The present article tests the following general assumption:plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes.Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were...The present article tests the following general assumption:plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes.Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were studied:16 species of Poaceae,24 species of Cyperaceae,14 species of Orchidaceae,and 7 species of Iridaceae.Using a fixed material of 5 individuals of each species,the following was determined:number of orders of branching roots;transverse dimensions of root,stele and cortex;number of primary xylem vessels and exodermis layers;length of root hairs;abundance of mycorrhiza.Species of each family had well-defined syndromes.Roots of Orchidaceae and Iridaceae were thick with a large stele and developed exodermis.Orchidaceae had no branching roots and had long root hairs.In Iridaceae,roots were branched,and root hairs were short.Roots of Poaceae and Cyperaceae were thin with a relatively thin stele.Root hairs were short in Poaceae and long in Cyperaceae.Our finding that root syndromes of four families of monocots differed is a new and unexpected discovery.The high specificity of root syndromes in Cyperaceae,Iridaceae,Poaceae,and Orchidaceae indicates that species of these families use different strategies to obtain water and soil nutrients.展开更多
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators,involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development.In plants,miRNAs prese nt in all an giosperms are regarded as con served miRNAs;in contrast,miRNAs restricted ...MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators,involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development.In plants,miRNAs prese nt in all an giosperms are regarded as con served miRNAs;in contrast,miRNAs restricted to certain lineages (lessconserved) or a single species (species-specific) constitute the non-conserved miRNAs (Cuperus et al.,2011).Different members of a miRNA family usually target similar target genes from a gene family among different species.For in stance,in most analyzed plants,the well-known miR156 family,usually consist!ng of a number of members in a given species,collectively target SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEINLIKE (SPL) genes.Gen erally,con served miRNAs target genes encoding transcript factors which function in diverse biological processes.This functional diversity of miRNAs is mainly achieved by the plasticity of their target genes from the same family,such as miR156-targeted SPLs and miR167-targeted ARF (AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR) genes,on regulating distinct downstream gen es.展开更多
RAB guanosine triphosphatases （GTPases） are key regulators of vesicle trafficking and are essential to the growth and development of all eukaryotic cells. During evolution, the RAB family has expanded in different p...RAB guanosine triphosphatases （GTPases） are key regulators of vesicle trafficking and are essential to the growth and development of all eukaryotic cells. During evolution, the RAB family has expanded in different patterns to facilitate distinct cellular, developmental and physiological adaptations. Yeast has only 11 family members, whereas mammalian RABs have expanded to 18 RAB subfamilies. Plant RABs have diversified primarily by duplicating members within a single subfamily. Plant RABs are divided into eight subfamilies, corresponding to mammalian RAB1, RAB2, RAB5, RAB6, RAB7, RAB8, RAB11 and RAB18. Functional diversification of these is exemplified by the RAB1 ls, orthologs of which are partitioned into unique cell compartments in plants where they function to transport vesicles during localized tip growth. Similarly, the RAB2 family in grasses is likely involved in vesicle secretion associated with wall expansion, as determined by analysis of over-expression mutants. We propose that dicots and monocots have also diverged in their RAB profiles to accommodate unique cellular functions between the two groups. Here we present a bioinformatics analysis comparing the RAB sub-families of rice, maize and Arabidopsis. These results will guide future functional studies to test for the role of diversification of subfamilies unique to monocots compared to dicots.展开更多
Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） has been shown to be effective for transient knockdown of gene expression in plants to analyze the effects of specific genes in development and stress-related responses. VlGS is w...Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） has been shown to be effective for transient knockdown of gene expression in plants to analyze the effects of specific genes in development and stress-related responses. VlGS is well established for studies of model systems and crops within the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Leguminaceae, and Poaceae, but only recently has been applied to plants residing outside these families. Here, we have demonstrated that barley stripe mosaic virus （BSMV） can infect two species within the Zingiberaceae, and that BSMV-VIGS can be applied to specifically down-regulate phytoene desaturase in the culinary ginger Zingiber officinale. These results suggest that extension of BSMV-VlGS to monocots other than cereals has the potential for directed genetic analyses of many important temperate and tropical crop species.展开更多
