The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urb...The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urban migrants.These groups differ in values,lifestyles,and socioeconomic status.They have also been assigned to different tiers of government control and services based upon their location and hukou identities.Effective governance of these diverse and divided populations in urbanizing China requires a deeper understanding of their potentially different political orientations and attitudes toward government and why such differences exist.However,despite their demographic significance—by 2014,China’s rural-to-urban migrant population had reached to 253 million—rural-to-urban migrants remain unrepresented in studies of Chinese people’s political trust,which focus more on either rural villagers or urban dwellers.This study addresses this gap by situating Chinese rural-to-urban migrants at the center of triadic analytical framework and comparing their trust in local(i.e.,county-level)government to two reference groups:rural villagers and urban dwellers.We utilize data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)in 2014 and employ the propensity score matching(PSM)method to match rural-to-urban migrants and rural villagers with comparable propensities to migrate.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 4.91%less trusting of their county government than their rural villager counterparts.This result reflects a negative“urban effect”:The urban society may erode political trust compared to rural environments.Then the method of mechanical matching(MM)is used to compare rural-to-urban migrants and urban dwellers.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 3.2%more trusting than their urban counterparts.This indicates that the migrant identity(i.e.,being a rural hukou holders in cities)is associated with higher trust levels.This geography of political trust signals a more complex rural-urban divide in the citizen-government relationship in China.Different populations’various relationship with local government therefore merits additional attention to place-based and population-specific policies to rebuild trust.展开更多
This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local go...This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local government expenditures in science and technology(S&T)and education.Employing a generalized difference-in-differences(generalized-DID)approach and panel data from 271 Chinese prefecture-level and above-level cities spanning 2003–2019,we find that household registration reform driven by this urbanization process significantly increased the absolute level as well as the fiscal share of S&T and education spending.Mechanism analyses indicate that rural migrant urbanization promotes these expenditures through two channels:increasing the overall local fiscal revenue and encouraging a greater proportion of the fiscal resources to be allocated to these sectors.The findings uncover the current evolving trends in fiscal resource allocation due to rural migrant urbanization and provide empirical evidence for optimizing the provision of public services and enhancing the potential of long-term economic development.展开更多
Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese char...Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese characteristics for eradicating poverty.By integrating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach,this study developed a theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of poverty alleviation migrants(PAMs).A telephone survey conducted between July and August 2022 in Hubei Province,Guizhou Province,Shaanxi Province,and Chongqing Municipality of China yielded 259 valid questionnaires.Using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM),this study revealed that financial accessibility,health level,living conditions,and social networks significantly enhanced the well-being of PAMs,with living conditions having the strongest impact on the well-being of PAMs.Furthermore,the factors affecting well-being varied across age groups.Social networks played a more significant role in the elderly group,whereas health level had a greater impact on the young and middle-aged group.These findings deepen the understanding of the PAR and its effects on the well-being of PAMs,offering valuable insights for policy-makers and practitioners to refine poverty alleviation strategies and enhance social welfare.展开更多
Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children ...Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.展开更多
Background: Although migrant workers make up nearly one-third of the Saudi population, there is no data on peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) among them. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of PUD in a sample ...Background: Although migrant workers make up nearly one-third of the Saudi population, there is no data on peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) among them. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of PUD in a sample of migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Migrant workers (n = 2123) from seven different occupations (i.e., auto repair, construction, hairdressers, hospital cleaners, poultry factory, restaurants, and city cleaners) from Al Qassim province in Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. They were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire on demography, lifestyle, job factors, and chronic health conditions. A worker had PUD if he reported having this condition diagnosed by a physician and was taking medication for it. Binary logistic regression was employed to explore risk factors of PUD. Results: The mean age (standard deviation) was 35 ± 9 years. The prevalence of PUD was 4% and varied by occupation, with the highest among auto-repair workers (8.3%) and the lowest among construction workers (1.8%). Lifestyle characteristics such as diet, self-rated health status, smoking, and stress, were significantly associated with peptic ulcers. Conclusion: The prevalence of peptic ulcers among migrant workers in Saudi Arabia (4%) was not significantly different from the general population or the global prevalence of 5% - 10%. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.展开更多
