Recognition of heterospecific mobbing calls can occur through both innate and learned mechanisms,with the former often explained by two main hypotheses:the acoustic similarity hypothesis,which emphasizes shared acoust...Recognition of heterospecific mobbing calls can occur through both innate and learned mechanisms,with the former often explained by two main hypotheses:the acoustic similarity hypothesis,which emphasizes shared acoustic features,and the phylogenetic conservatism hypothesis,which posits that closely related species may share innate decoding templates.However,it remains unclear whether phylogenetic relatedness alone can drive the recognition of unfamiliar mobbing calls,a question with important implications for understanding the evolution of interspecific communication and anti-predator strategies.We examined the recognition of unfamiliar mobbing calls in Masked Laughingthrushes(Pterorhinus perspicillatus) using playback experiments with three allopatric species' mobbing calls of Leiothrichidae family.Results revealed two key findings:(1) Masked Laughingthrushes exhibited mobbing responses to unfamiliar mobbing calls,though at significantly lower intensity compared to conspecific playbacks.(2) Phylogenetic relatedness significantly predicted mobbing intensity,independent of overall acoustic similarity.These findings improve our understanding of how birds like Masked Laughingthrush instinctively recognize mobbing calls from other species.We show phylogenetic relatedness rather than overall acoustic similarity may be a key to this innate ability.Species that share a common ancestor may possess similar built-in neural systems for decoding alarm signals.We suggest that future research needs to combine neurobiological techniques to determine how inherited biases and feature decoding system together guide variable bird communities to perceive heterospecific mobbing calls.展开更多
Many birds join cooperative mobbing aggregations and collectively harass predators. Individuals participating in these ephemeral associations benefit by deterring the predator, but also incur energetic costs and incre...Many birds join cooperative mobbing aggregations and collectively harass predators. Individuals participating in these ephemeral associations benefit by deterring the predator, but also incur energetic costs and increased risk of predation. Ex- plaining the evolution of mobbing is challenging because individuals could prevail by selfishly seeking safety while allowing others to mob. An important step in understanding the evolution of mobbing is to identify factors affecting its expression. The ecological constraints model suggests that animals are more likely to cooperate under adverse environmental conditions, such as when local predation pressure is high. We tested this prediction by comparing the mobbing responses of several species of birds to the local abundance of their primary predator, the ferruginous pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum. We used acoustic playback to elicit mobbing responses in environments where owls were common, uncommon, or rare. Stimuli were either the song of a fer- ruginous pygmy-owl or the mobbing calls of three of the owl＇s common prey species. During each playback, we characterized mobbing responses by noting the number of species and individuals that approached the loudspeaker, as well as the closest ap- proach by any bird. Mobbing responses to both stimuli were strong in locations where Ferruginous Pygmy-owls were common, intermediate where owls were uncommon, and weak where they were rare. This pattern persisted even after controlling for dif- ferences in species richness and composition among the three environments. Results support the ecological constraints model and provide strong evidence that intense predation pressure increases the expression of cooperative mobbing in tropical birds [Cur- rent Zoology 58 （5）： 781-790, 2012].展开更多
