Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a lifelong condition with a high prevalence among children and adults. As the diet is a frequent factor that triggers the symptoms, it has been assumed that by avoiding the consumptio...Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a lifelong condition with a high prevalence among children and adults. As the diet is a frequent factor that triggers the symptoms, it has been assumed that by avoiding the consumption of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP), the symptoms might be improved. Therefore, in the past decade, low FODMAP diet has been intensively investigated in the management of IBS. The capacity of FODMAPs to trigger the symptoms in patients with IBS was related to the stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the small and large intestine. This stimulation appears as a response to a combination of increased luminal water (the osmotic effect) and the release of gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen) due to the fermentation of oligosaccharides and malabsorption of fructose, lactose and polyols. Numerous studies have been published regarding the efficacy of a low FODMAP diet compared to a traditional diet in releasing the IBS symptoms in adults, but there are only a few studies in the juvenile population. The aim of this review is to analyze the current data on both low FODMAP diet in children with IBS and the effects on their nutritional status and physiological development, given the fact that it is a restrictive diet.展开更多
The interaction between monosaccharides exhibits an important role in the assembly of monosaccharide-containing molecules. In this work, three common monosaccharides, glucose, galactose and mannose, are employed to in...The interaction between monosaccharides exhibits an important role in the assembly of monosaccharide-containing molecules. In this work, three common monosaccharides, glucose, galactose and mannose, are employed to investigate the effect of monosaccharide on the self-assembly of benzenetricarboxamide(BTA) core-containing molecules. In the presence of monosaccharides, three benzenetricarboxamide derivatives aggregate into different ordered structures. When alanine linkers are introduced to these molecules between the core and the monosacchride, morphologies of three types of monosaccharide BTAs turned to disordered, meanwhile their structures become similar with the increase of the length of alanine linkers, indicating the disappearance of the monosaccharide effects.展开更多
To the Editor:Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.[1]Its histological classification includes non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),which encompasses adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carci...To the Editor:Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.[1]Its histological classification includes non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),which encompasses adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma,and large cell carcinoma.Among these,lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)is the most common subtype.Visceral pleural invasion(VPI)is a significant factor influencing tumor grade and serves as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with lung cancer.However,due to the lack of measurable markers in most cases,it can only be detected through imaging techniques and pathological examinations.展开更多
A significant reaction in the synthesis of biomass-based chemicals is the catalyst-based and targeted oxidation of monosaccharides into valuable sugar acids.In this study,an activated carbon supported gold catalyst wa...A significant reaction in the synthesis of biomass-based chemicals is the catalyst-based and targeted oxidation of monosaccharides into valuable sugar acids.In this study,an activated carbon supported gold catalyst was used to oxidize glucose and xylose to gluconic acid and xylonic acid under neutral condition.Optimization of reaction conditions for the catalysts was performed using both a batch reactor and a flow-through reactor.In a batch reactor,the yields of gluconic and xylonic acid reached 93%and 92%,respectively,at 90℃ within 180 min.In a flow reactor,both reactions reached a similar yield at 80℃ with the weight hourly space velocity of 47.1 h^(-1).The reaction kinetics were explored in the flow reactor.The oxidation of glucose and xylose to gluconic and xylonic acid followed a first-order kinetics and the turnover frequency was 0.195 and 0.161 s^(-1),respectively.The activation energy was evaluated to be 60.58 and 59.30 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.This study presents an environmentally friendly and feasible method for the selective oxidation of monosaccharides using an activated carbon supported gold catalyst,benefiting the high-value application of carbohydrates.展开更多
The efficient fractionation and recovery of monosaccharides(xylose and glucose)from lignocellulosic biomass facilitates subsequent sugar-based derivative production.This study introduces a one-potγ-valerolactone/CuCl...The efficient fractionation and recovery of monosaccharides(xylose and glucose)from lignocellulosic biomass facilitates subsequent sugar-based derivative production.This study introduces a one-potγ-valerolactone/CuCl_(2)biphasic pretreatment system(100-mmol·L^(-1)CuCl_(2),180°C,60 min)capable of achieving removal rates of 92.25%and 90.64%for xylan and lignin,respectively,while retaining 83.88%of cellulose.Compared to other metal chlorides(NaCl,LiCl,FeCl_(3),and AlCl_(3)),theγ-valerolactone/CuCl_(2)system recovered 121.2 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of xylose and 55.96 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of glucose during the pretreatment stage and 339.2 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of glucose during the enzymatic hydrolysis stage(90.78%of glucose yield),achieving a total monosaccharide recovery of 86.31%.In addition,the recovery ofγ-valerolactone was 79.33%,exhibiting minimal changes relative to the pretreatment performance.The method proposed in this study allows a high total monosaccharides recovery and a circular economy-oriented pretreatment approach,offering a viable pathway for biorefinery.展开更多
Monosaccharides are one of the most important structural components of biomolecules, such as polysac- charides, nucleic acids, glycolipids and glycoproteins. In structural analysis of polysaccharides and gly- coconjug...Monosaccharides are one of the most important structural components of biomolecules, such as polysac- charides, nucleic acids, glycolipids and glycoproteins. In structural analysis of polysaccharides and gly- coconjugates, the absolute configurations （D or L） of the constituent monosaccharides are usually deter- mined by measurement of the optical rotation, CD spectra or characteristic chromatographic retention behavior. However, each method has its unique advantages and limitations which should be considered while using them. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides and their underlying principles are summarized to serve as a reference for researchers.展开更多
