Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention ...Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.展开更多
This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structur...This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.展开更多
The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein composi...The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein compositions were studied. The results showed thatβ-CN,κ-CN andα-La were monomorphic,αs1-CN andβ-Lg were polymorphic, the dominantgenes were αs1-CN D and β-Lg E,respectively. The frequencies of αs1-CN D were 0.8073and 0.6000 and β-Lg E were 0.9770 and 0.9700 in two populations respectively.The meanheterozygosities were 0.1021 and 0.1867 in two populations. No significant effects onmilking traits and milk protein compositions were observed except for αs1-CN locus onfat percentage in Jiulong yak.展开更多
Prolonged milk provisioning and extended parental care for nutritionally independent offspring, previously considered to only co-occur in long-lived mammals (Clutton-Brock, 1991;Royle et al., 2012), were recently repo...Prolonged milk provisioning and extended parental care for nutritionally independent offspring, previously considered to only co-occur in long-lived mammals (Clutton-Brock, 1991;Royle et al., 2012), were recently reported in the reproduction of the milking spider, Toxeus magnus (Chen et al. 2018). Newly hatched T. magnus spiderlings require 53 days to develop to maturity, with an average adult body length of 6.6 mm.展开更多
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopt...BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with extension into the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces.The patient was diagnosed with NHS in addition to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Fresh frozen plasma(FFP)and prothrombin complex concentrate were given for coagulopathy.Red blood cell and platelet transfusions were provided for thrombocytopenia and anemia.A bolus of midazolam,intravenous calcium and phenobarbital sodium were administered to control seizures.The baby’s clinical condition improved on day 5 of life,and the baby was hospitalized for 46 d and recovered well without seizure recurrence.Our case report suggests that preterm infants who receive UCM should undergo careful clinical assessment for intracranial hemorrhage,NHS and severe coagulopathy that may develop under certain circumstances.Supportive management,such as intensive care,FFP and blood transfusion,is recommended when the development of massive NHS and associated DIC is suspected.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that for late preterm infants who are small for gestational age and who receive UCM for alternative placental transfusion,neonatal health care professionals should be cautious in assessing the development of NHS and severe coagulopathy.Neonatal health care professionals should also be more cautious in assessing the complications of late preterm infants after they receive UCM.展开更多
Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to...Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.展开更多
Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and th...Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and the necessary flow of air is compensated by allowing air to enter the system through a regulator. The solution presented in this paper uses a VFD （variable frequency driver） in order to drive the vacuum pump at a controlled speed, so that the air removed equals the air entering the milking system. The VFD technology is able to adjust the rate of air removal from the milking system, by changing the speed of the vacuum pump motor. The VFD is controlled by a computer using a virtual instrument in order to emulate a PID （proportion integration differentiation） regulator. The tests aimed to evaluate the vacuum regulator characteristics and vacuum stability. A statistical analysis of the experimental results was performed and it showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental results obtained for the two methods of vacuum regulation （with vacuum regulator and VFD controller respectively）. The experimental results proved that the used of the VFD controller led to a higher vacuum stability in terms of the error between the set vacuum value and the achieved values.展开更多
Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily...Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily after prior suckling of the calf. yaks were allowed to graze for 15 h/day on high-altitude(3200 to 3500 m) pastures. No supplementary food was given. Average daily milk yield of 1.77(s. e. 0. 16)kg and milk yield over 120 days,212.2(s. e. 20.2)kg were significantly higher(P＜0.01)than the corresponding figures for uninlproved domestic yaks(1.53(s. e. 0. 10)kg and 164. 6(s. e. 10.5)kg respectively). The fat content of milk from crossbred yaks, 52(s. e. 2. 9)g/kg, was not significantly dlfferent from that of unimproved animals, 53.5(s. e. 4. 1), g/kg.展开更多
Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of manageme...Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of management, decreasing workloads and the consistency of milking compared with non-automated machine milking. Nevertheless, this innovation has not been reviewed comprehensively and the practical benefits of AMS are still unclear. This review gives a brief overview of the historical development of milking machines and the workflow process of state-of-the-art AMS. In addition, a series of comparisons between AMS and current milking machines are made with respect to labor savings, quality parameters, udder health, herd behavior and mastitis detection and are summarized on the basis of relevant studies to show the benefits of the technological changes achieved by AMS. Finally, this review addresses several deficiencies in the technology and procedures of current AMS that need to be improved and also assesses recent advances in milking techniques with a particular focus on their potential for application in AMS.展开更多
Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy met...Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy metabolism.Methods BMECs were cultured in a normoxic environment and then transferred to a hypoxia chamber with 1%O2 for specified durations.The study evaluated cellular responses through various molecular experiments and RNA sequencing.Small interfering RNA was employed to knock down HIF-1αto investigate whether the lactation-related phenotype alteration depends on HIF-1α.Results Hypoxia disrupted milk protein production by reducing mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 signaling and downregulating genes critical for amino acid transport and protein synthesis.Triglyceride synthesis increased due to enhanced fatty acid uptake and the upregulation of regulatory proteins,including FASN and PPARγ.Although glucose uptake was elevated under hypoxia,key enzymes for lactose synthesis were downregulated,suggesting a redirection of glucose toward energy production.Mitochondrial function was impaired under hypoxia,with reduced gene expression in TCA cycle,ETC,cytosol-mitochondrial transport,decreased ATP levels,increased ROS levels,and structural alterations.Additionally,lipid synthesis and glucose uptake depend on HIF-1α,while milk protein synthesis alterations occurred independently of HIF-1α.Conclusions Hypoxia alters milk synthesis in BMECs by disrupting milk protein synthesis,enhancing lipid metabolism,and impairing energy production.These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of oxygen deprivation on lactation efficiency,offering potential targets for mitigating hypoxic stress in the mammary glands of dairy animals.展开更多
Food Science of Animal Products(ISSN:2958-4124,e-ISSN:2958-3780)is a peer-reviewed,open access international journal that publishes the latest research findings in the field of animal-origin foods,involving food mater...Food Science of Animal Products(ISSN:2958-4124,e-ISSN:2958-3780)is a peer-reviewed,open access international journal that publishes the latest research findings in the field of animal-origin foods,involving food materials such as meat,aquatic products,milk,eggs,animal offals and edible insects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence i...BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence in Bahrain and compare clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined children with CMPA diagnosed at the pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the Salmaniya Medical Complex,Bahrain,between 2014 and 2022,and assessed CMPA prevalence.Clinical presentations,laboratory findings,dietary modifications,and outcomes were compared between children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’sχ2 test,whereas continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS Of 8332 patients,6022(72.3%)adhered to their appointment.Of them,618(10.3%)were suggested of having CMPA and 595(96.3%)were included;CMPA prevalence was 2%.Most patients were Bahraini(93.8%)and males(55.3%).Non-IgE-mediated type accounted for 77.3%cases and IgE-mediated type,22.7%.IgE-mediated CMPA presented more in boys(P=0.030),and later in life(5.1 months±4.5 months vs 4.2 months±4.2 months,P=0.016,95%CI:0.08-1.73),had more associated diseases(P<0.001);and presented with more cutaneous(P=0.024)and respiratory(P=0.003)manifestations,severe symptoms[rash/dry skin(P=0.031),facial swelling/angioedema(P=0.003),failure to thrive(P=0.013),apparent life-threatening event(P<0.001)],and positive physical findings(P=0.002)than non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Most patients were exclusively fed cow milk formula(50.3%).The amino acid-based formula(AAF)was most prescribed(60.5%)with no difference between the two types(P=0.173).Although breastfeeding was recommended to 49.6%,only 8.2%were exclusively breastfed.IgE-mediated CMPA was associated with a longer follow-up duration than non-IgE-mediated CMPA(17.3 months±14.0 months vs 13.5 months±13.4 months,P=0.005,95%CI:1.1-6.3).CONCLUSION This study revealed a high CMPA prevalence with clinical differences between both types that can influence treatment.AAF was most prescribed,while breastfeeding with dietary modification is rarely applied.展开更多
Myanmar has a long teagrowing tradition,with 800,000 acres of plantations in both northern and southern Shan State.Its unspoiled environment offers a unique natural advantage,providing top-quality tea leaves for makin...Myanmar has a long teagrowing tradition,with 800,000 acres of plantations in both northern and southern Shan State.Its unspoiled environment offers a unique natural advantage,providing top-quality tea leaves for making premium milk tea.Yoke The’Myanmar Milk Tea,a signature product from Taw Win Kanbawza Mountain Company(Myanmar),is a flagship of the country’s tea culture and reflects its distinctive flavors and local charm.展开更多
