The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan h...The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan highsulfidation Cu-Au deposit,the Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,the transitional style Cu deposit(Longjiangting and Wuziqilong)and the Yueyang low-sulfidation Agpolymetallic deposit(Zhang,2013;Zhang et al.,2003)展开更多
0.INTRODUCTION.The Jiuwandashan Sn-polymetallic ore cluster,located in the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen and the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is one of the most significant Precambrian tin ore concentration areas i...0.INTRODUCTION.The Jiuwandashan Sn-polymetallic ore cluster,located in the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen and the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is one of the most significant Precambrian tin ore concentration areas in South China(Figure 1a;Mao et al.,1987).Recently,this region has garnered considerable research attention due to its intense mafic-felsic magmatic activity and large-scale Sn-polymetallic mineralization(Li et al.,2020;Chen J F et al.,2019;Huang and Wang,2019;Zhang et al.,2019;Chen L et al.,2018;Xiang et al.,2018;Su et al.,2014).A series of medium-to large-scale Sn-polymetallic deposits,including Jiumao,Liuxiu,Yidong,Honggangshan,and Shaping(Figure 1b),have been identified within this region,with proven tin reserves of approximately 200000 t.High-precision dating methods have yielded cassiterite U-Pb ages of ca.830 Ma,pointing to a Neoproterozoic Sn-polymetallic mineralization event in South China(Zhang et al.,2019;Xiang et al.,2018).展开更多
Biomineralization of natural composites are usually highly finely adjusted to achieve extremely precise control over the shape,size and distribution of inorganic crystals,giving them unique structures and properties o...Biomineralization of natural composites are usually highly finely adjusted to achieve extremely precise control over the shape,size and distribution of inorganic crystals,giving them unique structures and properties of biomaterials.These underlying mechanisms and pathways provide inspiration for the design and construction of materials for repairing hard tissues.Due to good biocompatibility of hydrogels,materials using gel-like systems as media are inextricably linked to biological macrocomponents and mineralization.Inspired by those bioprocesses,polyacrylamide hydrogel with enzymes was 3D printed to form controlled shapes and structures,then was used as templates for mineralization.Effect of polyacrylamide hydrogel pore size on the mineralization was studied via incorporating NaF and CaCl2 and controlling the mineralization degree.The mineralization processes of 3D printed hydrogels with different pore sizes were also explored to find out the confinement influence of pores.Mineralization in hydrogels with smaller pores is developed in a columnar stacked pattern,which is similar to the vesicular mineralization stage of bone mineralization.展开更多
The Jiuyishan granitic complex,located in the Nanling Range,South China,is composed of five granitic plutons(Xuehuading,Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,Shaziling and Xishan).Zircon U-Pb dating of four plutons(Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,...The Jiuyishan granitic complex,located in the Nanling Range,South China,is composed of five granitic plutons(Xuehuading,Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,Shaziling and Xishan).Zircon U-Pb dating of four plutons(Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,Shaziling and Xishan)yielded similar ages of approximately 153 Ma,indicating indistinguishable ages within error.Three plutons except the Shaziling pluton,have consistentε_(Nd)(t)(-7.8 to-5.8)andε_(Hf)(t)(-9.1 to-2.2)values,which are similar to those of the lower crustal granulitic metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks in South China.Compared to other three plutons,the Shaziling pluton has consistentε_(Nd)(t)(-7.4 to-6.8)andε_(Hf)(t)(-7.5 to-4.7)values and shows similar source,but the Shaziling mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)show variableε_(Hf)(t)(-14.2 to 4.8)values,indicating a remarkable mantle magma injection of the Shaziling pluton.Zircon Ce/Sm-Yb/Gd,whole-rock CaO-P_(2)O_(5)and CaO-TiO_(2)linear trends reveal that from the Xishan to the Shaziling and from the Jinjiling to the Pangxiemu granites,they experienced apatite and titanite fractionation,respectively.Zircon Th,U,Nb,Ta,Hf,Ti,Y,P and rare earth element(REE)contents and whole-rock Sr,Ba and Rb contents also show that the Shaziling,Xishan,Jinjiling and Pangxiemu granites followed a discontinuous evolutionary series,but the Pangxiemu granites exhibit highly evolved nature.Four main controlling factors of W-Sn and rare metal mineralization in granitic rocks were discussed,and we found that the mineralization in Jiuyishan granitic complex was mainly controlled by the fractionation degree and crystallization temperature,but were rarely affected by oxygen fugacity and mantle material input.The Pangxiemu granites show particularly higher Rb and Ta contents than the other three plutons,implying that the ore deposits developed in the Jiuyishan Complex were directly related to the most evolved Pangxiemu pluton,with the occurrence of Rb and Ta as the most likely rare metal mineralization in the Jiuyishan District.A crystal mush model is proposed to interpret the petrogenetic and mineralizing processes of the Jiuyishan granitic complex.展开更多
Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-...Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-shaped mineralization in SE China are summarized,and the relations between their ore veins and granite and the ore-forming structural stress field are analyzed.These deposits have a post-magmatic hydrothermal genesis and involve the formation of two sets of veins with similar strike and opposite dips at the top of the ore-causative granite bodies,forming a vertical fan-shaped profile.Their ore veins were coeval with the underlying granite bodies,and generally extend along the long axis of the granite.In such fan-shaped ore formation,the stress is highly focused at the top of the granite and gradually weakens outward.The maximum principal stress(σ1)is perpendicular to the granite contact surface,and radiates outward from the pluton.Meanwhile,the minimum principal stress(σ3)forms an arc-shaped band parallel to the contact surface.Our findings,together with published numerical modeling indicate that the emplacement dynamics of granitic magma(rather than regional horizontal tectonic stress)are essential controls on the distribution of ore veins in quartz vein-type tungsten deposits.展开更多
Metallogenic research on structural levels can reveal vertical patterns of mineralization and facilitate the deep exploration of economic minerals.However,research focusing on the correlation between structural levels...Metallogenic research on structural levels can reveal vertical patterns of mineralization and facilitate the deep exploration of economic minerals.However,research focusing on the correlation between structural levels and mineralization remains limited.In this study,we summarize the deformation patterns and associated mineral deposits observed at different crustal levels(i.e.,surface,shallow,middle,and deep structural levels,corresponding to depths of<2,2-8,8-15,and>15 km,respectively).Furthermore,we examine the genetic association between structural levels and metallogenesis,demonstrating that distinct structural levels are linked to specific types of mineralization.Key factors that vary across crustal levels include temperature,pressure,and fluid circulation.Ore-forming processes involve interactions between structures and fluids under varying temperatures and pressures.Structural levels influence mineralization by controlling the temperatures,pressures,and deformation mechanisms that drive the activation,migration,and enrichment of ore-forming materials.展开更多
The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive pha...The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive phases of the Suzhou granite,whole-rock geochemistry,geochemistry and U-Th-Pb dating of monazite was analyzed.The unique geochemical characteristics show that the Suzhou pluton can be discriminated as an A-type granite.LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating of monazite in both the medium-and coarse-grained biotite granite(MBG)and the fine-grained biotite granite(FBG)indicates that the granite formed between 124 and 127 Ma.Based on geochemical characteristics and mineral textures,the MBG(Mnz-Ia)and FBG(Mnz-Ib)monazites are classified as magmatic monazites;another monazite(Mnz-II)from the MBG formed during a magmatic-hydrothermal transitional stage.Nb-Ta in the Suzhou pluton gradually concentrated during fractional crystallization and alteration of Ti-rich minerals and biotite.Ultimately,with the involvement of F-Li-rich fluid,Nb-Ta mineralization occurred during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition.The Suzhou pluton is considered part of a 600-km-and NE-SW-trending Nb-rich A-type granite belt together with other Early Cretaceous A-type granites in the Jiangnan Orogen that offers prospects of a new target for Nb-Ta prospecting.展开更多