Peroxiredoxins（Prxs） are a large family of antioxidant enzymes of various types that take part in signal transduction via decomposing reactive oxygen species（ROS）. Although extensive efforts have been made over th...Peroxiredoxins（Prxs） are a large family of antioxidant enzymes of various types that take part in signal transduction via decomposing reactive oxygen species（ROS）. Although extensive efforts have been made over the last decades in understanding the structures and functions of Prxs, type II Prxs in monocots are hardly studied. In this work, a monocot type II Prx gene homologue from Chinese wildrye（Leymus Chinensis）, designated as LcTpxII, was isolated and characterized. LcTpxII encoding a 162-amino acid protein contains a thioredoxin domain and a cysteine residue at position 51, suggesting that it is a member of the Prxs family. The LcTpxII is capable of decomposing H2O2 and protecting plasmid DNA from damage caused by ROS. The expression of LcTpxII in Chinese wildrye was induced by 400 mmol/L NaCl and 100 mmol/L Na2CO3 in the experiment. The overexpression of LcTpxII enhances the tolerance of transgenic yeast to 1.6 mol/L NaCl and 10 mmol/L Na2CO3.展开更多
Great progress has been made in recent years in studies on the mechanism of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and its application. Many details of the key molecular events within the bacterial cells involved in T-...Great progress has been made in recent years in studies on the mechanism of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and its application. Many details of the key molecular events within the bacterial cells involved in T-DNA transfer have been elucidated, and it is notable that some plant factors which were elusive before are purified and characterized. Vast kinds of species, which were either recalcitrant to or not included in the host range of Agrobacterium, can' now be transformed by this bacterium, and they include the very important cereal species, gymnosperms, yeast and many filamentous fungi. The simple in vivo transformation of tissue in intact plants and the 'agrolistic' methods to transform recalcitrant plants are the two novel technical achievements. Combined with other powerful techniques such as bacterial artificial chromosome, very large DNA fragment can be transformed into the plant genome by Agrobacterium. Further studies will elucidate more plant-encoded factors involved in T-DNA展开更多
Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) are gene regulators that have vital roles in development and adaptation to the environment in eukaryotes. However, the structural and evolutionary analyses of plant lncRNAs are limited. I...Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) are gene regulators that have vital roles in development and adaptation to the environment in eukaryotes. However, the structural and evolutionary analyses of plant lncRNAs are limited. In this study, we performed an analysis of lncRNAs in five monocot and five dicot species. Our results showed that plant lncRNA genes were generally shorter and had fewer exons than protein-coding genes. The numbers of lncRNAs were positively correlated with the numbers of protein-coding genes in different plant species, despite a high range of variation. Sequence conservation analysis showed that the majority of lncRNAs had high sequence conservation at the intra-species and sub-species levels, reminiscent of protein-coding genes. At the inter-species level, a subset of lncRNAs were highly diverged at the nucleotide level, but conserved by position.Interestingly, we found that plant lncRNAs have identical splicing signals, and those which can form precursors or targets of miRNAs have a conservative identity in different species. We also revealed that most of the lowly expressed lncRNAs were tissue-specific, while those highly conserved were constitutively transcribed. Meanwhile, we characterized a subset of rice lncRNAs that were co-expressed with their adjacent protein-coding genes, suggesting they may play cis-regulatory roles. These results will contribute to understanding the biological significance and evolution of lncRNAs in plants.展开更多
Pollen tube growth is essential for successful double fertilization, which is critical for grain yield in crop plants. Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs) function as ligands for signal transduction during fertilizati...Pollen tube growth is essential for successful double fertilization, which is critical for grain yield in crop plants. Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs) function as ligands for signal transduction during fertilization. However, functional studies on RALF in monocot plants are lacking.Herein, we functionally characterized two pollen-specific RALFs in rice(Oryza sativa) using multiple clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-induced loss-of-function mutants,peptide treatment, expression analyses, and tag reporter lines. Among the 41 RALF members in rice, OsRALF17 was specifically expressed at the highest level in pollen and pollen tubes.Exogenously applied OsRALF17 or OsRALF19peptide inhibited pollen tube germination and elongation at high concentrations but enhanced tube elongation at low concentrations, indicating growth regulation. Double mutants of OsRALF17 and OsRALF19(ralf17/19) exhibited almost full male sterility with defects in pollen hydration, germination, and tube elongation,which was partially recovered by exogenous treatment with OsRALF17 peptide. This study revealed that two partially functionally redundant OsRALF17 and OsRALF19 bind to Oryza sativa male-gene transfer defective 2(OsMTD2) and transmit reactive oxygen species signals for pollen tube germination and integrity maintenance in rice. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed their common downstream genes, in osmtd2 and ralf17/19. This study provides new insights into the role of RALF, expanding our knowledge of the biological role of RALF in regulating rice fertilization.展开更多