As the sun rises over Mtego wa Simba,a quiet village nestled in the heart of Tanzania’s Morogoro Region,the aroma of sizzling mandazi,a deep-fried dough snack popular in East African countries,floats through the scho...As the sun rises over Mtego wa Simba,a quiet village nestled in the heart of Tanzania’s Morogoro Region,the aroma of sizzling mandazi,a deep-fried dough snack popular in East African countries,floats through the school compound.At Juhudi Primary School,the air is filled with cheerful voices as children eagerly line up for a warm,unfamiliar treat-a steaming cup of soy milk.展开更多
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs...BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.展开更多
In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new pr...In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new products from foreign trade factories will be directly transported to Ginza Supermarket through the“Direct Express for Domestic Product”channel,and will be shelved on the“Lushang Life”service platform within 48 hours;in front of the campus intelligent milk cabinet independently launched by Lushang Technology,students receive pasteurized milk by brushing their faces,and the data about milk source farms and sterilization parameters are sent to the parents simultaneously.This is the daily scenario of digital applications by Lushang Group’s full supply chain management.展开更多
Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is spec...Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is specifically designed for the growth of humans but also on breast milk’s non-nutritional properties,such as protection against infection.In fact,breast milk should be considered a heterogeneous ecosystem,including a wide range of cells in addition to those involved in immune function;growth factors,such as vascular endothelial growth factor;multiple noncoding microRNAs;immune cells;epithelial cells and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.This recent identification of a pool of progenitor stem cells in human milk is the driving force behind the growing research aimed at identifying the nature of these stem/progenitor cells and their sources.展开更多
Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and p...Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.Howeve...BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.However,the evidence of its effects on the Indonesian population remains limited.AIM To investigate the effect of LcS-fermented milk on the gut microbiota and environment of Indonesian elderly houses.METHODS This double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial involved 112 participants from Indonesian elderly houses,spanning a 2-week baseline and 24-week treatment.Participants were randomly assigned to probiotic or placebo groups,consuming fermented milk with or without LcS(>6.5×10^(9)colony-forming units).Fecal samples were collected every three months.Gut microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,while gut environment was assessed by measuring fecal organic acids,amino acid metabolites,and stool frequency.RESULTS Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence data at the 3-month period revealed increased Bifidobacterium and Succinivibrio and decreased Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in the probiotic group.These shifts were associated with significant differences inβ-diversity metrics.The change in Bifidobacterium was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,demonstrating higher abundance in the probiotic group than in the placebo group(8.5±1.1 vs 8.0±1.1,log10 bacterial cells/g;P=0.044).At 6-month period,the differences in Succinivibrio and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group persisted.The probiotic group showed higher butyrate levels than the placebo group at the 6-month period(5.04±3.11 vs 3.95±2.89,μmol/g;P=0.048).The effect on amino acid metabolites and stool frequency was not significant.CONCLUSION Daily intake of LcS positively affects the gut microbiota and environment of people living in Indonesian elderly houses.展开更多
Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigest...Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.展开更多
文摘Mastitis is a complex, multifactorial disease. Pathogens, cows and farmers （via management） all play a role. It is costly and annoying for the farmer and threatens the image of the entire dairy industry. Prevention and control of mastitis is based on multiple principles that have been known for a long time. To implement them successfully, they should be put forward by a motivated and motivating advisor that transfers the existing knowledge to the farmer. When the changes are data-driven, applied by an encouraged farmer through a farm-specific implementation, prevention and control of mastitis will be successful and result in happy cows, happy farmers, happy advisors, happy consumers, and a happy industry. Nationwide projects focussing on communication and transfer of existing knowledge in prevention and control are very helpful in reaching high numbers of farmers and advisors and harmonizing the message brought by different parties. This paper gives an overview of multifactorial approach of mastitis management and prevention with a focus on milking, bedding and data-analysis.
