capital of dynasty Mangits （at the beginning of the century XVIII-XX）, served as the groundwork of forming Shashmakom samples in groups. This time among a number of poets and artists, lived Akhmad Danish--the most mature scientist, philosopher, poet, calligrapher, and painter, Abdurauf Fitrat--poet and writer, theoretician, musician and political activist.
文摘Florence (Italy) is a worldwide well-known cultural historical city, with many outstanding monumental buildings visited every year by about 20M people, since 1982 the historical city center is under the UNESCO Patronage. Conservation of monumental buildings is subject to the principles of integrity and authenticity, in Italy recalled by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage 2011 rule, which defines the procedure for their seismic vulnerability evaluation. For that, the knowledge of the masonry structure is in need, and in lack of historical documentation on the design, only non destructive tests (NDT), or very low destructive tests, can be run on the masonry for acquiring this knowledge on its structure and consistence. For this purpose, we are largely using specific ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology, which is resulting highly performing in defining masonry structure and consistence. This paper summarizes selected case histories regarding the main Florentine historical monumental buildings: Palazzo Vecchio, Brunelleschi’s Cupola, Giotto’s Bell-Tower, and San Giovanni Baptistery. The correct interpretation of the GPR data requires knowledge about the masonry techniques of the age of construction, and local verification with micro drill-holes with video inspections, sonic and ultrasonic tests, in defining historical monumental buildings masonry structure and competence, static and dynamic behavior parameters and seismic vulnerability.
文摘This article presents the history of urban development in Uzbekistan. In the XX century urban development in Uzbekistan is undergoing some significant changes. Depending on social changes there are changes of tenor of life of society that finds reflection in town planning and architecture. The local architecture gets a variety of artistic styles. The Soviet period in Uzbekistan has been a difficult and controversial. City 1920-1980 biennium was under pressure from the Soviet doctrine. During the reconstruction after the earthquake in Tashkent used progressive methods of planning and development. During the period of independence of Uzbekistan to the 1990s to the present day there is a reassessment of values in the spiritual culture of the Uzbek people, when the problems of national identity become dominant in all spheres, including in urban planning.
文摘The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.
文摘A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.
文摘The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt is one of the oldest stone monuments in the world and along with other historical monuments of this area is included in the World Heritage List of UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）. In a way, this monument was an experimental construction and served as a prototype for other pyramids afterwards built in Ancient Egypt. Innovative materials, mortar, construction and engineering solutions were introduced and approbated during the construction process of the Step Pyramid. Therefore, the reconstruction of this monument possibly close to its original state is an extremely difficult task. The preservation of this pyramid for future generations is a challenge to the specialists of various scientific fields. Current study is focusing on systematic assessment of the exposed surfaces of the pyramid＇s facades identifying various stone material weathering types and their intensities, as well as major deformations of the structure further integrated into the geospatial model of the pyramid. The results of this study provide possibility to determine the most endangered areas of pyramid＇s facades and calculate the volume of necessary reconstruction work.