Mobbing has been defined as a chronic asymmetric pattern of power relations and a consequent conflict transformed into a systematic discrimination or mistreatment at workplace which is expressed through unethical or a...Mobbing has been defined as a chronic asymmetric pattern of power relations and a consequent conflict transformed into a systematic discrimination or mistreatment at workplace which is expressed through unethical or aggressive communication （Leynman, 1996）. Mobbing occurs when an employee in the workplace is steadily subjected to aggressive behavior from more than one colleague or supervisor over a period of time, in a situation where the target finds it difficult to defend him/herself to escape this dire situation. Such a long term incivility tends to stigmatize the mobbed victim and may cause severe psychological trauma since （s）he is metaphorically in a straitjacket. In this double-bind and double-squeeze condition where （s）he can neither get out of the situation nor endure the ordeal, a positive outcome is unlikely. How do we differentiate mobbing from conflict in organizations and how are disputes converted into mobbing behavior, and if one may even do research on mobbing in a culture of＂organizational silence＂ and ＂obedience/submission＂ in a developing country will be the first theoretical research question. Whether systemic silence as a collective level phenomenon is not only an obstacle to healthy organizational communication and relationships, but also a serious barrier to development, participation and learning from malpractices is another relevant question. Most researches investigating the background of mobbing are based on either experiences of targets as victims or the critical cases including the perpetrators as mobber; Therefore, the findings are often at individual level and subjective. They are often ＂ex post facto＂ analysis of psychological dimensions （e.g., personality characteristics of mostly of mobbed victims and rarely of mobbers） or legal dimensions. There are few ＂ex ante＂ analyses of organizational culture dimensions so that preventive measures may be taken prior to any serious mobbing case is reported. This paper＇s objective is to approach mobbing as a function of group conflict and rumor that is uncontrolled for a long time. By exploring the background of mobbing in ten companies from service sector in IstanbuI-Turkey, this view is assessed. The findings confirmed that mobbing is a function of relational conflict and gossip particularly in companies with high positional power distance and highly centralized decision-making where high power imbalance between supervisors and subordinates are salient. Such organizations seem to be more conducive to concealed mobbing and survival than to development and participation of employees as ＂modus operandi＂.展开更多
Mobbing behavior is an important and widespread antipredatory behavior. This is a well-known behavior especially in birds. There are many studies about mobbing in birds, and most of them use owls as a model of predato...Mobbing behavior is an important and widespread antipredatory behavior. This is a well-known behavior especially in birds. There are many studies about mobbing in birds, and most of them use owls as a model of predator. However it is not clear how mobbing works when a predator assume a role of a prey. In this paper we organize field observations, which were taken on records of mobbing behaviors performed by owls or by other animals against them. These observations were collected nearby four Brazilian cities in South-Eastern and Central Brazil： Joao Monlevade / MG, Sacramento / MG Baguari / MG and Cacu / GO. Events of mobbing behavior have always involved prey（s） and predator（s） thus, in this study we presents mobbing events which species of owl always were involved, and beside the owls, other animals like mammals or raptors. These records are important due to their infrequency and problems to be detected in natural field conditions. It is rare mobbing events when an owl assumes a role of a prey, and there are few studies that show the mobbing by the predator optics. The present data may contribute for elucidation of mobbing behavior intrinsic aspects.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal borides(MBenes)have emerged as a rising star and hold great potential promise for catalysis and metal ion batteries owing to a well-defined layered structure and ex-cellent electric...Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal borides(MBenes)have emerged as a rising star and hold great potential promise for catalysis and metal ion batteries owing to a well-defined layered structure and ex-cellent electrical conductivity.Unlike well-studied graphene,perovskite and MXene materials in various fields,the research about MBene is still in its infancy.The inadequate exploration of efficient etching methods impedes their further study.Herein,we put forward an efficient microwave-assisted hydrother-mal alkaline solution etching strategy for exfoliating MoAlB MAB phase into 2D MoB MBenes with a well accordion-like structure,which displays a remarkable electrochemical performance in sodium ion batter-ies(SIBs)with a reversible specific capacity of 196.5 mAh g^(-1)at the current density of 50 mA g^(-1),and 138.6 mAh g^(-1)after 500 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A g^(-1).The underlying mechanism toward excellent electrochemical performance are revealed by comprehensive theoretical simulations.This work proves that MBene is a competitive candidate as the next generation anode of sodium ion batteries.展开更多