The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of ...The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.展开更多
Global warming and human activities have reduced the concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water of lakes,resulting in increased anoxia in surface sediments.This increased anoxia likely alters carbon cyclin...Global warming and human activities have reduced the concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water of lakes,resulting in increased anoxia in surface sediments.This increased anoxia likely alters carbon cycling processes(e.g.,organic carbon mineralization)by altering microbial community composition and functions in lakes.However,it remains unclear how organic carbon mineralization responds to increased anoxia in surface sediments of lakes(particularly saline lakes).In this study,CO_(2)production in surface sediments of six lakes with different salinity(0.47-250 g/L)on the Tibetan Plateau was investigated using microcosm incubations under aerobic and anaerobic conditions,respectively,followed by geochemical and microbial analyses.The results showed that for the freshwater lake,CO_(2)production rates in anaerobic sediment microcosms were significantly(P<0.05)lower than their aerobic counterparts.In contrast,an opposite trend was observed for CO_(2)production in saline lakes.Furthermore,the CO_(2)production rates decreased significantly(P<0.05)under aerobic conditions,while it exhibited a hump-like relationship with increasing salinity under anaerobic conditions.Taken together,our results suggest that increased anoxia would enhance organic carbon mineralization in surface sediments of saline lakes and help understand carbon feedback on global changes in saline lakes.展开更多
The Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of Linglong gold field in the northern part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt of the Jiaodong gold province-the world’s third-large...The Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of Linglong gold field in the northern part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt of the Jiaodong gold province-the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area.Major prospecting breakthroughs have been made at the depth of 600‒2500 m in recent years,with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 700 t.Based on a large number of exploration data,the main characteristics of the deposit are described in detail,and the spatial coupling relationship between ore-controlling fault and main orebodies is discussed.The main orebodies occur as regular large veins,exhibiting branching and combination,expansion and contraction,and pinch-out and reoccurrence.They extend in a gentle wave pattern along their strikes and dip directions and generally have a pitch direction of NEE and a plunge direction of NEE.As the ore-controlling fault,the Zhaoping Fault has the characteristics of wave-like fluctuation,with its dip angle presenting three steps of steep-slow transition within the depth range of 2500 m.The gold mineralization enrichment area is mainly distributed in the step parts where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently.The ore-forming age,ore-forming fluid and ore-forming material sources and the genesis of the ore deposit are analyzed based on the research results of ore deposit geochemistry.The ore-forming fluids were H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-type hydrothermal solutions with a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity.The H-O isotopic characteristics indicate that the fluids in the early ore-forming stage were possibly formed by degassing of basic magma and that meteoric water gradually entered the ore-forming fluids in the late ore-forming stage.The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly originate from the lower crust and contain a small quantity of mantle-derived components.The comprehensive analysis shows that the Taishang-shuiwangzhuang gold deposit was a typical“Jiaodong type”gold deposit.The strong crust-mantle interactions,large-scale magmatism,and the material exchange arising from the transformation from the ancient lower crust to the juvenile lower crust during the Early Cretaceous provided abundant fluids and material sources for mineralization.Moreover,the detachment faults formed by the rapid magmatic uplift and the extensional tectonism created favorable temperature and pressure conditions and space for fluid accumulation and gold precipitation and mineralization.展开更多
The Shuangwang Au deposit in the western Qinling Orogen is hosted by a WNW-ESE-trending breccia belt that is structurally controlled by the northern limb of the Yindonggou fold.Igneous rocks area in the deposit are pa...The Shuangwang Au deposit in the western Qinling Orogen is hosted by a WNW-ESE-trending breccia belt that is structurally controlled by the northern limb of the Yindonggou fold.Igneous rocks area in the deposit are part of the Xiba pluton,which comprises granodiorite and monzogranite that contains mafic microgranular envlaves(MMEs),and later mineralized granitic porphyry dikes.The mineralized granitic porphyry dikes were controlled by the same structures that controlled the ore bodies.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields ages of 220.0±1.9 Ma for the granodiorite,and 217.9±1.9 Ma for the granitic porphyry,which is consistent with the mineralization ages reported in previous studies(220-218 Ma).Together with the similarity of alteration mineral assemblages between ore and mineralized granitic porphyry,we suggest that the mineralization was controlled by structure and Xiba pluton.The geochemical data show that the granodiorite and granitic porphyry are subalkaline and the MMEs are alkaline in composition.All samples have similar chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with enrichment of light rare earth elements.The granodiorite and MMEs are depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,P,and Ti and enriched in U,K,Pb,Zr,and Hf.The granitic porphyry is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements but depleted in high-field-strength elements.The granodiorite and MMEs have low whole-rockεNd(t)values(−10.90 to−2.32)and(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios(0.7000-0.7285),similar to coeval Triassic granites in the western Qinling Orogen.The(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios of the granitic porphyry have been affected by fluid metasomatism that results in higher(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i values.The geochronological,geochemical,and isotopic evidence suggest that the Xiba pluton formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust that had been intruded by alkaline mafic magma,as documented by the MMEs,which were derived from a source metasomatized by subduction-related fluids.The granodioritic and granitic porphyry magmas were relatively oxidized(fayalite-magnetite-quartz[FMQ]to magnetite-hematite(MH)buffer conditions;zircon Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)=72-813;log(fO_(2))=−22 to−8).We propose that magma mixing between lower crust and mantle-derived mafic magma was triggered by the tectonic transition from a collisional to post-collision setting,which provided the metals,S,fluids,and increase in magma oxygen fugacity that enabled the formation of the Shuangwang Au deposit.Since the Late Triassic,the western Qinling Orogen evolved from a syn-collisional compressional to post-collisional extensional environment.The mineralization of the Shuangwang Au deposit involved early formation of a tectonic breccia in the compressional stage.Subsequently,hydrothermal fluids derived from a magma ascended,migrated,mixed,and precipitated ores in the tectonic breccia during the later extensional stage to form the Shuangwang Au deposit.展开更多