The study investigated the effects of ethanol precipitation on the polysaccharide components obtained from 3 different oak acorns.The variables factors were ethanol precipitation times(1×or 2×),tree species(...The study investigated the effects of ethanol precipitation on the polysaccharide components obtained from 3 different oak acorns.The variables factors were ethanol precipitation times(1×or 2×),tree species(Quercus variabilis,Quercus aliena,Quercus dentata)and raw materials(whole acorn fruit or kernels).Through detections of acorn polysaccharide concentrations from different species and components analyses,we found that the second ethanol precipitation had a better extraction effect,and acorn polysaccharides were proved to be mainly composed of glucose,galacturonic acid,arabinose and galactose.Compared with other groups,the highest content of polysaccharides was proved to be extracted from Q.variabilis kernels,thus,acorn kernels should be suggested as the proper material for the extraction of acorn polysaccharides.Interestingly,acorn polysaccharides functionally alleviated liver and kidney damages in type 2 diabetes mice,they also had noticeable hypoglycemic effects and regulated insulin secretion,particularly in combination with metformin and D-mannuronic acid.展开更多
The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ...The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ERD5 as an At ERDL6 homologue and explored the function of Os ERD5.We found that Os ERD5 overexpression significantly enhanced the tiller number and grain yield of rice.Os ERD5 was widely expressed in aboveground tissues,encoded a tonoplast-localized protein,and exhibited transport activities for fructose,glucose and mannose when expressed in yeast.Expression character assay revealed that Os ERD5 mediated hexose efflux across tonoplasts and participated in maintaining the diurnal rhythm-regulated intracellular hexose homeostasis.Additional physiological and molecular evidence showed that Os ERD5 overexpression promoted vacuolar glucose efflux,enhanced sucrose synthesis and transport,increased sugar content in the shoot base,and promoted rice tillering by activating the synthesis of cytokinin simultaneously repressing strigolactone and gibberellin signaling.This study elucidates the function of Os ERD5 and the mechanism underlying the overexpression of Os ERD5 increasing rice tillering and yield.展开更多
Dilution enthalpies of sodium chloride and some monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fructose) in water and mixing enthalpies of aqueous sodium chloride and these monosaccharide solutions were m...Dilution enthalpies of sodium chloride and some monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fructose) in water and mixing enthalpies of aqueous sodium chloride and these monosaccharide solutions were measured by using an improved precision semimicro-titration calorimeter. Transfer enthalpies of sodium chloride from water to aqueous saccharide solutions were evaluated as well as enthalpy interaction parameters of sodium chloride with these monosaccharides in water. Combined with Gibbs energy interaction parameters, entropy interaction parameters were also obtained. The results show that interactions of the saccharides with sodium chloride depend on the stereochemistry of saccharide molecules. These interaction parameters can identify stereochemical structure of saccharide molecules. Keywords sodium chloride - monosaccharide - enthalpy interaction parameter - entropy interaction parameter - calorimetry展开更多
Almond pruning biomass is an important agricultural residue that has been scarcely studied for the co-production of sugars and solid biofuels.In this work,the production of monosaccharides from almond prunings was opt...Almond pruning biomass is an important agricultural residue that has been scarcely studied for the co-production of sugars and solid biofuels.In this work,the production of monosaccharides from almond prunings was optimised by a two-step process scheme:pretreatment with dilute sulphuric acid(0.025 M,at 185.9-214.1℃for 0.8-9.2 min)followed by enzyme saccharification of the pretreated cellulose.The application of a response surface methodology enabled the mathematical modelling of the process,establishing pretreatment conditions to maximise both the amount of sugar in the acid prehydrolysate(23.4 kg/100 kg raw material,at 195.7℃for 3.5 min)and the enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated cellulose(45.4%,at 210.0℃for 8.0 min).The highest overall sugar yield(36.8 kg/100 kg raw material,equivalent to 64.3%of all sugars in the feedstock)was obtained with a pretreatment carried out at 197.0℃for 4.0 min.Under these conditions,moreover,the final solids showed better properties for thermochemical utilisation(22.0 MJ/kg heating value,0.87%ash content,and 72.1 mg/g moisture adsorption capacity)compared to those of the original prunings.展开更多
Hypervigilance and symptoms anticipation,visceral hypersensitivity and gastroduodenal sensorimotor abnormalities account for the varied clinical presentation of functional dyspepsia(FD)patients.Many patients recognize...Hypervigilance and symptoms anticipation,visceral hypersensitivity and gastroduodenal sensorimotor abnormalities account for the varied clinical presentation of functional dyspepsia(FD)patients.Many patients recognize meals as the main triggering factor;thus,dietary manipulations often represent the first-line management strategy in this cohort of patients.Nonetheless,scarce quality evidence has been produced regarding the relationship between specific foods and/or macronutrients and the onset of FD symptoms,resulting in nonstandardized nutritional approaches.Most dietary advises are indeed empirical and often lead to exclusion diets,reinforcing in patients the perception of“being intolerant”to food and self-perpetuating some of the very mechanisms underlying dyspepsia physiopathology(i.e.,hypervigilance and symptom anticipation).Clinicians are often uncertain regarding the contribution of specific foods to dyspepsia physiopathology and dedicated professionals(i.e.,dietitians)are only available in tertiary referral settings.This in turn,can result in nutritionally unbalanced diets and could even encourage restrictive eating behaviors in severe dyspepsia.In this review,we aim at evaluating the relationship between dietary habits,macronutrients and specific foods in determining FD symptoms.We will provide an overview of the evidence-based nutritional approach that should be pursued in these patients,providing clinicians with a valuable tool in standardizing nutritional advises and discouraging patients from engaging into indiscriminate food exclusions.展开更多
Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations at the ？zmir Bay were investigated with salinity, chlorophyll a（Chl a）, and dissolved organic carbon（DOC） levels to understand their ...Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations at the ？zmir Bay were investigated with salinity, chlorophyll a（Chl a）, and dissolved organic carbon（DOC） levels to understand their relationships.Samples were collected from surface, subsurface and bottom depths at seven stations. DOC concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 244.2 μmol/L, and in general, DOC levels increased from winter to summer, then slightly decreased in autumn. Monosaccharide（MCHO）, polysaccharide（PCHO） and total dissolved carbohydrate（TDCHO） levels were found between 0.7–8.3, 0.7–19.5, and 2.6–24.6 μmol/L. DOC, MCHO, PCHO and TDCHO levels were found higher in middle-inner bays, under the influence of anthropogenic inputs, compared to outer bay. Seasonal changes of MCHO/DOC, PCHO/DOC and TDCHO/DOC ratios were statistically significant（p〈0.05）and the ratios showed decrease trends from winter to summer-autumn seasons. Distributions of TDCHO/DOC ratios at wide ranges（2.5%–42.3%） indicated the presence of newly forming and degrading fractions of DOM.According to results of factor analysis, Chl a, MCHO and TDCHO were explained in the same factor groups. In conclusion, the results showed that dissolved carbohydrate levels in the ？zmir Bay might be influenced by biological processes and terrestrial/anthropogenic inputs.展开更多
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to quantify total monosaccharide content in the bacterium Enterobacter cloacae and several of its biofilm mutants. Bacterial biofilm samples were grown on trypti...Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to quantify total monosaccharide content in the bacterium Enterobacter cloacae and several of its biofilm mutants. Bacterial biofilm samples were grown on trypticase soy agar, and 30 μL aliquots of aqueous sample bacterial plus biofilm were deposited into the center of barium fluoride crystals and dried at 50°C for 1-hour before being scanned by FTIR. The total amounts of monosaccharides were estimated using the absorbance of the mono-saccharide peak, 1192 - 958 cm–1, and normalized using the amide II peak, 1585 - 1483 cm–1. This method provided a linear correlation between the absorbance of the monosaccharide peak and concentration of monosaccharide in standard monosaccharides, fructose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose, over a concentration range of 0.5 - 2.0 mg/mL.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the changes in glucose transporter-4(Glut-4) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle before and after the thoracic operation and to observe the changes in Glut-4 mRNA expression by preoperative in...Objective: To investigate the changes in glucose transporter-4(Glut-4) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle before and after the thoracic operation and to observe the changes in Glut-4 mRNA expression by preoperative infusion of glucose. Methods: Twelve cases of elective thoracic operation were randomly divided into two groups, namely ordinary group Ⅰ and glucose infusion group Ⅱ. One gram of intercostal muscle was taken while thorax being opened and closed from patients under general anesthesia. Total RNA of the muscle cells was extracted by TRIzol one-step assay. Reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the Glut-4 mRNA amplification products with β-actin mRNA as an internal control. The Glut-4 mRNA expression was expressed by targeted gene /β-actin ×100%. The plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined at the same time.Results: Glut-4 mRNA expression was significantly reduced(P<0.05) and plasma glucose level increased (P<0.05), while thorax was being closed as compared with those while being opened. However, Glut-4 mRNA expression in glucose infusion group Ⅱ was significantly higher than ordinary group Ⅰ (P<0.01) and plasma glucose level in group Ⅱ was lower than group Ⅰ(P<0.05) when thorax was being closed. Conclusion: The results indicate that the synthesis of Glut-4 is suppressed by the surgical stress of thoracic operation under general anesthesia. We found that preoperative infusion glucose can increase Glut-4 mRNA expression at the same surgical stress and relieve postoperative insulin resistance.展开更多
Poly（phenylacetylene）s beating monosaccharide pendant groups are synthesized in high yields by [Rh（nbd）Cl]2 catalyst. The polymers have high molecular weights and give satisfactory spectroscopic data corresponding...Poly（phenylacetylene）s beating monosaccharide pendant groups are synthesized in high yields by [Rh（nbd）Cl]2 catalyst. The polymers have high molecular weights and give satisfactory spectroscopic data corresponding to their molecular structures. They are thermally quite stable （≥ 300℃） and show strong circular dichroism signals in the visible spectral region owing to the helicity of the polyene backbone. The monosaccharide-containing polyacetylenes are cytophilic and can stimulate the growth of living cells.展开更多
2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collecte...2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collected from sea surface to hadal zone and sediment-seawater interface of the Southern Yap Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean.Results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 6.3 to 22.3μmol C/L,1.1 to 25.4μmol C/L,and 12.1 to 44.9μmol C/L,respectively,from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone of the trench.At different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO in the seawater showed complex vertical variation characteristics,but the overall variation trends were decreasing with water depth.In the Southern Yap Trench,the maximum concentration of MCHO in the seawater appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the hadal zone.The maximum concentration of PCHO appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the bathypelagic layer.The water layer where the maxima and minima of the average concentration of TCHO appeared was consistent with that of PCHO.PCHO was the major component of TCHO in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench.In the seawater from the sediment-seawater interface,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 8.4 to 10.6μmol C/L,3.8 to 5.8μmol C/L,and 12.2 to 15.2μmol C/L,respectively,and MCHO was the major component of TCHO.The key factors affecting the concentration and existing forms of dissolved sugars in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench included photosynthesis,respiration,polysaccharide hydrolysis,adsorption and desorption of particulate matter,trench“funnel effect”,deep ocean currents,sediment resuspension,and etc.This study provided fundamental data about labile organic matter in abyss and hadal zone of marine environment,which is significant for further understanding of deep-sea organic carbon cycle.展开更多