Dear Editor,CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas genome editing is a powerful tool for introducing specific mutations in organisms including plants.The system is composed of a nuclease...Dear Editor,CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas genome editing is a powerful tool for introducing specific mutations in organisms including plants.The system is composed of a nuclease such as Cas9 or Cas12a and an engineered single-guide RNA(sgRNA)incorporating a target sequence(Li et al.,2019).A Cas9/sgRNA complex recognizes its target site in the genome,resulting in a mutation at that site.展开更多
In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to exploring the complex gene regulatory networks involved in the development of the plant vascular system. Such information is crucial to our understanding of the...In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to exploring the complex gene regulatory networks involved in the development of the plant vascular system. Such information is crucial to our understanding of the molecular and cellular events which give rise to the integrated tissues of the xylem and phloem, leading to the formation of structurally continuous conduits that interconnect various organs of the plant. Vascular development begins in the embryo to form progenitor cells, and upon germination, these progenitor cells and their decedents in the shoot and root meristems will form phloem and xylem, and the cambium.展开更多
In this Special Issue, a focus is placed on the role of the xylem as an essential conduit for the long-distance delivery of water and mineral nutrients from the soil to the vegetative （above-ground） regions of the p...In this Special Issue, a focus is placed on the role of the xylem as an essential conduit for the long-distance delivery of water and mineral nutrients from the soil to the vegetative （above-ground） regions of the plant. Xylem cells destined to form tracheids or vessel members, which will make up the conduit for this water and mineral transport from the roots to the shoots, undergo apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death.展开更多
基金a part of the research project of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology,Ural Branch,Russian Academy of Sciences (№122021000092-9)
文摘The present article tests the following general assumption:plant taxa with different specializations towards mycorrhizal interactions should have different root syndromes.Roots of 61 species common in boreal zone were studied:16 species of Poaceae,24 species of Cyperaceae,14 species of Orchidaceae,and 7 species of Iridaceae.Using a fixed material of 5 individuals of each species,the following was determined:number of orders of branching roots;transverse dimensions of root,stele and cortex;number of primary xylem vessels and exodermis layers;length of root hairs;abundance of mycorrhiza.Species of each family had well-defined syndromes.Roots of Orchidaceae and Iridaceae were thick with a large stele and developed exodermis.Orchidaceae had no branching roots and had long root hairs.In Iridaceae,roots were branched,and root hairs were short.Roots of Poaceae and Cyperaceae were thin with a relatively thin stele.Root hairs were short in Poaceae and long in Cyperaceae.Our finding that root syndromes of four families of monocots differed is a new and unexpected discovery.The high specificity of root syndromes in Cyperaceae,Iridaceae,Poaceae,and Orchidaceae indicates that species of these families use different strategies to obtain water and soil nutrients.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Developmental Program of China (no.2018YFD1000104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.31872063)+1 种基金supported by the Innovation Team Project of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province (no.2016KCXTD 011)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Key Project (no.201804020063).
文摘MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators,involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development.In plants,miRNAs prese nt in all an giosperms are regarded as con served miRNAs;in contrast,miRNAs restricted to certain lineages (lessconserved) or a single species (species-specific) constitute the non-conserved miRNAs (Cuperus et al.,2011).Different members of a miRNA family usually target similar target genes from a gene family among different species.For in stance,in most analyzed plants,the well-known miR156 family,usually consist!ng of a number of members in a given species,collectively target SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEINLIKE (SPL) genes.Gen erally,con served miRNAs target genes encoding transcript factors which function in diverse biological processes.This functional diversity of miRNAs is mainly achieved by the plasticity of their target genes from the same family,such as miR156-targeted SPLs and miR167-targeted ARF (AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR) genes,on regulating distinct downstream gen es.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30260062)to Jiaming Zhangthe US Department of Energy,Division of Energy Biosciences(PR 03-00ER15098.00)+1 种基金US Department of Agriculture-NRI(2001-35304-09899)National Science Foundation-Plant Genome Research Program DBI#0501862 to Anne Sylvester.