1.Objective The Eastern Junggar Kalamaili region in Xinjiang constitutes a significant tin metallogenic belt in northwest China(Fig.1a).It hosts four independent tin deposits-Kamusite,Ganliangzi,Beilekuduke,and Saresh...1.Objective The Eastern Junggar Kalamaili region in Xinjiang constitutes a significant tin metallogenic belt in northwest China(Fig.1a).It hosts four independent tin deposits-Kamusite,Ganliangzi,Beilekuduke,and Sareshenke-from west to east,supplemented by two tin mineralized points,namely Hongtujingzi and Sujiquan(Figs.1b).according to the ore type and the composition of gangue minerals,the tin deposits in the region are classified into two groups:Quartz vein type and greisen type,with the Sareshenke deposit ascribed to the former and the remainder to the latter.展开更多
The Jianglang Dome has integral tectonostratigraphic units and contains a suite of high-grade stratiform Cu deposits.However,the formation mechanism of this dome and genetic model of Cu mineralization remain a matter ...The Jianglang Dome has integral tectonostratigraphic units and contains a suite of high-grade stratiform Cu deposits.However,the formation mechanism of this dome and genetic model of Cu mineralization remain a matter of debate.The resolution of these problems hinges on the presence of magmatic intrusions in the core.Here,we report bulk geochemical and zircon U-Pb data of a newly discovered syenite intrusion as well as chalcopyrite Re-Os dating results.We aim to explore genesis of the Jianglang Dome,genetic model of the stratiform Cu deposits,and rare metal mineralization potential of the syenite intrusion.The dated syenite sample yields an emplacement age of 207.1±2.0 Ma,which matches post-collisional extension in the Songpan-Ganze Orogen.The syenite rocks have average high(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)concentrations of 512 ppm,10000.Ga/Al ratios of 3.97,and crystallization temperatures of 827°C,together with low Mg#values of 1.73;they fi t the A-type granitoid defi nition and a crustal origin.Chalcopyrite separates yield a Re-Os isochron age of 207.1±5.3 Ma,which markedly postdates the formation age of their orehosting rocks(the Liwu Group,ca.553 Ma).Our new age determination,together with previous chalcopyrite Re–Os isochron age of ca.151.1 Ma and sulfi de sulfur isotope(δ^(34)S_(V-CDT)=8.7‰–5.6‰)and tourmaline boron isotope(δ^(11)B=−15.47‰to−5.91‰)data,confi rms multistage epigenetic Cu mineralization related to magmatic-hydrothermal fl uids.Compared with regional ca.209–207 Ma fertile granitoids,the studied syenite intrusion shows unevolved and barren affi nities and negligible rare metal mineralization potential.Combined with residual gravity low anomalies in the core of the Jianglang Dome,which suggest a large deepseated granitic batholith,we prefer thermal doming resulting from magma-induced uplift for the nature of this dome.展开更多
Iron oxide-copper–gold(IOCG)deposits encompass a diverse set of mineralization styles,leading to outstanding questions about how different alteration facies are related across a single ore-producing system and the ov...Iron oxide-copper–gold(IOCG)deposits encompass a diverse set of mineralization styles,leading to outstanding questions about how different alteration facies are related across a single ore-producing system and the overarching mechanisms of ore genesis.This study investigates the age and characteristics of mineralization at the La Farola deposit,a hematite-dominated IOCG deposit located at the southern margin of the Candelaria-Punta del Cobre IOCG district of northern Chile.Two lithologically-controlled ore bodies occur along the WSW-ENE striking,∼18°NNW-dipping contact between the Lower Cretaceous Chañarcillo Group and Punta del Cobre Formation.Syn-mineralization N-S to NNW-SSE striking sinistral strike-slip faults likely acted as fluid pathways.Distinct mineral assemblages include an early Na-Ca assemblage(albite-scapolite)overprinted by skarnoid garnet with minor pyroxene,Ca-Fe(magnetite-actinolite),and K-Fe(magnetite-k-feldspar-biotite and minor sulfides)assemblages.The main sulfide mineralization(chalcopyrite-pyrite with minor bornite)is associated with specular hematite-white mica-K-feldspar-calcite and overprints all previous assemblages.The presence of hematite as the dominant Fe-oxide phase associated with Cu mineralization is characteristic of lower-temperature IOCG deposits,and may be a result of La Farola’s stratigraphic position<700 m higher than other deposits in the district.New U-Pb ages of 115.7±1.2 Ma for garnet and Re-Os ages of∼113–114 Ma for sulfides indicate mineralization occurred within a 3-million-year timeframe.These findings confirm hematite-dominant mineralization at La Farola was coeval with IOCG mineralization across the district.This research contributes to understanding IOCG systems and their formation mechanisms,highlighting the control local geological structures and alteration processes has on the diversity of mineralization types associated with a single IOCG system.展开更多
The Dabaoshan porphyry Cu deposit(420 kilotons(kt)of Cu@0.36%)is located in South China.The newly discovered Cu orebodies are hosted in the dacite porphyry adjacent to a granodiorite porphyry.The alteration and minera...The Dabaoshan porphyry Cu deposit(420 kilotons(kt)of Cu@0.36%)is located in South China.The newly discovered Cu orebodies are hosted in the dacite porphyry adjacent to a granodiorite porphyry.The alteration and mineralization timing and stages of the porphyry Cu deposit were not well-constrained.In this study,we combine field mapping,petrography,whole-rock geochemistry,hydrothermal rutile U-Pb dating and Cu isotopes to synthesize an ore model at Dabaoshan.In situ hydrothermal rutile U-Pb dating yields an age of 159±13 Ma,which brackets the timing of porphyry Cu mineralization.From top to bottom,the alteration zones in Dabaoshan are divided into quartz-sericite,biotite,chlorite-epidote,and chlorite-sericite subzones.Veins are classified into four stages(Stage 1 to 4)with Stage 4 quartz-sericite-chalcopyrite veins being the main Cu ore-bearing veins.The mineralized dacite porphyry has high SiO_(2),but low MgO,CaO,and Na_(2)O contents.The chalcopyrite hosted in veins exhibitsδ^(65)Cu=values ranging from−1.29‰to 0.51‰.Such copper isotope fractionation is attributed to vapor-brine phase separation,and mixing of fluids from different geochemical reservoirs.The timing of Cu mineralization and hydrothermal alteration support that the Jurassic granodiorite porphyry is an ore-forming intrusion at Dabaoshan.展开更多
The adhesion of Shewanella algae(S.algae)on the surface of stainless steel induced the formation and coverage of calcium carbonate minerals in the aerobic environment,and the effect of these minerals on the passive fi...The adhesion of Shewanella algae(S.algae)on the surface of stainless steel induced the formation and coverage of calcium carbonate minerals in the aerobic environment,and the effect of these minerals on the passive film of stainless steel was investigated by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy(FIB-SEM/TEM)and electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS)techniques.The TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)results revealed that the passive film in the region covered by mineralized particles underwent chelation between Fe and Cr compounds with CaCO_(3),forming an unstable amorphous layer,which accelerated the loss of Fe and Cr elements.EELS analysis showed that the loss of Fe element in the passive film was the most significant,with a transition from Fe^(3+)to soluble Fe^(2+)occurring,which caused by the iron-reducing property and metabolic activities of the adherent S.algae.The loss of the main metal elements caused the accelerated degradation of the passive film beneath the minerals.展开更多
Since the first discovery of gold deposits on the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin in Shandong Province at the end of the 20^(th) century,seven medium-sized to large/super-large gold deposits have been identif...Since the first discovery of gold deposits on the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin in Shandong Province at the end of the 20^(th) century,seven medium-sized to large/super-large gold deposits have been identified in this region,with cumulative proven gold resources of 223 t.This study reviewed the metallogenic and geochemical characteristics of various gold deposits in this region,examined the sources of their ore-forming fluids and materials,as well as their gold metallogenic epochs and processes,and developed a gold metallogenic model.The gold deposits in this region are governed by both dense fractures and detachment structural systems along basin margins,primarily categorized into the altered rock type and the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein type.The latter type,a recently discovered mineralization type in the Jiaodong Peninsula,enjoys high gold grade,a large scale,and high gold mineral fineness,suggesting considerable prospecting potential.Both types of gold deposits show metallogenic epochs ranging from 116 Ma to 119 Ma.Their ore-forming