We developed an HPLC method for analysis of the monosaccharide composition of fucoidans. The fucoidan was hydrolyzed into monosaccharides with 2 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid. Using ribose as the internal standard, the m...We developed an HPLC method for analysis of the monosaccharide composition of fucoidans. The fucoidan was hydrolyzed into monosaccharides with 2 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid. Using ribose as the internal standard, the monosaecharide derivatives, obtained with 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5- pyrazolone （PMP）, were separated by reverse-phase HPLC using a gradient elution process, and monitored by ultraviolet detection at 245 nm. In the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 mmol/L, the peak area of each monosaccharide had a good linear relationship with its concentration （r^2〉0.998）. The average recoveries of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and fucose were 86.2%, 95.1%, 62.5%, 102.0%, 94.8%, 66.6%, and 105.1%, respectively. This method was accurate and had good reproducibility and could be used to determine the monosaccharide contents of fucoidans.展开更多
Mycelium of a cultivated strain of Poria cocos was grown by submerged fermentation in a liquid mediumcontaining corn steep liquor with orbital shaking. Six polysaccharides coded as ac-PCM1, ac-PCM2, ac-PCM3-Ⅰ andⅡ, ...Mycelium of a cultivated strain of Poria cocos was grown by submerged fermentation in a liquid mediumcontaining corn steep liquor with orbital shaking. Six polysaccharides coded as ac-PCM1, ac-PCM2, ac-PCM3-Ⅰ andⅡ, ac-PCM4-Ⅰand Ⅱ were isolated from the myelium by extracting with 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution, hot water, 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solution and 88% formic acid. Exo-polysaccharide was obtained from the culture medium and coded as ac-PCM0.The monosaccharide composition and molecular weights of these polysaccharides were characterized by using infraredspectroscopy, gas chromaography, elemental analysis, ^(13)C-NMR, viscometry and light scattering. The results indicated thatac-PCM0, ac-PCM1 and ac-PCM2 are heteropolysaccharides containing glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose, and ac-PCM3-Ⅰ and ac-PCM3-Ⅱ mainly consist of D-glucose. The content of the glucose in the polysaccharides increased with theisolation progress. Remarkably, α-glucan and β-glucan coexisted in the extract by NaOH aqueous solution (ac-PCM3), andcould be separated by chemical methods. The protein in the ac-PCM polysaccharides cultured from the medium containingcorn steep liquor was higher than that in the ab-PCM from the medium with bran extract. Therefore, the polysaccharidesfrom Poria cocos mycelia cultured in different media have different chemical composition, molecular weights and conformations.展开更多
To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, includin...To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, including three red algae (Polysiphonia lanosa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, and Palmaria palmata), two brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus), and one green alga (Ulva lactuca) by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water, and alkali solutions. These polysaccharides were ana-lyzed for monosaccharide composition and other general chemical properties, and they were evaluated for anti-influenza virus activities. Total sugar contents in these polysaccharides ranged from 15.4% (in U. lactuca) to 91.4% (in F. lumbricalis); sulfation level was as high as 17.6% in a polysaccharide from U. lactuca, whereas it could not be detected in an alikali-extract from P. palmaria. For polysaccharides from red seaweeds, the main sugar units were sulfated galactans (agar or carrageenan) for P. lanosa, F. lumbricalis, and xylans for P. palmata. In brown seaweeds, the polysaccharides largely contained sulfated fucans, whereas the polysaccharides in green seaweed were mainly composed of heteroglycuronans. Screening for antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus revealed that brown algal polysaccharides were particularly effective. Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada are a good source of marine polysaccharides with potential antiviral properties.展开更多
The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrates(TCHO)in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by...The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrates(TCHO)in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometry method.The results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 4.6 to 22.1μmol C/L,3.5 to 27.3μmol C/L,and 13.8 to 36.3μmol C/L,respectively.In different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO with water depth showed complex variation patterns.In the study area,the maximum concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO occurred in the euphotic layer and the minimum concentrations occurred in mesopelagic seawater layer.Generally,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO decreased with water depth from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone.The average value of PCHO/TCHO was higher than the average value of MCHO/TCHO,indicating that PCHO was the main component of TCHO in north of the Yap Trench.展开更多
文摘Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a lifelong condition with a high prevalence among children and adults. As the diet is a frequent factor that triggers the symptoms, it has been assumed that by avoiding the consumption of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP), the symptoms might be improved. Therefore, in the past decade, low FODMAP diet has been intensively investigated in the management of IBS. The capacity of FODMAPs to trigger the symptoms in patients with IBS was related to the stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the small and large intestine. This stimulation appears as a response to a combination of increased luminal water (the osmotic effect) and the release of gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen) due to the fermentation of oligosaccharides and malabsorption of fructose, lactose and polyols. Numerous studies have been published regarding the efficacy of a low FODMAP diet compared to a traditional diet in releasing the IBS symptoms in adults, but there are only a few studies in the juvenile population. The aim of this review is to analyze the current data on both low FODMAP diet in children with IBS and the effects on their nutritional status and physiological development, given the fact that it is a restrictive diet.