文摘RAB guanosine triphosphatases （GTPases） are key regulators of vesicle trafficking and are essential to the growth and development of all eukaryotic cells. During evolution, the RAB family has expanded in different patterns to facilitate distinct cellular, developmental and physiological adaptations. Yeast has only 11 family members, whereas mammalian RABs have expanded to 18 RAB subfamilies. Plant RABs have diversified primarily by duplicating members within a single subfamily. Plant RABs are divided into eight subfamilies, corresponding to mammalian RAB1, RAB2, RAB5, RAB6, RAB7, RAB8, RAB11 and RAB18. Functional diversification of these is exemplified by the RAB1 ls, orthologs of which are partitioned into unique cell compartments in plants where they function to transport vesicles during localized tip growth. Similarly, the RAB2 family in grasses is likely involved in vesicle secretion associated with wall expansion, as determined by analysis of over-expression mutants. We propose that dicots and monocots have also diverged in their RAB profiles to accommodate unique cellular functions between the two groups. Here we present a bioinformatics analysis comparing the RAB sub-families of rice, maize and Arabidopsis. These results will guide future functional studies to test for the role of diversification of subfamilies unique to monocots compared to dicots.
文摘Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） has been shown to be effective for transient knockdown of gene expression in plants to analyze the effects of specific genes in development and stress-related responses. VlGS is well established for studies of model systems and crops within the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Leguminaceae, and Poaceae, but only recently has been applied to plants residing outside these families. Here, we have demonstrated that barley stripe mosaic virus （BSMV） can infect two species within the Zingiberaceae, and that BSMV-VIGS can be applied to specifically down-regulate phytoene desaturase in the culinary ginger Zingiber officinale. These results suggest that extension of BSMV-VlGS to monocots other than cereals has the potential for directed genetic analyses of many important temperate and tropical crop species.
基金Supported by the Transgenic Plant Research Special Program of China(No.2008ZX08003-005)the Technology Development Project of Jilin Province,China(Nos.20086029,20076016)
文摘Peroxiredoxins（Prxs） are a large family of antioxidant enzymes of various types that take part in signal transduction via decomposing reactive oxygen species（ROS）. Although extensive efforts have been made over the last decades in understanding the structures and functions of Prxs, type II Prxs in monocots are hardly studied. In this work, a monocot type II Prx gene homologue from Chinese wildrye（Leymus Chinensis）, designated as LcTpxII, was isolated and characterized. LcTpxII encoding a 162-amino acid protein contains a thioredoxin domain and a cysteine residue at position 51, suggesting that it is a member of the Prxs family. The LcTpxII is capable of decomposing H2O2 and protecting plasmid DNA from damage caused by ROS. The expression of LcTpxII in Chinese wildrye was induced by 400 mmol/L NaCl and 100 mmol/L Na2CO3 in the experiment. The overexpression of LcTpxII enhances the tolerance of transgenic yeast to 1.6 mol/L NaCl and 10 mmol/L Na2CO3.