fluids are identified as a CO_(2)-NaCl-H_(2)O fluid system characterized by moderate to low temperatures,moderate to low salinity,and low density,with the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits manifesting slightly higher salinity.The C-H-O,S,and Pb isotopes of hydrothermal minerals reveal that the ore-forming fluids and materials are characteristic of crust-mantle mixing.Specifically,they were derived from mantle fluids in the early stages,mixed with stratum water and meteoric water in the later stages for mineralization.The gold metallogenic process is identified as follows:During the Early Cretaceous,the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the destruction of the North China Craton led to asthenospheric upwelling.The resulting fluids,after metasomatizing the enriched mantle,differentiated and evolved into C-H-O ore-bearing fluids,which were then mixed with crustal fluids.The mixed fluids migrated to the shallow crust,where they mingled with stratum water and meteoric water.Then,the fluids underwent unloading and final mineralization in detachment fault tectonic systems on basin margins.Due to differences in mixed crustal materials or the surrounding rocks involved in water-rock interactions,altered rock-and pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits were formed in acidic and alkaline fluid environments,respectively.展开更多
Although previous researchers have attempted to decipher ore genesis and mineralization in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit,some uncertainties regarding the mineralization process and evolution of both ore-forming fluids...Although previous researchers have attempted to decipher ore genesis and mineralization in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit,some uncertainties regarding the mineralization process and evolution of both ore-forming fluids and magnetite types still need to be addressed.In this study,we obtained new EPMA,LA-ICP-MS,and in situ Fe isotope data from magnetite from the Erdaokan deposit,in order to better understand the mineralization mechanism and evolution of both magnetite and the ore-forming fluids.Our results identified seven types of magnetite at Erdaokan:disseminated magnetite(Mag1),coarse-grained magnetite(Mag2a),radial magnetite(Mag2b),fragmented fine-grained magnetite(Mag2c),vermicular gel magnetite(Mag3a1 and Mag3a2),colloidal magnetite(Mag3b)and dark gray magnetite(Mag4).All of the magnetite types were hydrothermal in origin and generally low in Ti(<400 ppm)and Ni(<800 ppm),while being enriched in light Fe isotopes(δ^(56)Fe ranging from−1.54‰to−0.06‰).However,they exhibit different geochemical signatures and are thus classified into high-manganese magnetite(Mag1,MnO>5 wt%),low-silicon magnetite(Mag2a-c,SiO_(2)<1 wt%),high-silicon magnetite(Mag3a-b,SiO_(2)from 1 to 7 wt%)and high-silicon-manganese magnetite(Mag4,SiO_(2)>1 wt%,MnO>0.2 wt%),each being formed within distinct hydrothermal environments.Based on mineralogy,elemental geochemistry,Fe isotopes,temperature trends,TMg-mag and(Ti+V)vs.(Al+Mn)diagrams,we propose that the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit underwent multi-stage mineralization,which can be broken down into four stages and nine sub-stages.Mag1,Mag2a-c,Mag3a-b and Mag4 were formed during the first sub-stage of each of the four stages,respectively.Additionally,fluid mixing,cooling and depressurization boiling were identified as the main mechanisms for mineral precipitation.The enrichment of Ag was significantly enhanced by the superposition of multi-stage ore-forming hydrothermal fluids in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.展开更多
Pathological mineralizations in breast lesions are closely associated with disease progression and serves as a critical diagnostic indicator.However,systematic understanding remains lacking regarding the phase categor...Pathological mineralizations in breast lesions are closely associated with disease progression and serves as a critical diagnostic indicator.However,systematic understanding remains lacking regarding the phase categories,distribution patterns,and proportional occurrences of mineral phases across different breast lesion types.The diagnostic implications of specific phases,such as calcium oxalate,for distinguishing benign and malignant lesions remain controversial.This study employed polarizing microscopy,environmental scanning electron microscopy(SEM)with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and Raman spectroscopy to analyze the phase composition of 61 mineralized samples from three lesion types:Invasive carcinoma,carcinoma in situ and benign lesions.Results demonstrate that breast lesion mineralizations predominantly comprise calcium phosphates,including hydroxyapatite(HA),amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP),and whitlockite,occasionally accompanied by calcium oxalate(monohydrate or dihydrate).Distinct distribution patterns and proportional occurrences of minerals were observed among the three types of lesion mineralizations.HA,as the predominant phase,was ubiquitously present across all three lesion categories.ACP,a mineralization precursor phase,emerged during early mineralization stages across all lesion types.Notably,whitlockite exclusively occurred in benign lesions and carcinoma in situ,with higher prevalence in benign cases,suggesting a progressive decline in Mg^(2+)concentration within the lesion microenvironment as malignancy advances.Calcium oxalate coexisted with HA in mineralized regions across all lesion types,and its presence in invasive carcinoma specimens warrants heightened clinical attention.展开更多
Acid mine drainage(AMD)seriously pollutes the environment due to its high acidity and a variety of heavy metals.Although lime neutralization has traditionally been employed to treat AMD,it comes with disadvantages,suc...Acid mine drainage(AMD)seriously pollutes the environment due to its high acidity and a variety of heavy metals.Although lime neutralization has traditionally been employed to treat AMD,it comes with disadvantages,such as the large quantity of lime required and the generation of substantial amounts of neutralized sludge.Hence,we propose a modified chemical mineralization coupled with sodium sulfide precipitation to simultaneously recover metals from AMD and neutralize acidity.The modified chemical mineralization process effectively removed total iron(TFe)and SO_(4)^(2-) through chemically forming schwertmannite(Sch).By regulating temperature and H_(2)O_(2) addition mode,the hydrolysis of Fe3+and SO_(4)^(2-) in chemical mineralization was significantly enhanced,resulting in a high yield of Sch.Subsequent introduction of sodium sulfide to already-treated AMD using modified chemical mineralization could harvest or recover other valuable metals other than Fe and maintain a neutral pH of the final effluent.The metal levels in the sulphide precipitation reached as high as 17.9 mg/g,which was three times higher than that achieved through lime neutralization(6.3 mg/g).Moreover,the cost of treating AMD was 15 Chinese Yuan(CNY)/m^(3) AMD,which was significantly lower than that of lime neutralization(35 CNY/m^(3) AMD).Therefore,this approach has a good engineering application prospect in actual AMD treatment.展开更多
基金financially supported by Zijin Mining Group(No.01612216)the Ministry of Natural Resources,China(No.ZKKJ202426)。
文摘The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan highsulfidation Cu-Au deposit,the Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,the transitional style Cu deposit(Longjiangting and Wuziqilong)and the Yueyang low-sulfidation Agpolymetallic deposit(Zhang,2013;Zhang et al.,2003)
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42472117)China Geological Survey(Nos.DD20243431,DD20230342,DD20240064)。
文摘0.INTRODUCTION.The Jiuwandashan Sn-polymetallic ore cluster,located in the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen and the Nanling Metallogenic Belt,is one of the most significant Precambrian tin ore concentration areas in South China(Figure 1a;Mao et al.,1987).Recently,this region has garnered considerable research attention due to its intense mafic-felsic magmatic activity and large-scale Sn-polymetallic mineralization(Li et al.,2020;Chen J F et al.,2019;Huang and Wang,2019;Zhang et al.,2019;Chen L et al.,2018;Xiang et al.,2018;Su et al.,2014).A series of medium-to large-scale Sn-polymetallic deposits,including Jiumao,Liuxiu,Yidong,Honggangshan,and Shaping(Figure 1b),have been identified within this region,with proven tin reserves of approximately 200000 t.High-precision dating methods have yielded cassiterite U-Pb ages of ca.830 Ma,pointing to a Neoproterozoic Sn-polymetallic mineralization event in South China(Zhang et al.,2019;Xiang et al.,2018).