基金The Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91527305 and 51322306)are acknowledged for their financial support
文摘The interaction between monosaccharides exhibits an important role in the assembly of monosaccharide-containing molecules. In this work, three common monosaccharides, glucose, galactose and mannose, are employed to investigate the effect of monosaccharide on the self-assembly of benzenetricarboxamide(BTA) core-containing molecules. In the presence of monosaccharides, three benzenetricarboxamide derivatives aggregate into different ordered structures. When alanine linkers are introduced to these molecules between the core and the monosacchride, morphologies of three types of monosaccharide BTAs turned to disordered, meanwhile their structures become similar with the increase of the length of alanine linkers, indicating the disappearance of the monosaccharide effects.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30981672585 and 11804151)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(Nos.ZR2020QH286 and ZR2020QC059)
文摘To the Editor:Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.[1]Its histological classification includes non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),which encompasses adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma,and large cell carcinoma.Among these,lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)is the most common subtype.Visceral pleural invasion(VPI)is a significant factor influencing tumor grade and serves as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with lung cancer.However,due to the lack of measurable markers in most cases,it can only be detected through imaging techniques and pathological examinations.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2101604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22108088)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong,China(Grant No.2023A1515012740)。
文摘A significant reaction in the synthesis of biomass-based chemicals is the catalyst-based and targeted oxidation of monosaccharides into valuable sugar acids.In this study,an activated carbon supported gold catalyst was used to oxidize glucose and xylose to gluconic acid and xylonic acid under neutral condition.Optimization of reaction conditions for the catalysts was performed using both a batch reactor and a flow-through reactor.In a batch reactor,the yields of gluconic and xylonic acid reached 93%and 92%,respectively,at 90℃ within 180 min.In a flow reactor,both reactions reached a similar yield at 80℃ with the weight hourly space velocity of 47.1 h^(-1).The reaction kinetics were explored in the flow reactor.The oxidation of glucose and xylose to gluconic and xylonic acid followed a first-order kinetics and the turnover frequency was 0.195 and 0.161 s^(-1),respectively.The activation energy was evaluated to be 60.58 and 59.30 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.This study presents an environmentally friendly and feasible method for the selective oxidation of monosaccharides using an activated carbon supported gold catalyst,benefiting the high-value application of carbohydrates.
基金Opening Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp&Papermaking and Pollution Control(Grant No.2021KF41)Young Innovative Talents Scientific Research Project of Guangxi(Grant No.AD23026256)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2023GXNSFGA026001).
文摘The efficient fractionation and recovery of monosaccharides(xylose and glucose)from lignocellulosic biomass facilitates subsequent sugar-based derivative production.This study introduces a one-potγ-valerolactone/CuCl_(2)biphasic pretreatment system(100-mmol·L^(-1)CuCl_(2),180°C,60 min)capable of achieving removal rates of 92.25%and 90.64%for xylan and lignin,respectively,while retaining 83.88%of cellulose.Compared to other metal chlorides(NaCl,LiCl,FeCl_(3),and AlCl_(3)),theγ-valerolactone/CuCl_(2)system recovered 121.2 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of xylose and 55.96 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of glucose during the pretreatment stage and 339.2 mg·(g eucalyptus)^(-1)of glucose during the enzymatic hydrolysis stage(90.78%of glucose yield),achieving a total monosaccharide recovery of 86.31%.In addition,the recovery ofγ-valerolactone was 79.33%,exhibiting minimal changes relative to the pretreatment performance.The method proposed in this study allows a high total monosaccharides recovery and a circular economy-oriented pretreatment approach,offering a viable pathway for biorefinery.
基金supported by State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81430095)
文摘Monosaccharides are one of the most important structural components of biomolecules, such as polysac- charides, nucleic acids, glycolipids and glycoproteins. In structural analysis of polysaccharides and gly- coconjugates, the absolute configurations （D or L） of the constituent monosaccharides are usually deter- mined by measurement of the optical rotation, CD spectra or characteristic chromatographic retention behavior. However, each method has its unique advantages and limitations which should be considered while using them. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides and their underlying principles are summarized to serve as a reference for researchers.