基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th-Five-Year Plan period(2006BAD10A02-2)
文摘This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.
基金supported by the Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(39870607).
文摘The milk protein polymorphisms were typed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)from 109 Maiwa and 100 Jiulong yaks, and the relationships among milk protein polymorphisms,milking traits and milk protein compositions were studied. The results showed thatβ-CN,κ-CN andα-La were monomorphic,αs1-CN andβ-Lg were polymorphic, the dominantgenes were αs1-CN D and β-Lg E,respectively. The frequencies of αs1-CN D were 0.8073and 0.6000 and β-Lg E were 0.9770 and 0.9700 in two populations respectively.The meanheterozygosities were 0.1021 and 0.1867 in two populations. No significant effects onmilking traits and milk protein compositions were observed except for αs1-CN locus onfat percentage in Jiulong yak.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30800121)
文摘Prolonged milk provisioning and extended parental care for nutritionally independent offspring, previously considered to only co-occur in long-lived mammals (Clutton-Brock, 1991;Royle et al., 2012), were recently reported in the reproduction of the milking spider, Toxeus magnus (Chen et al. 2018). Newly hatched T. magnus spiderlings require 53 days to develop to maturity, with an average adult body length of 6.6 mm.
基金Supported by Zhejiang Province Medical Science and Technology Foundation of China,No.2021PY057.
文摘BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with extension into the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces.The patient was diagnosed with NHS in addition to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Fresh frozen plasma(FFP)and prothrombin complex concentrate were given for coagulopathy.Red blood cell and platelet transfusions were provided for thrombocytopenia and anemia.A bolus of midazolam,intravenous calcium and phenobarbital sodium were administered to control seizures.The baby’s clinical condition improved on day 5 of life,and the baby was hospitalized for 46 d and recovered well without seizure recurrence.Our case report suggests that preterm infants who receive UCM should undergo careful clinical assessment for intracranial hemorrhage,NHS and severe coagulopathy that may develop under certain circumstances.Supportive management,such as intensive care,FFP and blood transfusion,is recommended when the development of massive NHS and associated DIC is suspected.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that for late preterm infants who are small for gestational age and who receive UCM for alternative placental transfusion,neonatal health care professionals should be cautious in assessing the development of NHS and severe coagulopathy.Neonatal health care professionals should also be more cautious in assessing the complications of late preterm infants after they receive UCM.
文摘Background: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are two recently advocated interventions to enhance placental transfusion at birth. DCC and MCM might increase blood volume and help neonates to transition from fetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC), umbilical cord milking (UCM), and immediate cord clamping (ICC) on very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Methods: At our institution, ICC was routinely done until December, 2012 when it was replaced by DCC. UCM was implemented in March, 2015. Neonatal outcomes were compared among ICC, DCC, and UCM. Results: A total of 94 neonates met inclusion criteria. Comparing with ICC neonates, DCC and UCM neonates had higher hematocrits, fewer blood transfusions, and lower incidence of chronic lung disease at 36 completed weeks of gestation. All groups were similar in APGAR scores, vasopressor use, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Conclusion: Compared to ICC, DCC and UCM appear to be more beneficial to VLBW neonates without apparent adverse risks.