随着无线电技术在水上搜救上的应用,多种人员落水(Man Over Board,简称MOB)定位搜救终端产品上市销售。本文通过将各类水上搜救通信方式集成融合,设计开发一款多通道无线电人员落水定位搜救终端,在海上作业人员意外落水后,能及时给卫星...随着无线电技术在水上搜救上的应用,多种人员落水(Man Over Board,简称MOB)定位搜救终端产品上市销售。本文通过将各类水上搜救通信方式集成融合,设计开发一款多通道无线电人员落水定位搜救终端,在海上作业人员意外落水后,能及时给卫星、船舶、飞机等多种救援方式提供遇险位置信息,从而提高搜救效率,保障海上人员生命安全。展开更多
文摘Recognition of heterospecific mobbing calls can occur through both innate and learned mechanisms,with the former often explained by two main hypotheses:the acoustic similarity hypothesis,which emphasizes shared acoustic features,and the phylogenetic conservatism hypothesis,which posits that closely related species may share innate decoding templates.However,it remains unclear whether phylogenetic relatedness alone can drive the recognition of unfamiliar mobbing calls,a question with important implications for understanding the evolution of interspecific communication and anti-predator strategies.We examined the recognition of unfamiliar mobbing calls in Masked Laughingthrushes(Pterorhinus perspicillatus) using playback experiments with three allopatric species' mobbing calls of Leiothrichidae family.Results revealed two key findings:(1) Masked Laughingthrushes exhibited mobbing responses to unfamiliar mobbing calls,though at significantly lower intensity compared to conspecific playbacks.(2) Phylogenetic relatedness significantly predicted mobbing intensity,independent of overall acoustic similarity.These findings improve our understanding of how birds like Masked Laughingthrush instinctively recognize mobbing calls from other species.We show phylogenetic relatedness rather than overall acoustic similarity may be a key to this innate ability.Species that share a common ancestor may possess similar built-in neural systems for decoding alarm signals.We suggest that future research needs to combine neurobiological techniques to determine how inherited biases and feature decoding system together guide variable bird communities to perceive heterospecific mobbing calls.
文摘Many birds join cooperative mobbing aggregations and collectively harass predators. Individuals participating in these ephemeral associations benefit by deterring the predator, but also incur energetic costs and increased risk of predation. Ex- plaining the evolution of mobbing is challenging because individuals could prevail by selfishly seeking safety while allowing others to mob. An important step in understanding the evolution of mobbing is to identify factors affecting its expression. The ecological constraints model suggests that animals are more likely to cooperate under adverse environmental conditions, such as when local predation pressure is high. We tested this prediction by comparing the mobbing responses of several species of birds to the local abundance of their primary predator, the ferruginous pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum. We used acoustic playback to elicit mobbing responses in environments where owls were common, uncommon, or rare. Stimuli were either the song of a fer- ruginous pygmy-owl or the mobbing calls of three of the owl＇s common prey species. During each playback, we characterized mobbing responses by noting the number of species and individuals that approached the loudspeaker, as well as the closest ap- proach by any bird. Mobbing responses to both stimuli were strong in locations where Ferruginous Pygmy-owls were common, intermediate where owls were uncommon, and weak where they were rare. This pattern persisted even after controlling for dif- ferences in species richness and composition among the three environments. Results support the ecological constraints model and provide strong evidence that intense predation pressure increases the expression of cooperative mobbing in tropical birds [Cur- rent Zoology 58 （5）： 781-790, 2012].