基金supported in part by“The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(BLX202218).
文摘The study investigated the effects of ethanol precipitation on the polysaccharide components obtained from 3 different oak acorns.The variables factors were ethanol precipitation times(1×or 2×),tree species(Quercus variabilis,Quercus aliena,Quercus dentata)and raw materials(whole acorn fruit or kernels).Through detections of acorn polysaccharide concentrations from different species and components analyses,we found that the second ethanol precipitation had a better extraction effect,and acorn polysaccharides were proved to be mainly composed of glucose,galacturonic acid,arabinose and galactose.Compared with other groups,the highest content of polysaccharides was proved to be extracted from Q.variabilis kernels,thus,acorn kernels should be suggested as the proper material for the extraction of acorn polysaccharides.Interestingly,acorn polysaccharides functionally alleviated liver and kidney damages in type 2 diabetes mice,they also had noticeable hypoglycemic effects and regulated insulin secretion,particularly in combination with metformin and D-mannuronic acid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401743)the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01)+1 种基金the Hunan Natural Science Foundation Project(2021JJ40235)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2022RC3053)。
文摘The early responsive to dehydration-like(ERDL or ERD)subfamily,subclade within the monosaccharide transporter(MST)superfamily,is crucial in the regulation of growth and seed yield in Arabidopsis.Here,we identified Os ERD5 as an At ERDL6 homologue and explored the function of Os ERD5.We found that Os ERD5 overexpression significantly enhanced the tiller number and grain yield of rice.Os ERD5 was widely expressed in aboveground tissues,encoded a tonoplast-localized protein,and exhibited transport activities for fructose,glucose and mannose when expressed in yeast.Expression character assay revealed that Os ERD5 mediated hexose efflux across tonoplasts and participated in maintaining the diurnal rhythm-regulated intracellular hexose homeostasis.Additional physiological and molecular evidence showed that Os ERD5 overexpression promoted vacuolar glucose efflux,enhanced sucrose synthesis and transport,increased sugar content in the shoot base,and promoted rice tillering by activating the synthesis of cytokinin simultaneously repressing strigolactone and gibberellin signaling.This study elucidates the function of Os ERD5 and the mechanism underlying the overexpression of Os ERD5 increasing rice tillering and yield.
基金This work was supported by the Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Henan Province(Grant No.0112000500)the Innovator Foundation for Colleges and Universities of Henan Province.
文摘Dilution enthalpies of sodium chloride and some monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fructose) in water and mixing enthalpies of aqueous sodium chloride and these monosaccharide solutions were measured by using an improved precision semimicro-titration calorimeter. Transfer enthalpies of sodium chloride from water to aqueous saccharide solutions were evaluated as well as enthalpy interaction parameters of sodium chloride with these monosaccharides in water. Combined with Gibbs energy interaction parameters, entropy interaction parameters were also obtained. The results show that interactions of the saccharides with sodium chloride depend on the stereochemistry of saccharide molecules. These interaction parameters can identify stereochemical structure of saccharide molecules. Keywords sodium chloride - monosaccharide - enthalpy interaction parameter - entropy interaction parameter - calorimetry
基金supported by the Operative Program FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020(Junta de Andalucía-MINECO-FEDER)by the grant funded 2021/00591/001using the support to the research Action 1 of University of Jaén.
文摘Almond pruning biomass is an important agricultural residue that has been scarcely studied for the co-production of sugars and solid biofuels.In this work,the production of monosaccharides from almond prunings was optimised by a two-step process scheme:pretreatment with dilute sulphuric acid(0.025 M,at 185.9-214.1℃for 0.8-9.2 min)followed by enzyme saccharification of the pretreated cellulose.The application of a response surface methodology enabled the mathematical modelling of the process,establishing pretreatment conditions to maximise both the amount of sugar in the acid prehydrolysate(23.4 kg/100 kg raw material,at 195.7℃for 3.5 min)and the enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated cellulose(45.4%,at 210.0℃for 8.0 min).The highest overall sugar yield(36.8 kg/100 kg raw material,equivalent to 64.3%of all sugars in the feedstock)was obtained with a pretreatment carried out at 197.0℃for 4.0 min.Under these conditions,moreover,the final solids showed better properties for thermochemical utilisation(22.0 MJ/kg heating value,0.87%ash content,and 72.1 mg/g moisture adsorption capacity)compared to those of the original prunings.
文摘Hypervigilance and symptoms anticipation,visceral hypersensitivity and gastroduodenal sensorimotor abnormalities account for the varied clinical presentation of functional dyspepsia(FD)patients.Many patients recognize meals as the main triggering factor;thus,dietary manipulations often represent the first-line management strategy in this cohort of patients.Nonetheless,scarce quality evidence has been produced regarding the relationship between specific foods and/or macronutrients and the onset of FD symptoms,resulting in nonstandardized nutritional approaches.Most dietary advises are indeed empirical and often lead to exclusion diets,reinforcing in patients the perception of“being intolerant”to food and self-perpetuating some of the very mechanisms underlying dyspepsia physiopathology(i.e.,hypervigilance and symptom anticipation).Clinicians are often uncertain regarding the contribution of specific foods to dyspepsia physiopathology and dedicated professionals(i.e.,dietitians)are only available in tertiary referral settings.This in turn,can result in nutritionally unbalanced diets and could even encourage restrictive eating behaviors in severe dyspepsia.In this review,we aim at evaluating the relationship between dietary habits,macronutrients and specific foods in determining FD symptoms.We will provide an overview of the evidence-based nutritional approach that should be pursued in these patients,providing clinicians with a valuable tool in standardizing nutritional advises and discouraging patients from engaging into indiscriminate food exclusions.