基金Funded by the Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFD033)the Open Fund of Hubei Longzhong Laboratory。
文摘Biomineralization of natural composites are usually highly finely adjusted to achieve extremely precise control over the shape,size and distribution of inorganic crystals,giving them unique structures and properties of biomaterials.These underlying mechanisms and pathways provide inspiration for the design and construction of materials for repairing hard tissues.Due to good biocompatibility of hydrogels,materials using gel-like systems as media are inextricably linked to biological macrocomponents and mineralization.Inspired by those bioprocesses,polyacrylamide hydrogel with enzymes was 3D printed to form controlled shapes and structures,then was used as templates for mineralization.Effect of polyacrylamide hydrogel pore size on the mineralization was studied via incorporating NaF and CaCl2 and controlling the mineralization degree.The mineralization processes of 3D printed hydrogels with different pore sizes were also explored to find out the confinement influence of pores.Mineralization in hydrogels with smaller pores is developed in a columnar stacked pattern,which is similar to the vesicular mineralization stage of bone mineralization.
基金financially supported by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2019JJ50831,2023JJ30505 and 2023JJ40541)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2017M622597 and 2021M690591)+2 种基金the Open Research Fund Program of Fundamental Science on Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory(East China University of Technology)(No.2022RGET04)the National Foreign Expert Project(No.G2022029012L)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.41002022)。
文摘The Jiuyishan granitic complex,located in the Nanling Range,South China,is composed of five granitic plutons(Xuehuading,Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,Shaziling and Xishan).Zircon U-Pb dating of four plutons(Jinjiling,Pangxiemu,Shaziling and Xishan)yielded similar ages of approximately 153 Ma,indicating indistinguishable ages within error.Three plutons except the Shaziling pluton,have consistentε_(Nd)(t)(-7.8 to-5.8)andε_(Hf)(t)(-9.1 to-2.2)values,which are similar to those of the lower crustal granulitic metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks in South China.Compared to other three plutons,the Shaziling pluton has consistentε_(Nd)(t)(-7.4 to-6.8)andε_(Hf)(t)(-7.5 to-4.7)values and shows similar source,but the Shaziling mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)show variableε_(Hf)(t)(-14.2 to 4.8)values,indicating a remarkable mantle magma injection of the Shaziling pluton.Zircon Ce/Sm-Yb/Gd,whole-rock CaO-P_(2)O_(5)and CaO-TiO_(2)linear trends reveal that from the Xishan to the Shaziling and from the Jinjiling to the Pangxiemu granites,they experienced apatite and titanite fractionation,respectively.Zircon Th,U,Nb,Ta,Hf,Ti,Y,P and rare earth element(REE)contents and whole-rock Sr,Ba and Rb contents also show that the Shaziling,Xishan,Jinjiling and Pangxiemu granites followed a discontinuous evolutionary series,but the Pangxiemu granites exhibit highly evolved nature.Four main controlling factors of W-Sn and rare metal mineralization in granitic rocks were discussed,and we found that the mineralization in Jiuyishan granitic complex was mainly controlled by the fractionation degree and crystallization temperature,but were rarely affected by oxygen fugacity and mantle material input.The Pangxiemu granites show particularly higher Rb and Ta contents than the other three plutons,implying that the ore deposits developed in the Jiuyishan Complex were directly related to the most evolved Pangxiemu pluton,with the occurrence of Rb and Ta as the most likely rare metal mineralization in the Jiuyishan District.A crystal mush model is proposed to interpret the petrogenetic and mineralizing processes of the Jiuyishan granitic complex.
基金funded by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2900100)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2022GXNSFFA035025)+3 种基金the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(No.42372099)the China Geological Survey(No.DD20190379)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(No.2022FY101800)the Major Talent Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,and the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(No.YCSW2023345)。
文摘Quartz vein-type tungsten deposits are a common W deposit type.Their ore vein distribution was previously considered to be controlled by regional horizontal tectonic stress.In this paper,14 tungsten deposits with fan-shaped mineralization in SE China are summarized,and the relations between their ore veins and granite and the ore-forming structural stress field are analyzed.These deposits have a post-magmatic hydrothermal genesis and involve the formation of two sets of veins with similar strike and opposite dips at the top of the ore-causative granite bodies,forming a vertical fan-shaped profile.Their ore veins were coeval with the underlying granite bodies,and generally extend along the long axis of the granite.In such fan-shaped ore formation,the stress is highly focused at the top of the granite and gradually weakens outward.The maximum principal stress(σ1)is perpendicular to the granite contact surface,and radiates outward from the pluton.Meanwhile,the minimum principal stress(σ3)forms an arc-shaped band parallel to the contact surface.Our findings,together with published numerical modeling indicate that the emplacement dynamics of granitic magma(rather than regional horizontal tectonic stress)are essential controls on the distribution of ore veins in quartz vein-type tungsten deposits.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF0800903 and 2024YFC2909905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.42261144669,42262026,and 42273073).
文摘Metallogenic research on structural levels can reveal vertical patterns of mineralization and facilitate the deep exploration of economic minerals.However,research focusing on the correlation between structural levels and mineralization remains limited.In this study,we summarize the deformation patterns and associated mineral deposits observed at different crustal levels(i.e.,surface,shallow,middle,and deep structural levels,corresponding to depths of<2,2-8,8-15,and>15 km,respectively).Furthermore,we examine the genetic association between structural levels and metallogenesis,demonstrating that distinct structural levels are linked to specific types of mineralization.Key factors that vary across crustal levels include temperature,pressure,and fluid circulation.Ore-forming processes involve interactions between structures and fluids under varying temperatures and pressures.Structural levels influence mineralization by controlling the temperatures,pressures,and deformation mechanisms that drive the activation,migration,and enrichment of ore-forming materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41903025 and 41803048)the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of IGGE(Grant Nos.AS2024J03,JY202106 and AS2022P03)+2 种基金the Hebei Key Science and Technology Program(Grant No.19057411Z)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2024ZD1002402)the China Geological Survey Project(Grant No.DD20221807).
文摘The Suzhou granitic pluton is the first identified Nb-Ta-rich granite in China.To reveal the genetic link between the sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution and Nb-Ta mineralization in different intrusive phases of the Suzhou granite,whole-rock geochemistry,geochemistry and U-Th-Pb dating of monazite was analyzed.The unique geochemical characteristics show that the Suzhou pluton can be discriminated as an A-type granite.LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb dating of monazite in both the medium-and coarse-grained biotite granite(MBG)and the fine-grained biotite granite(FBG)indicates that the granite formed between 124 and 127 Ma.Based on geochemical characteristics and mineral textures,the MBG(Mnz-Ia)and FBG(Mnz-Ib)monazites are classified as magmatic monazites;another monazite(Mnz-II)from the MBG formed during a magmatic-hydrothermal transitional stage.Nb-Ta in the Suzhou pluton gradually concentrated during fractional crystallization and alteration of Ti-rich minerals and biotite.Ultimately,with the involvement of F-Li-rich fluid,Nb-Ta mineralization occurred during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition.The Suzhou pluton is considered part of a 600-km-and NE-SW-trending Nb-rich A-type granite belt together with other Early Cretaceous A-type granites in the Jiangnan Orogen that offers prospects of a new target for Nb-Ta prospecting.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604288)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23043)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(ZX20200133)the Research and Development Fund of China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Technology Research Institute(QNYJJ22-21).