This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global s...This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global statistics of TB occurrence, it is evident that the national incidence of TB has reduced from 10.55 per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.36 per 100,000 in 2019;despite this, there are still some difficulties because migrants bring new strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hindrances, including language barriers and perceived immigration status, hinder patients from seeking medical attention or doctors from diagnosing diseases. Each patient and each cultural group need special attention to public health, enhancing living circumstances, and health care support. Community participation, inclusion of TB control programs into functional healthcare facilities, and the functioning of TB programs need to be stressed to address TB issues. Considering the focus on social, economic, and cultural approaches, the country can make severe advancements in TB control and population protection. This holistic analysis is critical for a long-term effective strategy to combat TB in the Kingdom.展开更多
Introduction: Maternal mortality rates have more than doubled in the U.S over the last two decades, making it one of the few places in the world where maternal mortality is increasing. Differences in maternal mortalit...Introduction: Maternal mortality rates have more than doubled in the U.S over the last two decades, making it one of the few places in the world where maternal mortality is increasing. Differences in maternal mortality among certain races and ethnicities are known but few studies examine maternal mortality among immigrants. Since immigrants represent 13.7% of the U.S. population, it is essential to examine immigrant subsets to understand maternal mortality among this vulnerable population. Methods: A literature search identified 318 articles on maternal mortality and immigrants, with 12 articles from the U.S. The keywords included maternal mortality, United States, migrants, asylum seekers, immigrants, and disparities. Maternal mortality statistics were obtained from the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. Results: Studies analyzed in this review found an overall lower maternal mortality rate among immigrant women compared to U.S.-born women, except for Hispanic immigrant women. Black women had the highest maternal mortality rate, regardless of immigration status. Conclusion: Although the literature points to lower maternal mortality among immigrants, the data is still somewhat mixed, making it challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions. Additional research examining maternal mortality among Im/migrants in the U.S. is needed to guide future training among healthcare professionals and policymakers.展开更多
The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of material...The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.展开更多
The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed...The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.展开更多
The research selected 13 factors from individual and family characters, construction site characters and work characters and analyzed the influences on the willingness of purchasing houses on construction sites with L...The research selected 13 factors from individual and family characters, construction site characters and work characters and analyzed the influences on the willingness of purchasing houses on construction sites with Logistic regression mod- el. The results showed that gender, age differences, personality, willingness on fami- ly land conversion, management of enterprises on construction sites, relatives and friends on construction lands, and Job satisfaction were approved by significant testing, but marital status, annual household income, the rate of migrant worker in a household, transportation in work city, and corporate reputation were not approved by significant testing.展开更多
Objectives:This study aims to enhance researchers’and nurses’understanding of how to best support migrant patients with heart failure in self-care management.Previous research on self-care in heart failure patients ...Objectives:This study aims to enhance researchers’and nurses’understanding of how to best support migrant patients with heart failure in self-care management.Previous research on self-care in heart failure patients has highlighted its importance,particularly among migrant populations.Nurses play an important role in informing and engaging patients with chronic conditions like heart failure to support their active participation in self-care.However,nurses’experiences of providing self-care counseling to migrant populations with heart failure have not been studied.Methods:A qualitative study was conducted.Nurses working with migrant patients with HF(n?13)from different types of facility in Western Sweden were interviewed between October and December 2020.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.Results:The main theme that emerged from the interviews was the difficulty for nurses“to find balance”in self-care counseling.The nurses during self-care counseling had:“to accept challenges,”“to use creative strategies,”faced“problems related to health literacy,”and“to work according to their(the nurses’)obligations.”It was evident that nurses faced several challenges in counseling migrants in self-care,including language and cultural barriers,time resource constraints,low levels of health literacy,and experienced disharmony between the law and their professional norms.They perceived building caring relationships with their patients to be crucial to fostering health-promoting self-care processes.Conclusions:To increase self-care adherence,nurses must become more sensitive to cultural differences and adapt self-care counseling to patients’health literacy.The findings of this research support and challenge nurses in providing the best counsel to migrant patients with heart failure living in Sweden’s multi-ethnic society.Policymakers in the health care organization should act to facilitate mutual cultural understanding between all involved partners for patient-safe self-care counseling.展开更多