文摘Great progress has been made in recent years in studies on the mechanism of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and its application. Many details of the key molecular events within the bacterial cells involved in T-DNA transfer have been elucidated, and it is notable that some plant factors which were elusive before are purified and characterized. Vast kinds of species, which were either recalcitrant to or not included in the host range of Agrobacterium, can' now be transformed by this bacterium, and they include the very important cereal species, gymnosperms, yeast and many filamentous fungi. The simple in vivo transformation of tissue in intact plants and the 'agrolistic' methods to transform recalcitrant plants are the two novel technical achievements. Combined with other powerful techniques such as bacterial artificial chromosome, very large DNA fragment can be transformed into the plant genome by Agrobacterium. Further studies will elucidate more plant-encoded factors involved in T-DNA
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR16C060001)the National Key Program on Transgenic Researchthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2016QNA6014)
文摘Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) are gene regulators that have vital roles in development and adaptation to the environment in eukaryotes. However, the structural and evolutionary analyses of plant lncRNAs are limited. In this study, we performed an analysis of lncRNAs in five monocot and five dicot species. Our results showed that plant lncRNA genes were generally shorter and had fewer exons than protein-coding genes. The numbers of lncRNAs were positively correlated with the numbers of protein-coding genes in different plant species, despite a high range of variation. Sequence conservation analysis showed that the majority of lncRNAs had high sequence conservation at the intra-species and sub-species levels, reminiscent of protein-coding genes. At the inter-species level, a subset of lncRNAs were highly diverged at the nucleotide level, but conserved by position.Interestingly, we found that plant lncRNAs have identical splicing signals, and those which can form precursors or targets of miRNAs have a conservative identity in different species. We also revealed that most of the lowly expressed lncRNAs were tissue-specific, while those highly conserved were constitutively transcribed. Meanwhile, we characterized a subset of rice lncRNAs that were co-expressed with their adjacent protein-coding genes, suggesting they may play cis-regulatory roles. These results will contribute to understanding the biological significance and evolution of lncRNAs in plants.
基金supported by grants from the National Research Foundation, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2019R1C1C1002636 and RS-2023-00217064 to Y.-J.K., 2021R1A4A2001968 to S.T.K., and 2021M3E5E6025387 and 2021R1A5A1032428 to K.-H.J.)the New Breeding Technologies Development Program (PJ01661002 to K.-H.J.)the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea。
文摘Pollen tube growth is essential for successful double fertilization, which is critical for grain yield in crop plants. Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs) function as ligands for signal transduction during fertilization. However, functional studies on RALF in monocot plants are lacking.Herein, we functionally characterized two pollen-specific RALFs in rice(Oryza sativa) using multiple clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-induced loss-of-function mutants,peptide treatment, expression analyses, and tag reporter lines. Among the 41 RALF members in rice, OsRALF17 was specifically expressed at the highest level in pollen and pollen tubes.Exogenously applied OsRALF17 or OsRALF19peptide inhibited pollen tube germination and elongation at high concentrations but enhanced tube elongation at low concentrations, indicating growth regulation. Double mutants of OsRALF17 and OsRALF19(ralf17/19) exhibited almost full male sterility with defects in pollen hydration, germination, and tube elongation,which was partially recovered by exogenous treatment with OsRALF17 peptide. This study revealed that two partially functionally redundant OsRALF17 and OsRALF19 bind to Oryza sativa male-gene transfer defective 2(OsMTD2) and transmit reactive oxygen species signals for pollen tube germination and integrity maintenance in rice. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed their common downstream genes, in osmtd2 and ralf17/19. This study provides new insights into the role of RALF, expanding our knowledge of the biological role of RALF in regulating rice fertilization.
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91435203 and 31991222)the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research (2019B030302006)。
文摘Dear Editor,CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas genome editing is a powerful tool for introducing specific mutations in organisms including plants.The system is composed of a nuclease such as Cas9 or Cas12a and an engineered single-guide RNA(sgRNA)incorporating a target sequence(Li et al.,2019).A Cas9/sgRNA complex recognizes its target site in the genome,resulting in a mutation at that site.
文摘In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to exploring the complex gene regulatory networks involved in the development of the plant vascular system. Such information is crucial to our understanding of the molecular and cellular events which give rise to the integrated tissues of the xylem and phloem, leading to the formation of structurally continuous conduits that interconnect various organs of the plant. Vascular development begins in the embryo to form progenitor cells, and upon germination, these progenitor cells and their decedents in the shoot and root meristems will form phloem and xylem, and the cambium.
文摘In this Special Issue, a focus is placed on the role of the xylem as an essential conduit for the long-distance delivery of water and mineral nutrients from the soil to the vegetative （above-ground） regions of the plant. Xylem cells destined to form tracheids or vessel members, which will make up the conduit for this water and mineral transport from the roots to the shoots, undergo apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death.