文摘Seasonal variations and distributions of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations at the ？zmir Bay were investigated with salinity, chlorophyll a（Chl a）, and dissolved organic carbon（DOC） levels to understand their relationships.Samples were collected from surface, subsurface and bottom depths at seven stations. DOC concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 244.2 μmol/L, and in general, DOC levels increased from winter to summer, then slightly decreased in autumn. Monosaccharide（MCHO）, polysaccharide（PCHO） and total dissolved carbohydrate（TDCHO） levels were found between 0.7–8.3, 0.7–19.5, and 2.6–24.6 μmol/L. DOC, MCHO, PCHO and TDCHO levels were found higher in middle-inner bays, under the influence of anthropogenic inputs, compared to outer bay. Seasonal changes of MCHO/DOC, PCHO/DOC and TDCHO/DOC ratios were statistically significant（p〈0.05）and the ratios showed decrease trends from winter to summer-autumn seasons. Distributions of TDCHO/DOC ratios at wide ranges（2.5%–42.3%） indicated the presence of newly forming and degrading fractions of DOM.According to results of factor analysis, Chl a, MCHO and TDCHO were explained in the same factor groups. In conclusion, the results showed that dissolved carbohydrate levels in the ？zmir Bay might be influenced by biological processes and terrestrial/anthropogenic inputs.
文摘Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to quantify total monosaccharide content in the bacterium Enterobacter cloacae and several of its biofilm mutants. Bacterial biofilm samples were grown on trypticase soy agar, and 30 μL aliquots of aqueous sample bacterial plus biofilm were deposited into the center of barium fluoride crystals and dried at 50°C for 1-hour before being scanned by FTIR. The total amounts of monosaccharides were estimated using the absorbance of the mono-saccharide peak, 1192 - 958 cm–1, and normalized using the amide II peak, 1585 - 1483 cm–1. This method provided a linear correlation between the absorbance of the monosaccharide peak and concentration of monosaccharide in standard monosaccharides, fructose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose, over a concentration range of 0.5 - 2.0 mg/mL.
文摘Objective: To investigate the changes in glucose transporter-4(Glut-4) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle before and after the thoracic operation and to observe the changes in Glut-4 mRNA expression by preoperative infusion of glucose. Methods: Twelve cases of elective thoracic operation were randomly divided into two groups, namely ordinary group Ⅰ and glucose infusion group Ⅱ. One gram of intercostal muscle was taken while thorax being opened and closed from patients under general anesthesia. Total RNA of the muscle cells was extracted by TRIzol one-step assay. Reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the Glut-4 mRNA amplification products with β-actin mRNA as an internal control. The Glut-4 mRNA expression was expressed by targeted gene /β-actin ×100%. The plasma glucose and insulin levels were determined at the same time.Results: Glut-4 mRNA expression was significantly reduced(P<0.05) and plasma glucose level increased (P<0.05), while thorax was being closed as compared with those while being opened. However, Glut-4 mRNA expression in glucose infusion group Ⅱ was significantly higher than ordinary group Ⅰ (P<0.01) and plasma glucose level in group Ⅱ was lower than group Ⅰ(P<0.05) when thorax was being closed. Conclusion: The results indicate that the synthesis of Glut-4 is suppressed by the surgical stress of thoracic operation under general anesthesia. We found that preoperative infusion glucose can increase Glut-4 mRNA expression at the same surgical stress and relieve postoperative insulin resistance.
基金This work was partially supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Nos. 602706, HKU2/05C, 603505,603304, and 664903).
文摘Poly（phenylacetylene）s beating monosaccharide pendant groups are synthesized in high yields by [Rh（nbd）Cl]2 catalyst. The polymers have high molecular weights and give satisfactory spectroscopic data corresponding to their molecular structures. They are thermally quite stable （≥ 300℃） and show strong circular dichroism signals in the visible spectral region owing to the helicity of the polyene backbone. The monosaccharide-containing polyacetylenes are cytophilic and can stimulate the growth of living cells.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2803803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076040)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)。
文摘2,4,6-Tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrate(TCHO)in seawater samples collected from sea surface to hadal zone and sediment-seawater interface of the Southern Yap Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean.Results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 6.3 to 22.3μmol C/L,1.1 to 25.4μmol C/L,and 12.1 to 44.9μmol C/L,respectively,from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone of the trench.At different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO in the seawater showed complex vertical variation characteristics,but the overall variation trends were decreasing with water depth.In the Southern Yap Trench,the maximum concentration of MCHO in the seawater appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the hadal zone.The maximum concentration of PCHO appeared in the euphotic layer,and the minimum in the bathypelagic layer.The water layer where the maxima and minima of the average concentration of TCHO appeared was consistent with that of PCHO.PCHO was the major component of TCHO in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench.In the seawater from the sediment-seawater interface,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 8.4 to 10.6μmol C/L,3.8 to 5.8μmol C/L,and 12.2 to 15.2μmol C/L,respectively,and MCHO was the major component of TCHO.The key factors affecting the concentration and existing forms of dissolved sugars in the seawater of the Southern Yap Trench included photosynthesis,respiration,polysaccharide hydrolysis,adsorption and desorption of particulate matter,trench“funnel effect”,deep ocean currents,sediment resuspension,and etc.This study provided fundamental data about labile organic matter in abyss and hadal zone of marine environment,which is significant for further understanding of deep-sea organic carbon cycle.