Through the survey of direct economic remuneration, indirect economic remuneration and non-economic remuneration of employees in flat panel furniture enterprises in Chengdu City, we conduct a comparative analysis of t...Through the survey of direct economic remuneration, indirect economic remuneration and non-economic remuneration of employees in flat panel furniture enterprises in Chengdu City, we conduct a comparative analysis of the problems and causes of remuneration difference between migrant workers and non-migrant workers. The results show that the wage difference between migrant workers and non-migrant workers is the biggest, and there is little difference in terms of interests safeguarding and non-economic factors. The reason for the above results lies in the difference of education level; gender, region, household registration and other issues have little impact on the above results. The following recommendations are put forward to improve the remuneration of migrant workers: increasing government's policy advocacy efforts and eliminating subjective offense; establishing the administrative oversight bodies and effectively safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers; strengthening vocational training for migrant workers, so that workers have more choices on positions; improving the working environment and developing good working atmosphere.展开更多
The European migrant crisis has been accentuated as the most momentous challenge that the European Union has faced since its establishment in 1993. The magnitude of this migration crisis is been amplified by political...The European migrant crisis has been accentuated as the most momentous challenge that the European Union has faced since its establishment in 1993. The magnitude of this migration crisis is been amplified by political instability in the Middle East, wars, limited economic opportunities, and climate change. Migration analysts have viewed this "polycrisis" from an optimistic and pessimist perspective. The paper however pursues that of optimism and explores how the integration of skilled political migrants can be integrated into shrinking Latvian communities with an agendum to transforming the economically stagnated rural communities into viable rural spaces. The researcher interviewed 91 immigrants from nine countries to gain an insight into perception of political migrants amongst other variables. Furthermore, inductive and deductive approaches were used in synthesizing pertinent information from official records and reports on the above subject matter. A core emphasis of the paper was that the shrinking population of Latvia will adversely impede its future economic development. Hence, the paper advocates a systematic integration of skilled political migrants into the Latvian rural economy as an agendum to accelerating rural development.展开更多
Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregula...Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregular out-migration of people from Eritrea to neighboring and far off countries has drastically risen and remains unabated since the eruption of the second Ethio-Eritrean war(1998-2000).With an estimated 400 to 5,000 Eritreans reportedly fleeing either to Sudan or Ethiopia,Eritrea has been dubbed as the“fastest emptying country”.Using methodological triangulation and cross-national field work conducted both in Sudan and Eritrea,this article unravels the principal factors behind the country’s disproportionate youth emigration arte.It aims to illuminate whether post-2000 Eritrea’s massive irregular youth“exodus”reflects its political or economic woes.It also tangentially touches on whether any rigorous analysis about such“phenomenal”irregular youth efflux from a country who prides itself of considering its biggest asset as nothing,but its human resources should heed to regional and international politico-economic factors into the equation under scrutiny.The center of such inquiry lies debunking the tautology of the simpleton of narratives advanced,on the one hand,by migrant“exporting”government authorities and by rights groups and most researchers,on the other hand.The paper ultimately discusses the politically sensitive nature of labelling contemporary Eritrean migrants:Are they all refugees,economic migrants,or something else?展开更多
The ＂migrant worker shortage＂ which occurred several）pears ago and the recent ＂labor shortage＂ were both caused by an imbalance between the supply and demand of migrant workers. It is a periodical outcome of spon...The ＂migrant worker shortage＂ which occurred several）pears ago and the recent ＂labor shortage＂ were both caused by an imbalance between the supply and demand of migrant workers. It is a periodical outcome of spontaneous adjustment by the migrant labor market. As rural welfare was greatly enhanced in 2009, migrant workers＇ opportunity cost of working outside their hometowns was raised. The connotation of migrant workers＇ ＂market price＂ is changing. The new generation of migrant workers, namely, those born after 1980, are becoming the mainstay of enterprises＇ employment. Being better educated, they have different lifestyles than previous generations. ＂Leisure and entertainment＂ have become part of their opportunity cost and reduced their labor supply. ＂Labor shortage＂ is an endogenous force that helps transform China＇s growth patter, upgrade the industrial structure and promote urbanization. The seasonal ＂return of migrant workers＂ and the ＂labor shortage＂ which appears around China＇s Spring Festival each year have grown into a unique b,t effective collective bargaining mechanism that helps increase migrant workers＇ wages. Facing labor shortages, governments should regulate the labor market pricing and orientate labor-intensive enterprises towards transition, continue to enhance the social security system for migrant workers and those in rural areas, and make an accurate forecast of the population trend and adjust population policies.展开更多
Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,Ch...Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China from 1996 to 2007.Data were collected with identical methods,including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.Results Age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index （BMI） significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007,among Yi farmers,which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants （23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996） （P0.05）.Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 （OR=1.15,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 （P0.05）.Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 %in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 （OR=1.06,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 （OR=1.14,P0.001）.Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52‐fold higher risk ondeveloping overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.Conclusion The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity.Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.展开更多
Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China.Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.Methods ...Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China.Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.Methods The Estimation and Projection Package （EPP） model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in China.Results The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% （95% CI：0.042%,0.108%） in China.The HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years,with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% （95% CI：0.070%,0.150%） by 2015.Conclusion Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic,it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 years.Migrants will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.展开更多
Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） sy...Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.展开更多
The grounded theory of qualitative methods was applied to researching the social integration of tourism la-bor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China. The research was conducted based on the in-depth...The grounded theory of qualitative methods was applied to researching the social integration of tourism la-bor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China. The research was conducted based on the in-depth in-terviewing of 15 samples, open-consultation and the analysis of secondhand data. The integration models of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain were formed through four processes including theoretic sampling, cod-ing-analysis, cross-tabulation and contextualization. The result shows that modes of production and life styles decide self-integration orientation of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain. Cultural differences are fundamental dis-similarity between tourism labor migrants and natives. There are three kinds of integration models including rapid, free and gradually advancing integration. The differences among different types of migrants’ integration models are re-markable. Taking the working integration as the abscissa and taking the life integration as the coordinate, an "S" model of integration matrix appears in the gradually advancing integration of intermediate and high administers from the working to the life which should be paid special attention to.展开更多
Spatial equality of access to basic public services, especially medical care services which are directly related to life safety, is the first step to achieve the goal of equalization of basic public services for all t...Spatial equality of access to basic public services, especially medical care services which are directly related to life safety, is the first step to achieve the goal of equalization of basic public services for all the people proposed by central government of China. Using the spatial analysis and the statistical analysis, this study evaluates the spatial differentiation of medical care facilities accessibility by constructing STT(Shortest Travel-Time) and SAI(Spatial Accessibility Index). And then this study explores the neighborhood effects on the medical care facilities accessibility in Beijing, with a particular focus on the effect of neighborhood migrant proportion by constructing spatial dependent regression model. The spatial accessibility analysis of medical care facilities show that the spatial distribution of medical care facilities was basically consistent with administrative regions but not with population demands. Bivariate LISA cluster maps identify that suburban areas are the overlapped clusters of high percent of migrants and limited medical care services. This is associated with the public service allocation rule in China, which stresses equality within urban areas and within rural areas but overlooks equality between urban areas and rural areas; and stresses local resident demands but overlooks migrant demands. To estimate the effects on medical care accessibility of neighborhood migrant proportion, spatial dependence models are applied due to spatial dependence of accessibility of medical care facilities. The regression results show that neighborhoods with high percent of migrants, even conditioning on neighborhood SES, are related to limited spatial accessibility of medical care services. Besides neighborhood characteristics, another important factor influencing spatial accessibility of medical care services is the process of spatial spillover effects. This indicates that the attenuate accessibility of medical care services for migrants is not only because of their own constraints but also because of their proximity to other disadvantaged neighborhoods. Therefore, it is urgently needed to increase the medical facilities in the suburban areas, to take into account migrants' demands and to reduce residential segregation between local residents and migrants for local governments to achieve the goal of equalization of medical care service.展开更多
基金The research results of this paper are sponsored by Kunshan Municipal Government Research Funding.