文摘The substantial emissions of greenhouse gases,particularly CO_(2),constitute a primary driver of global warming.CCUS is proposed as an effective mitigation strategy which is often estimated to account for about 15%of cumulative carbon emission reduction.In-situ CO_(2) mineralization sequestration,compared to conventional geological storage methods such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs,unmineable coal seams,and deep saline aquifers,offers the advantage of permanent immobilization of injected carbon.However,uncertainties persist regarding the characteristics of geochemical interactions under reservoir pore conditions,as well as the kinetic mechanisms of mineralization reactions.Additionally,geochemical reactions may lead to solid particle transport and deposition,potentially causing pore throat occlusion.Pilot projects in Iceland and the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology,but the field remains in the early deployment stage.In this review,the mechanisms of in-situ mineralization have been elucidated,the primary factors influencing the reaction kinetics have been discussed,and the current research status in this field has been summarized.It is emphasized that establishing a reliable system for evaluating storage capacity and understanding the kinetic mechanisms governing CO_(2) conversion into minerals at multi-phase interfaces are key priorities for future work.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42272356,92251304)the Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province,High-End Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents(Grant to Jiang Hongchen)+4 种基金the Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes(the Science and Technology Plan Project of Qinghai Province Incentive Fund,No.2024-KFKTA08)the 111 Program(the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs&the Ministry of Education of China,No.B18049)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(Polymenakou et al.)(No.2019QZKK0805)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Qinghai Province(No.2022-ZJ-Y08)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)。
文摘Global warming and human activities have reduced the concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water of lakes,resulting in increased anoxia in surface sediments.This increased anoxia likely alters carbon cycling processes(e.g.,organic carbon mineralization)by altering microbial community composition and functions in lakes.However,it remains unclear how organic carbon mineralization responds to increased anoxia in surface sediments of lakes(particularly saline lakes).In this study,CO_(2)production in surface sediments of six lakes with different salinity(0.47-250 g/L)on the Tibetan Plateau was investigated using microcosm incubations under aerobic and anaerobic conditions,respectively,followed by geochemical and microbial analyses.The results showed that for the freshwater lake,CO_(2)production rates in anaerobic sediment microcosms were significantly(P<0.05)lower than their aerobic counterparts.In contrast,an opposite trend was observed for CO_(2)production in saline lakes.Furthermore,the CO_(2)production rates decreased significantly(P<0.05)under aerobic conditions,while it exhibited a hump-like relationship with increasing salinity under anaerobic conditions.Taken together,our results suggest that increased anoxia would enhance organic carbon mineralization in surface sediments of saline lakes and help understand carbon feedback on global changes in saline lakes.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC2906900)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXGC011001)+2 种基金The Taishan Scholars Talent Project(TSTP 20240847)The Open Project of Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No.SDK202211,SDK202214)Science and Technology Project of Shandong Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development(Grant No.KY202208)。
文摘The Taishang-Shuiwangzhuang gold deposit is located in the southeastern margin of Linglong gold field in the northern part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt of the Jiaodong gold province-the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area.Major prospecting breakthroughs have been made at the depth of 600‒2500 m in recent years,with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 700 t.Based on a large number of exploration data,the main characteristics of the deposit are described in detail,and the spatial coupling relationship between ore-controlling fault and main orebodies is discussed.The main orebodies occur as regular large veins,exhibiting branching and combination,expansion and contraction,and pinch-out and reoccurrence.They extend in a gentle wave pattern along their strikes and dip directions and generally have a pitch direction of NEE and a plunge direction of NEE.As the ore-controlling fault,the Zhaoping Fault has the characteristics of wave-like fluctuation,with its dip angle presenting three steps of steep-slow transition within the depth range of 2500 m.The gold mineralization enrichment area is mainly distributed in the step parts where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently.The ore-forming age,ore-forming fluid and ore-forming material sources and the genesis of the ore deposit are analyzed based on the research results of ore deposit geochemistry.The ore-forming fluids were H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-type hydrothermal solutions with a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity.The H-O isotopic characteristics indicate that the fluids in the early ore-forming stage were possibly formed by degassing of basic magma and that meteoric water gradually entered the ore-forming fluids in the late ore-forming stage.The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly originate from the lower crust and contain a small quantity of mantle-derived components.The comprehensive analysis shows that the Taishang-shuiwangzhuang gold deposit was a typical“Jiaodong type”gold deposit.The strong crust-mantle interactions,large-scale magmatism,and the material exchange arising from the transformation from the ancient lower crust to the juvenile lower crust during the Early Cretaceous provided abundant fluids and material sources for mineralization.Moreover,the detachment faults formed by the rapid magmatic uplift and the extensional tectonism created favorable temperature and pressure conditions and space for fluid accumulation and gold precipitation and mineralization.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-YB-222)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872219)+1 种基金Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia,Ministry of Natural Resources(DBY-KF-19-12)Research on metallogenic structure and metallogenic structural plane of Shuangwang gold deposit(220227220347,220227230756).
文摘The Shuangwang Au deposit in the western Qinling Orogen is hosted by a WNW-ESE-trending breccia belt that is structurally controlled by the northern limb of the Yindonggou fold.Igneous rocks area in the deposit are part of the Xiba pluton,which comprises granodiorite and monzogranite that contains mafic microgranular envlaves(MMEs),and later mineralized granitic porphyry dikes.The mineralized granitic porphyry dikes were controlled by the same structures that controlled the ore bodies.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields ages of 220.0±1.9 Ma for the granodiorite,and 217.9±1.9 Ma for the granitic porphyry,which is consistent with the mineralization ages reported in previous studies(220-218 Ma).Together with the similarity of alteration mineral assemblages between ore and mineralized granitic porphyry,we suggest that the mineralization was controlled by structure and Xiba pluton.The geochemical data show that the granodiorite and granitic porphyry are subalkaline and the MMEs are alkaline in composition.All samples have similar chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with enrichment of light rare earth elements.The granodiorite and MMEs are depleted in Nb,Ta,Sr,P,and Ti and enriched in U,K,Pb,Zr,and Hf.The granitic porphyry is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements but depleted in high-field-strength elements.The granodiorite and MMEs have low whole-rockεNd(t)values(−10.90 to−2.32)and(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios(0.7000-0.7285),similar to coeval Triassic granites in the western Qinling Orogen.The(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios of the granitic porphyry have been affected by fluid metasomatism that results in higher(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i values.The geochronological,geochemical,and isotopic evidence suggest that the Xiba pluton formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust that had been intruded by alkaline mafic magma,as documented by the MMEs,which were derived from a source metasomatized by subduction-related fluids.The granodioritic and granitic porphyry magmas were relatively oxidized(fayalite-magnetite-quartz[FMQ]to magnetite-hematite(MH)buffer conditions;zircon Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)=72-813;log(fO_(2))=−22 to−8).We propose that magma mixing between lower crust and mantle-derived mafic magma was triggered by the tectonic transition from a collisional to post-collision setting,which provided the metals,S,fluids,and increase in magma oxygen fugacity that enabled the formation of the Shuangwang Au deposit.Since the Late Triassic,the western Qinling Orogen evolved from a syn-collisional compressional to post-collisional extensional environment.The mineralization of the Shuangwang Au deposit involved early formation of a tectonic breccia in the compressional stage.Subsequently,hydrothermal fluids derived from a magma ascended,migrated,mixed,and precipitated ores in the tectonic breccia during the later extensional stage to form the Shuangwang Au deposit.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2901802)project of the China Geological Survey(No.DD20240073)Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024GH-ZDXM-26).