文摘Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and the necessary flow of air is compensated by allowing air to enter the system through a regulator. The solution presented in this paper uses a VFD （variable frequency driver） in order to drive the vacuum pump at a controlled speed, so that the air removed equals the air entering the milking system. The VFD technology is able to adjust the rate of air removal from the milking system, by changing the speed of the vacuum pump motor. The VFD is controlled by a computer using a virtual instrument in order to emulate a PID （proportion integration differentiation） regulator. The tests aimed to evaluate the vacuum regulator characteristics and vacuum stability. A statistical analysis of the experimental results was performed and it showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental results obtained for the two methods of vacuum regulation （with vacuum regulator and VFD controller respectively）. The experimental results proved that the used of the VFD controller led to a higher vacuum stability in terms of the error between the set vacuum value and the achieved values.
文摘Wild yak males were crossed with domesticated female yaks to produce a breeding herd of crossbred animals. The milk production of the progeny of this herd was measured in the present study. Yaks were milked once daily after prior suckling of the calf. yaks were allowed to graze for 15 h/day on high-altitude(3200 to 3500 m) pastures. No supplementary food was given. Average daily milk yield of 1.77(s. e. 0. 16)kg and milk yield over 120 days,212.2(s. e. 20.2)kg were significantly higher(P＜0.01)than the corresponding figures for uninlproved domestic yaks(1.53(s. e. 0. 10)kg and 164. 6(s. e. 10.5)kg respectively). The fat content of milk from crossbred yaks, 52(s. e. 2. 9)g/kg, was not significantly dlfferent from that of unimproved animals, 53.5(s. e. 4. 1), g/kg.
基金supported financially by the China National Science and Technology Support Program (2012BAK08B04)
文摘Automatic milking systems(AMS) were designed to replace existing, labor-intensive machine milking and are an area of rapid development in modern dairy farming. The popularity of AMS lies in the convenience of management, decreasing workloads and the consistency of milking compared with non-automated machine milking. Nevertheless, this innovation has not been reviewed comprehensively and the practical benefits of AMS are still unclear. This review gives a brief overview of the historical development of milking machines and the workflow process of state-of-the-art AMS. In addition, a series of comparisons between AMS and current milking machines are made with respect to labor savings, quality parameters, udder health, herd behavior and mastitis detection and are summarized on the basis of relevant studies to show the benefits of the technological changes achieved by AMS. Finally, this review addresses several deficiencies in the technology and procedures of current AMS that need to be improved and also assesses recent advances in milking techniques with a particular focus on their potential for application in AMS.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:32072756)Agricultural Research System of China(grant number:CARS-36).
文摘Background Milk synthesis is an energy-intensive process influenced by oxygen availability.This study investigates how hypoxia affects milk synthesis in BMECs,focusing on key genes involved in lactation and energy metabolism.Methods BMECs were cultured in a normoxic environment and then transferred to a hypoxia chamber with 1%O2 for specified durations.The study evaluated cellular responses through various molecular experiments and RNA sequencing.Small interfering RNA was employed to knock down HIF-1αto investigate whether the lactation-related phenotype alteration depends on HIF-1α.Results Hypoxia disrupted milk protein production by reducing mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 signaling and downregulating genes critical for amino acid transport and protein synthesis.Triglyceride synthesis increased due to enhanced fatty acid uptake and the upregulation of regulatory proteins,including FASN and PPARγ.Although glucose uptake was elevated under hypoxia,key enzymes for lactose synthesis were downregulated,suggesting a redirection of glucose toward energy production.Mitochondrial function was impaired under hypoxia,with reduced gene expression in TCA cycle,ETC,cytosol-mitochondrial transport,decreased ATP levels,increased ROS levels,and structural alterations.Additionally,lipid synthesis and glucose uptake depend on HIF-1α,while milk protein synthesis alterations occurred independently of HIF-1α.Conclusions Hypoxia alters milk synthesis in BMECs by disrupting milk protein synthesis,enhancing lipid metabolism,and impairing energy production.These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of oxygen deprivation on lactation efficiency,offering potential targets for mitigating hypoxic stress in the mammary glands of dairy animals.
文摘Food Science of Animal Products(ISSN:2958-4124,e-ISSN:2958-3780)is a peer-reviewed,open access international journal that publishes the latest research findings in the field of animal-origin foods,involving food materials such as meat,aquatic products,milk,eggs,animal offals and edible insects.