文摘The legacy of rural-urban developmental imbalance and China’s household registration institution(i.e.,the hukou system)stratify Chinese citizens into three populations—rural villagers,urban dwellers,and rural-to-urban migrants.These groups differ in values,lifestyles,and socioeconomic status.They have also been assigned to different tiers of government control and services based upon their location and hukou identities.Effective governance of these diverse and divided populations in urbanizing China requires a deeper understanding of their potentially different political orientations and attitudes toward government and why such differences exist.However,despite their demographic significance—by 2014,China’s rural-to-urban migrant population had reached to 253 million—rural-to-urban migrants remain unrepresented in studies of Chinese people’s political trust,which focus more on either rural villagers or urban dwellers.This study addresses this gap by situating Chinese rural-to-urban migrants at the center of triadic analytical framework and comparing their trust in local(i.e.,county-level)government to two reference groups:rural villagers and urban dwellers.We utilize data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)in 2014 and employ the propensity score matching(PSM)method to match rural-to-urban migrants and rural villagers with comparable propensities to migrate.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 4.91%less trusting of their county government than their rural villager counterparts.This result reflects a negative“urban effect”:The urban society may erode political trust compared to rural environments.Then the method of mechanical matching(MM)is used to compare rural-to-urban migrants and urban dwellers.This matched comparison found that rural-to-urban migrants are 3.2%more trusting than their urban counterparts.This indicates that the migrant identity(i.e.,being a rural hukou holders in cities)is associated with higher trust levels.This geography of political trust signals a more complex rural-urban divide in the citizen-government relationship in China.Different populations’various relationship with local government therefore merits additional attention to place-based and population-specific policies to rebuild trust.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project“Research on the Mechanism and Policy Design of the Impact of Rural Migrant Urbanization on Local Government Education Investment”(Grant No.72103034)the Distinguished Young Scholar Funding Project of the University of International Business and Economics(Grant No.21JQ11).
文摘This paper leverages the Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact of rural migrant urbanization on local government expenditures in science and technology(S&T)and education.Employing a generalized difference-in-differences(generalized-DID)approach and panel data from 271 Chinese prefecture-level and above-level cities spanning 2003–2019,we find that household registration reform driven by this urbanization process significantly increased the absolute level as well as the fiscal share of S&T and education spending.Mechanism analyses indicate that rural migrant urbanization promotes these expenditures through two channels:increasing the overall local fiscal revenue and encouraging a greater proportion of the fiscal resources to be allocated to these sectors.The findings uncover the current evolving trends in fiscal resource allocation due to rural migrant urbanization and provide empirical evidence for optimizing the provision of public services and enhancing the potential of long-term economic development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2261129477,42471297,42101203)the Central Universities Basic Scientific Research Business Fund Project(2024CDJSKXYGG06,2022CDJJJ-010).
文摘Poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of this era,affecting millions of people across both developing and developed countries.The poverty alleviation resettlement(PAR)is a policy with Chinese characteristics for eradicating poverty.By integrating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach,this study developed a theoretical framework to analyze the factors influencing the well-being of poverty alleviation migrants(PAMs).A telephone survey conducted between July and August 2022 in Hubei Province,Guizhou Province,Shaanxi Province,and Chongqing Municipality of China yielded 259 valid questionnaires.Using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM),this study revealed that financial accessibility,health level,living conditions,and social networks significantly enhanced the well-being of PAMs,with living conditions having the strongest impact on the well-being of PAMs.Furthermore,the factors affecting well-being varied across age groups.Social networks played a more significant role in the elderly group,whereas health level had a greater impact on the young and middle-aged group.These findings deepen the understanding of the PAR and its effects on the well-being of PAMs,offering valuable insights for policy-makers and practitioners to refine poverty alleviation strategies and enhance social welfare.
文摘Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.
文摘Background: Although migrant workers make up nearly one-third of the Saudi population, there is no data on peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) among them. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of PUD in a sample of migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Migrant workers (n = 2123) from seven different occupations (i.e., auto repair, construction, hairdressers, hospital cleaners, poultry factory, restaurants, and city cleaners) from Al Qassim province in Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. They were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire on demography, lifestyle, job factors, and chronic health conditions. A worker had PUD if he reported having this condition diagnosed by a physician and was taking medication for it. Binary logistic regression was employed to explore risk factors of PUD. Results: The mean age (standard deviation) was 35 ± 9 years. The prevalence of PUD was 4% and varied by occupation, with the highest among auto-repair workers (8.3%) and the lowest among construction workers (1.8%). Lifestyle characteristics such as diet, self-rated health status, smoking, and stress, were significantly associated with peptic ulcers. Conclusion: The prevalence of peptic ulcers among migrant workers in Saudi Arabia (4%) was not significantly different from the general population or the global prevalence of 5% - 10%. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
文摘This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global statistics of TB occurrence, it is evident that the national incidence of TB has reduced from 10.55 per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.36 per 100,000 in 2019;despite this, there are still some difficulties because migrants bring new strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hindrances, including language barriers and perceived immigration status, hinder patients from seeking medical attention or doctors from diagnosing diseases. Each patient and each cultural group need special attention to public health, enhancing living circumstances, and health care support. Community participation, inclusion of TB control programs into functional healthcare facilities, and the functioning of TB programs need to be stressed to address TB issues. Considering the focus on social, economic, and cultural approaches, the country can make severe advancements in TB control and population protection. This holistic analysis is critical for a long-term effective strategy to combat TB in the Kingdom.