文摘1.Objective The Eastern Junggar Kalamaili region in Xinjiang constitutes a significant tin metallogenic belt in northwest China(Fig.1a).It hosts four independent tin deposits-Kamusite,Ganliangzi,Beilekuduke,and Sareshenke-from west to east,supplemented by two tin mineralized points,namely Hongtujingzi and Sujiquan(Figs.1b).according to the ore type and the composition of gangue minerals,the tin deposits in the region are classified into two groups:Quartz vein type and greisen type,with the Sareshenke deposit ascribed to the former and the remainder to the latter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41902068,42272106)Young Scholars Development Fund of Southwest Petroleum University(No.201499010083)China Geological Survey Project(Nos.DD20230338,DD20242494)。
文摘The Jianglang Dome has integral tectonostratigraphic units and contains a suite of high-grade stratiform Cu deposits.However,the formation mechanism of this dome and genetic model of Cu mineralization remain a matter of debate.The resolution of these problems hinges on the presence of magmatic intrusions in the core.Here,we report bulk geochemical and zircon U-Pb data of a newly discovered syenite intrusion as well as chalcopyrite Re-Os dating results.We aim to explore genesis of the Jianglang Dome,genetic model of the stratiform Cu deposits,and rare metal mineralization potential of the syenite intrusion.The dated syenite sample yields an emplacement age of 207.1±2.0 Ma,which matches post-collisional extension in the Songpan-Ganze Orogen.The syenite rocks have average high(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)concentrations of 512 ppm,10000.Ga/Al ratios of 3.97,and crystallization temperatures of 827°C,together with low Mg#values of 1.73;they fi t the A-type granitoid defi nition and a crustal origin.Chalcopyrite separates yield a Re-Os isochron age of 207.1±5.3 Ma,which markedly postdates the formation age of their orehosting rocks(the Liwu Group,ca.553 Ma).Our new age determination,together with previous chalcopyrite Re–Os isochron age of ca.151.1 Ma and sulfi de sulfur isotope(δ^(34)S_(V-CDT)=8.7‰–5.6‰)and tourmaline boron isotope(δ^(11)B=−15.47‰to−5.91‰)data,confi rms multistage epigenetic Cu mineralization related to magmatic-hydrothermal fl uids.Compared with regional ca.209–207 Ma fertile granitoids,the studied syenite intrusion shows unevolved and barren affi nities and negligible rare metal mineralization potential.Combined with residual gravity low anomalies in the core of the Jianglang Dome,which suggest a large deepseated granitic batholith,we prefer thermal doming resulting from magma-induced uplift for the nature of this dome.
基金National Science Foundation Grant#1822064 to J.Singleton,Fondecyt grant#1230161 to I.del Real,and a Society of Economic Geologists Student Research Grant to N.Seymour supported this work.
文摘Iron oxide-copper–gold(IOCG)deposits encompass a diverse set of mineralization styles,leading to outstanding questions about how different alteration facies are related across a single ore-producing system and the overarching mechanisms of ore genesis.This study investigates the age and characteristics of mineralization at the La Farola deposit,a hematite-dominated IOCG deposit located at the southern margin of the Candelaria-Punta del Cobre IOCG district of northern Chile.Two lithologically-controlled ore bodies occur along the WSW-ENE striking,∼18°NNW-dipping contact between the Lower Cretaceous Chañarcillo Group and Punta del Cobre Formation.Syn-mineralization N-S to NNW-SSE striking sinistral strike-slip faults likely acted as fluid pathways.Distinct mineral assemblages include an early Na-Ca assemblage(albite-scapolite)overprinted by skarnoid garnet with minor pyroxene,Ca-Fe(magnetite-actinolite),and K-Fe(magnetite-k-feldspar-biotite and minor sulfides)assemblages.The main sulfide mineralization(chalcopyrite-pyrite with minor bornite)is associated with specular hematite-white mica-K-feldspar-calcite and overprints all previous assemblages.The presence of hematite as the dominant Fe-oxide phase associated with Cu mineralization is characteristic of lower-temperature IOCG deposits,and may be a result of La Farola’s stratigraphic position<700 m higher than other deposits in the district.New U-Pb ages of 115.7±1.2 Ma for garnet and Re-Os ages of∼113–114 Ma for sulfides indicate mineralization occurred within a 3-million-year timeframe.These findings confirm hematite-dominant mineralization at La Farola was coeval with IOCG mineralization across the district.This research contributes to understanding IOCG systems and their formation mechanisms,highlighting the control local geological structures and alteration processes has on the diversity of mineralization types associated with a single IOCG system.
基金funded by the China Geological Survey(Grant Nos.DD20190379,DD20221695 and DD20221684)a collaboration program(2019-2024)between the Institute of Mineral Resources(Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences)and the Guangdong Dabaoshan Mining Co.,Ltd.
文摘The Dabaoshan porphyry Cu deposit(420 kilotons(kt)of Cu@0.36%)is located in South China.The newly discovered Cu orebodies are hosted in the dacite porphyry adjacent to a granodiorite porphyry.The alteration and mineralization timing and stages of the porphyry Cu deposit were not well-constrained.In this study,we combine field mapping,petrography,whole-rock geochemistry,hydrothermal rutile U-Pb dating and Cu isotopes to synthesize an ore model at Dabaoshan.In situ hydrothermal rutile U-Pb dating yields an age of 159±13 Ma,which brackets the timing of porphyry Cu mineralization.From top to bottom,the alteration zones in Dabaoshan are divided into quartz-sericite,biotite,chlorite-epidote,and chlorite-sericite subzones.Veins are classified into four stages(Stage 1 to 4)with Stage 4 quartz-sericite-chalcopyrite veins being the main Cu ore-bearing veins.The mineralized dacite porphyry has high SiO_(2),but low MgO,CaO,and Na_(2)O contents.The chalcopyrite hosted in veins exhibitsδ^(65)Cu=values ranging from−1.29‰to 0.51‰.Such copper isotope fractionation is attributed to vapor-brine phase separation,and mixing of fluids from different geochemical reservoirs.The timing of Cu mineralization and hydrothermal alteration support that the Jurassic granodiorite porphyry is an ore-forming intrusion at Dabaoshan.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52161160308)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021B1515130009)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M720401)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20240101).
文摘The adhesion of Shewanella algae(S.algae)on the surface of stainless steel induced the formation and coverage of calcium carbonate minerals in the aerobic environment,and the effect of these minerals on the passive film of stainless steel was investigated by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy(FIB-SEM/TEM)and electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS)techniques.The TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)results revealed that the passive film in the region covered by mineralized particles underwent chelation between Fe and Cr compounds with CaCO_(3),forming an unstable amorphous layer,which accelerated the loss of Fe and Cr elements.EELS analysis showed that the loss of Fe element in the passive film was the most significant,with a transition from Fe^(3+)to soluble Fe^(2+)occurring,which caused by the iron-reducing property and metabolic activities of the adherent S.algae.The loss of the main metal elements caused the accelerated degradation of the passive film beneath the minerals.