文摘BACKGROUND Although breast milk is ideal for newborns,in some cases,it is replaced with cow’s milk,which contains proteins that increase the risk of cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA).AIM To evaluate CMPA prevalence in Bahrain and compare clinical characteristics of children with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.METHODS This retrospective cohort study examined children with CMPA diagnosed at the pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic of the Salmaniya Medical Complex,Bahrain,between 2014 and 2022,and assessed CMPA prevalence.Clinical presentations,laboratory findings,dietary modifications,and outcomes were compared between children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’sχ2 test,whereas continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS Of 8332 patients,6022(72.3%)adhered to their appointment.Of them,618(10.3%)were suggested of having CMPA and 595(96.3%)were included;CMPA prevalence was 2%.Most patients were Bahraini(93.8%)and males(55.3%).Non-IgE-mediated type accounted for 77.3%cases and IgE-mediated type,22.7%.IgE-mediated CMPA presented more in boys(P=0.030),and later in life(5.1 months±4.5 months vs 4.2 months±4.2 months,P=0.016,95%CI:0.08-1.73),had more associated diseases(P<0.001);and presented with more cutaneous(P=0.024)and respiratory(P=0.003)manifestations,severe symptoms[rash/dry skin(P=0.031),facial swelling/angioedema(P=0.003),failure to thrive(P=0.013),apparent life-threatening event(P<0.001)],and positive physical findings(P=0.002)than non-IgE-mediated CMPA.Most patients were exclusively fed cow milk formula(50.3%).The amino acid-based formula(AAF)was most prescribed(60.5%)with no difference between the two types(P=0.173).Although breastfeeding was recommended to 49.6%,only 8.2%were exclusively breastfed.IgE-mediated CMPA was associated with a longer follow-up duration than non-IgE-mediated CMPA(17.3 months±14.0 months vs 13.5 months±13.4 months,P=0.005,95%CI:1.1-6.3).CONCLUSION This study revealed a high CMPA prevalence with clinical differences between both types that can influence treatment.AAF was most prescribed,while breastfeeding with dietary modification is rarely applied.
文摘Myanmar has a long teagrowing tradition,with 800,000 acres of plantations in both northern and southern Shan State.Its unspoiled environment offers a unique natural advantage,providing top-quality tea leaves for making premium milk tea.Yoke The’Myanmar Milk Tea,a signature product from Taw Win Kanbawza Mountain Company(Myanmar),is a flagship of the country’s tea culture and reflects its distinctive flavors and local charm.
文摘As the sun rises over Mtego wa Simba,a quiet village nestled in the heart of Tanzania’s Morogoro Region,the aroma of sizzling mandazi,a deep-fried dough snack popular in East African countries,floats through the school compound.At Juhudi Primary School,the air is filled with cheerful voices as children eagerly line up for a warm,unfamiliar treat-a steaming cup of soy milk.
文摘BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are bioactive components of breast milk with diverse health benefits,including shaping the gut microbiota,modulating the immune system,and protecting against infections.HMOs exhibit dynamic secretion patterns during lactation,influenced by maternal genetics and environ-mental factors.Their direct and indirect antimicrobial properties have garnered significant research interest.However,a comprehensive understanding of the secretion dynamics of HMOs and their correlation with antimicrobial efficacy remains underexplored.AIM To synthesize current evidence on the secretion dynamics of HMOs during lactation and evaluate their antimicrobial roles against bacterial,viral,and protozoal pathogens.METHODS A systematic search of PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Library focused on studies investigating natural and synthetic HMOs,their secretion dynamics,and antimicrobial properties.Studies involving human,animal,and in vitro models were included.Data on HMO composition,temporal secretion patterns,and mechanisms of antimicrobial action were extracted.Quality assess-ment was performed using validated tools appropriate for study design.RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included,encompassing human,animal,and in vitro research.HMOs exhibited dynamic secretion patterns,with 2′-fucosyllactose(2′-FL)and lacto-N-tetraose peaking in early lactation and declining over time,while 3-fucosyllactose(3-FL)increased during later stages.HMOs demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties through pathogen adhesion inhibition,biofilm disruption,and enzymatic activity impairment.Synthetic HMOs,including bioengineered 2′-FL and 3-FL,were structurally and functionally comparable to natural HMOs,effectively inhibiting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Campylobacter jejuni.Additionally,HMOs exhibited synergistic effects with antibiotics,enhancing their efficacy against resistant pathogens.CONCLUSION HMOs are vital in antimicrobial defense,supporting infant health by targeting various pathogens.Both natural and synthetic HMOs hold significant potential for therapeutic applications,particularly in infant nutrition and as adjuncts to antibiotics.Further research,including clinical trials,is essential to address gaps in knowledge,validate findings,and explore the broader applicability of HMOs in improving maternal and neonatal health.