文摘Introduction: Maternal mortality rates have more than doubled in the U.S over the last two decades, making it one of the few places in the world where maternal mortality is increasing. Differences in maternal mortality among certain races and ethnicities are known but few studies examine maternal mortality among immigrants. Since immigrants represent 13.7% of the U.S. population, it is essential to examine immigrant subsets to understand maternal mortality among this vulnerable population. Methods: A literature search identified 318 articles on maternal mortality and immigrants, with 12 articles from the U.S. The keywords included maternal mortality, United States, migrants, asylum seekers, immigrants, and disparities. Maternal mortality statistics were obtained from the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. Results: Studies analyzed in this review found an overall lower maternal mortality rate among immigrant women compared to U.S.-born women, except for Hispanic immigrant women. Black women had the highest maternal mortality rate, regardless of immigration status. Conclusion: Although the literature points to lower maternal mortality among immigrants, the data is still somewhat mixed, making it challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions. Additional research examining maternal mortality among Im/migrants in the U.S. is needed to guide future training among healthcare professionals and policymakers.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China’s project on“Research on Transnational Work Injury Insurance under the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind along the Silk Road for the Benefit of All”(Project Number:19XFX015).
文摘The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.
文摘The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(71363027)Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education(11YJA790088)Jiangxi Humanities and Social Sciences(10YJ17)~~
文摘The research selected 13 factors from individual and family characters, construction site characters and work characters and analyzed the influences on the willingness of purchasing houses on construction sites with Logistic regression mod- el. The results showed that gender, age differences, personality, willingness on fami- ly land conversion, management of enterprises on construction sites, relatives and friends on construction lands, and Job satisfaction were approved by significant testing, but marital status, annual household income, the rate of migrant worker in a household, transportation in work city, and corporate reputation were not approved by significant testing.
文摘Objectives:This study aims to enhance researchers’and nurses’understanding of how to best support migrant patients with heart failure in self-care management.Previous research on self-care in heart failure patients has highlighted its importance,particularly among migrant populations.Nurses play an important role in informing and engaging patients with chronic conditions like heart failure to support their active participation in self-care.However,nurses’experiences of providing self-care counseling to migrant populations with heart failure have not been studied.Methods:A qualitative study was conducted.Nurses working with migrant patients with HF(n?13)from different types of facility in Western Sweden were interviewed between October and December 2020.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.Results:The main theme that emerged from the interviews was the difficulty for nurses“to find balance”in self-care counseling.The nurses during self-care counseling had:“to accept challenges,”“to use creative strategies,”faced“problems related to health literacy,”and“to work according to their(the nurses’)obligations.”It was evident that nurses faced several challenges in counseling migrants in self-care,including language and cultural barriers,time resource constraints,low levels of health literacy,and experienced disharmony between the law and their professional norms.They perceived building caring relationships with their patients to be crucial to fostering health-promoting self-care processes.Conclusions:To increase self-care adherence,nurses must become more sensitive to cultural differences and adapt self-care counseling to patients’health literacy.The findings of this research support and challenge nurses in providing the best counsel to migrant patients with heart failure living in Sweden’s multi-ethnic society.Policymakers in the health care organization should act to facilitate mutual cultural understanding between all involved partners for patient-safe self-care counseling.