基金supported by the Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41973048,U2006201)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources(No.GPMR202203)+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2023CXGC011001),the Taishan Scholars.Program(tstp20240847)the Open Project of Shandong Engineering Research Center of Application and Development of Big Data for Deep Gold Exploration(No.SDK202207)。
文摘Since the first discovery of gold deposits on the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin in Shandong Province at the end of the 20^(th) century,seven medium-sized to large/super-large gold deposits have been identified in this region,with cumulative proven gold resources of 223 t.This study reviewed the metallogenic and geochemical characteristics of various gold deposits in this region,examined the sources of their ore-forming fluids and materials,as well as their gold metallogenic epochs and processes,and developed a gold metallogenic model.The gold deposits in this region are governed by both dense fractures and detachment structural systems along basin margins,primarily categorized into the altered rock type and the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein type.The latter type,a recently discovered mineralization type in the Jiaodong Peninsula,enjoys high gold grade,a large scale,and high gold mineral fineness,suggesting considerable prospecting potential.Both types of gold deposits show metallogenic epochs ranging from 116 Ma to 119 Ma.Their ore-forming fluids are identified as a CO_(2)-NaCl-H_(2)O fluid system characterized by moderate to low temperatures,moderate to low salinity,and low density,with the pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits manifesting slightly higher salinity.The C-H-O,S,and Pb isotopes of hydrothermal minerals reveal that the ore-forming fluids and materials are characteristic of crust-mantle mixing.Specifically,they were derived from mantle fluids in the early stages,mixed with stratum water and meteoric water in the later stages for mineralization.The gold metallogenic process is identified as follows:During the Early Cretaceous,the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the destruction of the North China Craton led to asthenospheric upwelling.The resulting fluids,after metasomatizing the enriched mantle,differentiated and evolved into C-H-O ore-bearing fluids,which were then mixed with crustal fluids.The mixed fluids migrated to the shallow crust,where they mingled with stratum water and meteoric water.Then,the fluids underwent unloading and final mineralization in detachment fault tectonic systems on basin margins.Due to differences in mixed crustal materials or the surrounding rocks involved in water-rock interactions,altered rock-and pyrite-bearing carbonate vein-type gold deposits were formed in acidic and alkaline fluid environments,respectively.
基金financially supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Key R&D Program Project(No.GA21A204)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LH2022D031)the Research Project of Heilongjiang Province Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources(No.HKY202302).
文摘Although previous researchers have attempted to decipher ore genesis and mineralization in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit,some uncertainties regarding the mineralization process and evolution of both ore-forming fluids and magnetite types still need to be addressed.In this study,we obtained new EPMA,LA-ICP-MS,and in situ Fe isotope data from magnetite from the Erdaokan deposit,in order to better understand the mineralization mechanism and evolution of both magnetite and the ore-forming fluids.Our results identified seven types of magnetite at Erdaokan:disseminated magnetite(Mag1),coarse-grained magnetite(Mag2a),radial magnetite(Mag2b),fragmented fine-grained magnetite(Mag2c),vermicular gel magnetite(Mag3a1 and Mag3a2),colloidal magnetite(Mag3b)and dark gray magnetite(Mag4).All of the magnetite types were hydrothermal in origin and generally low in Ti(<400 ppm)and Ni(<800 ppm),while being enriched in light Fe isotopes(δ^(56)Fe ranging from−1.54‰to−0.06‰).However,they exhibit different geochemical signatures and are thus classified into high-manganese magnetite(Mag1,MnO>5 wt%),low-silicon magnetite(Mag2a-c,SiO_(2)<1 wt%),high-silicon magnetite(Mag3a-b,SiO_(2)from 1 to 7 wt%)and high-silicon-manganese magnetite(Mag4,SiO_(2)>1 wt%,MnO>0.2 wt%),each being formed within distinct hydrothermal environments.Based on mineralogy,elemental geochemistry,Fe isotopes,temperature trends,TMg-mag and(Ti+V)vs.(Al+Mn)diagrams,we propose that the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit underwent multi-stage mineralization,which can be broken down into four stages and nine sub-stages.Mag1,Mag2a-c,Mag3a-b and Mag4 were formed during the first sub-stage of each of the four stages,respectively.Additionally,fluid mixing,cooling and depressurization boiling were identified as the main mechanisms for mineral precipitation.The enrichment of Ag was significantly enhanced by the superposition of multi-stage ore-forming hydrothermal fluids in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772033,41272048).
文摘Pathological mineralizations in breast lesions are closely associated with disease progression and serves as a critical diagnostic indicator.However,systematic understanding remains lacking regarding the phase categories,distribution patterns,and proportional occurrences of mineral phases across different breast lesion types.The diagnostic implications of specific phases,such as calcium oxalate,for distinguishing benign and malignant lesions remain controversial.This study employed polarizing microscopy,environmental scanning electron microscopy(SEM)with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and Raman spectroscopy to analyze the phase composition of 61 mineralized samples from three lesion types:Invasive carcinoma,carcinoma in situ and benign lesions.Results demonstrate that breast lesion mineralizations predominantly comprise calcium phosphates,including hydroxyapatite(HA),amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP),and whitlockite,occasionally accompanied by calcium oxalate(monohydrate or dihydrate).Distinct distribution patterns and proportional occurrences of minerals were observed among the three types of lesion mineralizations.HA,as the predominant phase,was ubiquitously present across all three lesion categories.ACP,a mineralization precursor phase,emerged during early mineralization stages across all lesion types.Notably,whitlockite exclusively occurred in benign lesions and carcinoma in situ,with higher prevalence in benign cases,suggesting a progressive decline in Mg^(2+)concentration within the lesion microenvironment as malignancy advances.Calcium oxalate coexisted with HA in mineralized regions across all lesion types,and its presence in invasive carcinoma specimens warrants heightened clinical attention.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22336003 and 21637003).
文摘Acid mine drainage(AMD)seriously pollutes the environment due to its high acidity and a variety of heavy metals.Although lime neutralization has traditionally been employed to treat AMD,it comes with disadvantages,such as the large quantity of lime required and the generation of substantial amounts of neutralized sludge.Hence,we propose a modified chemical mineralization coupled with sodium sulfide precipitation to simultaneously recover metals from AMD and neutralize acidity.The modified chemical mineralization process effectively removed total iron(TFe)and SO_(4)^(2-) through chemically forming schwertmannite(Sch).By regulating temperature and H_(2)O_(2) addition mode,the hydrolysis of Fe3+and SO_(4)^(2-) in chemical mineralization was significantly enhanced,resulting in a high yield of Sch.Subsequent introduction of sodium sulfide to already-treated AMD using modified chemical mineralization could harvest or recover other valuable metals other than Fe and maintain a neutral pH of the final effluent.The metal levels in the sulphide precipitation reached as high as 17.9 mg/g,which was three times higher than that achieved through lime neutralization(6.3 mg/g).Moreover,the cost of treating AMD was 15 Chinese Yuan(CNY)/m^(3) AMD,which was significantly lower than that of lime neutralization(35 CNY/m^(3) AMD).Therefore,this approach has a good engineering application prospect in actual AMD treatment.