基金Supported by the Key Technology Research & Development Program of Shandong Province (No 2007GG1005007)
文摘We developed an HPLC method for analysis of the monosaccharide composition of fucoidans. The fucoidan was hydrolyzed into monosaccharides with 2 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid. Using ribose as the internal standard, the monosaecharide derivatives, obtained with 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5- pyrazolone （PMP）, were separated by reverse-phase HPLC using a gradient elution process, and monitored by ultraviolet detection at 245 nm. In the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 mmol/L, the peak area of each monosaccharide had a good linear relationship with its concentration （r^2〉0.998）. The average recoveries of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and fucose were 86.2%, 95.1%, 62.5%, 102.0%, 94.8%, 66.6%, and 105.1%, respectively. This method was accurate and had good reproducibility and could be used to determine the monosaccharide contents of fucoidans.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20074025), the Area of Excellence (AoE) on Plant and Fungal Biotechnology Project of the Hong Kong Govemment, and Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry of C
文摘Mycelium of a cultivated strain of Poria cocos was grown by submerged fermentation in a liquid mediumcontaining corn steep liquor with orbital shaking. Six polysaccharides coded as ac-PCM1, ac-PCM2, ac-PCM3-Ⅰ andⅡ, ac-PCM4-Ⅰand Ⅱ were isolated from the myelium by extracting with 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution, hot water, 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solution and 88% formic acid. Exo-polysaccharide was obtained from the culture medium and coded as ac-PCM0.The monosaccharide composition and molecular weights of these polysaccharides were characterized by using infraredspectroscopy, gas chromaography, elemental analysis, ^(13)C-NMR, viscometry and light scattering. The results indicated thatac-PCM0, ac-PCM1 and ac-PCM2 are heteropolysaccharides containing glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose, and ac-PCM3-Ⅰ and ac-PCM3-Ⅱ mainly consist of D-glucose. The content of the glucose in the polysaccharides increased with theisolation progress. Remarkably, α-glucan and β-glucan coexisted in the extract by NaOH aqueous solution (ac-PCM3), andcould be separated by chemical methods. The protein in the ac-PCM polysaccharides cultured from the medium containingcorn steep liquor was higher than that in the ab-PCM from the medium with bran extract. Therefore, the polysaccharidesfrom Poria cocos mycelia cultured in different media have different chemical composition, molecular weights and conformations.
基金supported in part by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT0944)Special Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Public Interest (201005024)the Natural Science Foundation of China (31070724), and China Scholarship Council, the Ministry of Education and National Research Council Canada-Institute for Marine Biosciences and Institute for Nutrisciences and Health
文摘To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, including three red algae (Polysiphonia lanosa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, and Palmaria palmata), two brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus), and one green alga (Ulva lactuca) by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water, and alkali solutions. These polysaccharides were ana-lyzed for monosaccharide composition and other general chemical properties, and they were evaluated for anti-influenza virus activities. Total sugar contents in these polysaccharides ranged from 15.4% (in U. lactuca) to 91.4% (in F. lumbricalis); sulfation level was as high as 17.6% in a polysaccharide from U. lactuca, whereas it could not be detected in an alikali-extract from P. palmaria. For polysaccharides from red seaweeds, the main sugar units were sulfated galactans (agar or carrageenan) for P. lanosa, F. lumbricalis, and xylans for P. palmata. In brown seaweeds, the polysaccharides largely contained sulfated fucans, whereas the polysaccharides in green seaweed were mainly composed of heteroglycuronans. Screening for antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus revealed that brown algal polysaccharides were particularly effective. Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada are a good source of marine polysaccharides with potential antiviral properties.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2015CB755904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41676067)+2 种基金the Fundamental Funds for Central Universities(No.201762030)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(No.2018GSF117044)the 111 Project(No.B13030)。
文摘The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides(MCHO),polysaccharides(PCHO),and total carbohydrates(TCHO)in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine(TPTZ)spectrophotometry method.The results show that the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO ranged from 4.6 to 22.1μmol C/L,3.5 to 27.3μmol C/L,and 13.8 to 36.3μmol C/L,respectively.In different sampling stations,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO with water depth showed complex variation patterns.In the study area,the maximum concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO occurred in the euphotic layer and the minimum concentrations occurred in mesopelagic seawater layer.Generally,the concentrations of MCHO,PCHO,and TCHO decreased with water depth from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone.The average value of PCHO/TCHO was higher than the average value of MCHO/TCHO,indicating that PCHO was the main component of TCHO in north of the Yap Trench.