文摘Through the survey of direct economic remuneration, indirect economic remuneration and non-economic remuneration of employees in flat panel furniture enterprises in Chengdu City, we conduct a comparative analysis of the problems and causes of remuneration difference between migrant workers and non-migrant workers. The results show that the wage difference between migrant workers and non-migrant workers is the biggest, and there is little difference in terms of interests safeguarding and non-economic factors. The reason for the above results lies in the difference of education level; gender, region, household registration and other issues have little impact on the above results. The following recommendations are put forward to improve the remuneration of migrant workers: increasing government's policy advocacy efforts and eliminating subjective offense; establishing the administrative oversight bodies and effectively safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers; strengthening vocational training for migrant workers, so that workers have more choices on positions; improving the working environment and developing good working atmosphere.
文摘The European migrant crisis has been accentuated as the most momentous challenge that the European Union has faced since its establishment in 1993. The magnitude of this migration crisis is been amplified by political instability in the Middle East, wars, limited economic opportunities, and climate change. Migration analysts have viewed this "polycrisis" from an optimistic and pessimist perspective. The paper however pursues that of optimism and explores how the integration of skilled political migrants can be integrated into shrinking Latvian communities with an agendum to transforming the economically stagnated rural communities into viable rural spaces. The researcher interviewed 91 immigrants from nine countries to gain an insight into perception of political migrants amongst other variables. Furthermore, inductive and deductive approaches were used in synthesizing pertinent information from official records and reports on the above subject matter. A core emphasis of the paper was that the shrinking population of Latvia will adversely impede its future economic development. Hence, the paper advocates a systematic integration of skilled political migrants into the Latvian rural economy as an agendum to accelerating rural development.
文摘Irregular cross-/trans-national mobility has increasingly become one of the most talked about subjects in the public domain so much in the press,among academics,policy-makers,and parliamentarians.The level of irregular out-migration of people from Eritrea to neighboring and far off countries has drastically risen and remains unabated since the eruption of the second Ethio-Eritrean war(1998-2000).With an estimated 400 to 5,000 Eritreans reportedly fleeing either to Sudan or Ethiopia,Eritrea has been dubbed as the“fastest emptying country”.Using methodological triangulation and cross-national field work conducted both in Sudan and Eritrea,this article unravels the principal factors behind the country’s disproportionate youth emigration arte.It aims to illuminate whether post-2000 Eritrea’s massive irregular youth“exodus”reflects its political or economic woes.It also tangentially touches on whether any rigorous analysis about such“phenomenal”irregular youth efflux from a country who prides itself of considering its biggest asset as nothing,but its human resources should heed to regional and international politico-economic factors into the equation under scrutiny.The center of such inquiry lies debunking the tautology of the simpleton of narratives advanced,on the one hand,by migrant“exporting”government authorities and by rights groups and most researchers,on the other hand.The paper ultimately discusses the politically sensitive nature of labelling contemporary Eritrean migrants:Are they all refugees,economic migrants,or something else?
文摘The ＂migrant worker shortage＂ which occurred several）pears ago and the recent ＂labor shortage＂ were both caused by an imbalance between the supply and demand of migrant workers. It is a periodical outcome of spontaneous adjustment by the migrant labor market. As rural welfare was greatly enhanced in 2009, migrant workers＇ opportunity cost of working outside their hometowns was raised. The connotation of migrant workers＇ ＂market price＂ is changing. The new generation of migrant workers, namely, those born after 1980, are becoming the mainstay of enterprises＇ employment. Being better educated, they have different lifestyles than previous generations. ＂Leisure and entertainment＂ have become part of their opportunity cost and reduced their labor supply. ＂Labor shortage＂ is an endogenous force that helps transform China＇s growth patter, upgrade the industrial structure and promote urbanization. The seasonal ＂return of migrant workers＂ and the ＂labor shortage＂ which appears around China＇s Spring Festival each year have grown into a unique b,t effective collective bargaining mechanism that helps increase migrant workers＇ wages. Facing labor shortages, governments should regulate the labor market pricing and orientate labor-intensive enterprises towards transition, continue to enhance the social security system for migrant workers and those in rural areas, and make an accurate forecast of the population trend and adjust population policies.
基金supported by a grant (No 30671811) from the national natural science foundation of China
文摘Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China from 1996 to 2007.Data were collected with identical methods,including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.Results Age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index （BMI） significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007,among Yi farmers,which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants （23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996） （P0.05）.Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 （OR=1.15,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 （P0.05）.Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 %in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 （OR=1.06,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 （OR=1.14,P0.001）.Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52‐fold higher risk ondeveloping overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.Conclusion The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity.Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.