文摘In the self-built fruit and vegetable sorting warehouse of Lushang Group,the system is automatically scanning the QR code for agricultural product and conducts pesticide residue testing on fruits and vegetables;new products from foreign trade factories will be directly transported to Ginza Supermarket through the“Direct Express for Domestic Product”channel,and will be shelved on the“Lushang Life”service platform within 48 hours;in front of the campus intelligent milk cabinet independently launched by Lushang Technology,students receive pasteurized milk by brushing their faces,and the data about milk source farms and sterilization parameters are sent to the parents simultaneously.This is the daily scenario of digital applications by Lushang Group’s full supply chain management.
文摘Breast milk represents the gold standard for neonatal nutrition,especially for preterm and term infants with a low birthweight.This awareness is based not only on the nutritional properties of human milk,which is specifically designed for the growth of humans but also on breast milk’s non-nutritional properties,such as protection against infection.In fact,breast milk should be considered a heterogeneous ecosystem,including a wide range of cells in addition to those involved in immune function;growth factors,such as vascular endothelial growth factor;multiple noncoding microRNAs;immune cells;epithelial cells and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells.This recent identification of a pool of progenitor stem cells in human milk is the driving force behind the growing research aimed at identifying the nature of these stem/progenitor cells and their sources.
基金supported by funding from Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchPrairie View A&M University International Center for Goat Research。
文摘Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.
基金Supported by the Yakult Honsha Co.,Ltd.,No.1226/FTP-UGM/HK/2018.
文摘BACKGROUND Health maintenance in elderly houses includes management of the gut microbiota and the environment.Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota(LcS)is a probiotic strain that positively affects the human gut.However,the evidence of its effects on the Indonesian population remains limited.AIM To investigate the effect of LcS-fermented milk on the gut microbiota and environment of Indonesian elderly houses.METHODS This double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial involved 112 participants from Indonesian elderly houses,spanning a 2-week baseline and 24-week treatment.Participants were randomly assigned to probiotic or placebo groups,consuming fermented milk with or without LcS(>6.5×10^(9)colony-forming units).Fecal samples were collected every three months.Gut microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,while gut environment was assessed by measuring fecal organic acids,amino acid metabolites,and stool frequency.RESULTS Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence data at the 3-month period revealed increased Bifidobacterium and Succinivibrio and decreased Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in the probiotic group.These shifts were associated with significant differences inβ-diversity metrics.The change in Bifidobacterium was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,demonstrating higher abundance in the probiotic group than in the placebo group(8.5±1.1 vs 8.0±1.1,log10 bacterial cells/g;P=0.044).At 6-month period,the differences in Succinivibrio and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group persisted.The probiotic group showed higher butyrate levels than the placebo group at the 6-month period(5.04±3.11 vs 3.95±2.89,μmol/g;P=0.048).The effect on amino acid metabolites and stool frequency was not significant.CONCLUSION Daily intake of LcS positively affects the gut microbiota and environment of people living in Indonesian elderly houses.
基金Universiti Putra Malaysia Inisiatif Putra Siswazah Grant,with a reference to UPM.RMC.800-2/1/2022/GPIPS/9740400Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia(01-01-20-2323FR,with reference code:FRGS/1/2020/STG01/UPM/02/2)for the financial support。
文摘Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.