文摘Mobbing has been defined as a chronic asymmetric pattern of power relations and a consequent conflict transformed into a systematic discrimination or mistreatment at workplace which is expressed through unethical or aggressive communication （Leynman, 1996）. Mobbing occurs when an employee in the workplace is steadily subjected to aggressive behavior from more than one colleague or supervisor over a period of time, in a situation where the target finds it difficult to defend him/herself to escape this dire situation. Such a long term incivility tends to stigmatize the mobbed victim and may cause severe psychological trauma since （s）he is metaphorically in a straitjacket. In this double-bind and double-squeeze condition where （s）he can neither get out of the situation nor endure the ordeal, a positive outcome is unlikely. How do we differentiate mobbing from conflict in organizations and how are disputes converted into mobbing behavior, and if one may even do research on mobbing in a culture of＂organizational silence＂ and ＂obedience/submission＂ in a developing country will be the first theoretical research question. Whether systemic silence as a collective level phenomenon is not only an obstacle to healthy organizational communication and relationships, but also a serious barrier to development, participation and learning from malpractices is another relevant question. Most researches investigating the background of mobbing are based on either experiences of targets as victims or the critical cases including the perpetrators as mobber; Therefore, the findings are often at individual level and subjective. They are often ＂ex post facto＂ analysis of psychological dimensions （e.g., personality characteristics of mostly of mobbed victims and rarely of mobbers） or legal dimensions. There are few ＂ex ante＂ analyses of organizational culture dimensions so that preventive measures may be taken prior to any serious mobbing case is reported. This paper＇s objective is to approach mobbing as a function of group conflict and rumor that is uncontrolled for a long time. By exploring the background of mobbing in ten companies from service sector in IstanbuI-Turkey, this view is assessed. The findings confirmed that mobbing is a function of relational conflict and gossip particularly in companies with high positional power distance and highly centralized decision-making where high power imbalance between supervisors and subordinates are salient. Such organizations seem to be more conducive to concealed mobbing and survival than to development and participation of employees as ＂modus operandi＂.
文摘Mobbing behavior is an important and widespread antipredatory behavior. This is a well-known behavior especially in birds. There are many studies about mobbing in birds, and most of them use owls as a model of predator. However it is not clear how mobbing works when a predator assume a role of a prey. In this paper we organize field observations, which were taken on records of mobbing behaviors performed by owls or by other animals against them. These observations were collected nearby four Brazilian cities in South-Eastern and Central Brazil： Joao Monlevade / MG, Sacramento / MG Baguari / MG and Cacu / GO. Events of mobbing behavior have always involved prey（s） and predator（s） thus, in this study we presents mobbing events which species of owl always were involved, and beside the owls, other animals like mammals or raptors. These records are important due to their infrequency and problems to be detected in natural field conditions. It is rare mobbing events when an owl assumes a role of a prey, and there are few studies that show the mobbing by the predator optics. The present data may contribute for elucidation of mobbing behavior intrinsic aspects.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC1909604)SZIIT Startup Fund(No.SZIIT2022KJ072)+1 种基金Shenzhen Peacock Project Startup Fund(No.RC2023-002)Shenzhen Steady General Projects(No.KJ2024C010).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal borides(MBenes)have emerged as a rising star and hold great potential promise for catalysis and metal ion batteries owing to a well-defined layered structure and ex-cellent electrical conductivity.Unlike well-studied graphene,perovskite and MXene materials in various fields,the research about MBene is still in its infancy.The inadequate exploration of efficient etching methods impedes their further study.Herein,we put forward an efficient microwave-assisted hydrother-mal alkaline solution etching strategy for exfoliating MoAlB MAB phase into 2D MoB MBenes with a well accordion-like structure,which displays a remarkable electrochemical performance in sodium ion batter-ies(SIBs)with a reversible specific capacity of 196.5 mAh g^(-1)at the current density of 50 mA g^(-1),and 138.6 mAh g^(-1)after 500 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A g^(-1).The underlying mechanism toward excellent electrochemical performance are revealed by comprehensive theoretical simulations.This work proves that MBene is a competitive candidate as the next generation anode of sodium ion batteries.
文摘随着无线电技术在水上搜救上的应用,多种人员落水(Man Over Board,简称MOB)定位搜救终端产品上市销售。本文通过将各类水上搜救通信方式集成融合,设计开发一款多通道无线电人员落水定位搜救终端,在海上作业人员意外落水后,能及时给卫星、船舶、飞机等多种救援方式提供遇险位置信息,从而提高搜救效率,保障海上人员生命安全。