文摘Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China.Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.Methods The Estimation and Projection Package （EPP） model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in China.Results The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% （95% CI：0.042%,0.108%） in China.The HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years,with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% （95% CI：0.070%,0.150%） by 2015.Conclusion Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic,it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 years.Migrants will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41101165 No.41001109 No.41130748
文摘Despite rapid urbanization, more than 200 million people living in urban areas are still registered as ＇agricultural＇ and are ineligible for most social benefits under China＇s Hukou （or household registration） system. This paper identifies the regional suitability for settling rural migrants in urban China based on three indicators （the degree of urgency, the skills and ability of the resettled community to adapt, and the ability of the government to support that resettlement）. It takes 2008 government socioeconomic data from a county level into con- sideration. Spatial, statistical, and decision tree analyses, supported by SPSS, Geodata, and ArcGIS software, show that there are five separate population types, each with different de- grees of suitability. These include highly suitable region, region suitable for settling migrants to outside regions, region suitable for settling migrants from outside regions, region with moderate potential, and unsuitable region. This paper suggests that regional policies for set- tling rural migrants are meaningful, since the five regions are distributed relatively separately. Due to the suitability for different bodies across regions, equal treatment should be applied to both the native migrants and that across counties and provinces. Furthermore, demolishment of the social welfare discrimination adhered to Hukou system and equalization of basic public services will be of more practical significance than the so-called settling rural migrants ac- tively and steadily.
基金Under the auspices of the Social Science Foundation of China (No. 40771059)Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Science of Anhui Provincial Education Department (No. 2008sk082rd)
文摘The grounded theory of qualitative methods was applied to researching the social integration of tourism la-bor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China. The research was conducted based on the in-depth in-terviewing of 15 samples, open-consultation and the analysis of secondhand data. The integration models of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain were formed through four processes including theoretic sampling, cod-ing-analysis, cross-tabulation and contextualization. The result shows that modes of production and life styles decide self-integration orientation of tourism labor migrants in the Jiuhua Mountain. Cultural differences are fundamental dis-similarity between tourism labor migrants and natives. There are three kinds of integration models including rapid, free and gradually advancing integration. The differences among different types of migrants’ integration models are re-markable. Taking the working integration as the abscissa and taking the life integration as the coordinate, an "S" model of integration matrix appears in the gradually advancing integration of intermediate and high administers from the working to the life which should be paid special attention to.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41701151)MOE(Ministry of Education in China)Project of Humanities and Social Sciences(No.17YJCZH256)Doctoral Project of Tianjin Normal University(No.52XB1621)
文摘Spatial equality of access to basic public services, especially medical care services which are directly related to life safety, is the first step to achieve the goal of equalization of basic public services for all the people proposed by central government of China. Using the spatial analysis and the statistical analysis, this study evaluates the spatial differentiation of medical care facilities accessibility by constructing STT(Shortest Travel-Time) and SAI(Spatial Accessibility Index). And then this study explores the neighborhood effects on the medical care facilities accessibility in Beijing, with a particular focus on the effect of neighborhood migrant proportion by constructing spatial dependent regression model. The spatial accessibility analysis of medical care facilities show that the spatial distribution of medical care facilities was basically consistent with administrative regions but not with population demands. Bivariate LISA cluster maps identify that suburban areas are the overlapped clusters of high percent of migrants and limited medical care services. This is associated with the public service allocation rule in China, which stresses equality within urban areas and within rural areas but overlooks equality between urban areas and rural areas; and stresses local resident demands but overlooks migrant demands. To estimate the effects on medical care accessibility of neighborhood migrant proportion, spatial dependence models are applied due to spatial dependence of accessibility of medical care facilities. The regression results show that neighborhoods with high percent of migrants, even conditioning on neighborhood SES, are related to limited spatial accessibility of medical care services. Besides neighborhood characteristics, another important factor influencing spatial accessibility of medical care services is the process of spatial spillover effects. This indicates that the attenuate accessibility of medical care services for migrants is not only because of their own constraints but also because of their proximity to other disadvantaged neighborhoods. Therefore, it is urgently needed to increase the medical facilities in the suburban areas, to take into account migrants' demands and to reduce residential segregation between local residents and migrants for local governments to achieve the goal of equalization of medical care service.
