The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major hist...The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major histocompatibility complex（MHC） class Ⅱ molecules, the characterization and the evolution of amphibian MHC class Ⅱ genes have attracted increasing attention. The polymorphism of MHC class Ⅱ genes was found to be correlated with susceptibility to fungal pathogens in many amphibian species, suggesting the importance of studies on MHC class Ⅱ genes for amphibians. However, such studies on MHC class Ⅱ gene evolution have rarely been conducted on amphibians in China. In this study, we chose Omei treefrog（Rhacophorus omeimontis）, which lived moist environments easy for breeding bacteria, to study the polymorphism of its MHC class Ⅱ genes and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. We amplified the entire MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequence in the R. omeimontis using newly designed primers. We detected 102 putative alleles in 146 individuals. The number of alleles per individual ranged from one to seven, indicating that there are at least four loci containing MHC class ⅡB genes in R. omeimontis. The allelic polymorphism estimated from the 102 alleles in R. omeimontis was not high compared to that estimated in other anuran species. No significant gene recombination was detected in the 102 MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences. In contrast, both gene duplication and balancing selection greatly contributed to the variability in MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences of R. omeimontis. This study lays the groundwork for the future researches to comprehensively analyze the evolution of amphibian MHC genes and to assess the role of MHC gene polymorphisms in resistance against extracellular pathogens for amphibians in China.展开更多
The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- deat...The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.展开更多
Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. H...Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. Here, we review studies characterizing the generation of antigenic peptides from influenza A virus encoded DRiPs, discuss the many remaining mysteries regarding the nature of their co-translational generation, and speculate on where the future might lead.展开更多
目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网...目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网滞留信号——赖氨酸-天冬氨酸-谷氨酸-亮氨酸(Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu,KDEL)基序融合在H-2Kb限制性CTL表位OVA257-264的羧基端,同时合成该表位和氨基端自然延伸四个氨基酸(TEWT)的对照肽OVA257-268。选择巨噬细胞系Ana-1作为本研究的APC,采用流式细胞仪(FACS)分析技术,检测各抗原肽在Ana-1内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递动力学。结果羧基端KDEL基序可明显增强与之偶联的CTL表位在APC内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递效率,并且显著延长APC表面MHC/肽复合物的呈递时间。结论羧基端KDEL基序修饰是将外源肽有效导入APC内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径的一个简单有效的新策略,可为肿瘤治疗性肽疫苗的分子设计与研究提供新思路和实验依据。展开更多
目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因...目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因第5外显子微卫星等位基因分型及MICA基因缺失检测。结果:慢性粒细胞白血病组(n=35)的MICA*A5基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.635,P=0.0380);急性淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=13)的MICA*A4基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.120,P=0.0297);而在急性非淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=14),MICA*A5基因频率显著高于正常对照组(RR=2.229,P=0.0218)。结论:本文数据显示,MICA-STR多态性与湖南地区白血病之间存在相关性;不同病理类型的白血病相关格局有所不同。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31201713,No.31270425 and No.31470442)
文摘The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major histocompatibility complex（MHC） class Ⅱ molecules, the characterization and the evolution of amphibian MHC class Ⅱ genes have attracted increasing attention. The polymorphism of MHC class Ⅱ genes was found to be correlated with susceptibility to fungal pathogens in many amphibian species, suggesting the importance of studies on MHC class Ⅱ genes for amphibians. However, such studies on MHC class Ⅱ gene evolution have rarely been conducted on amphibians in China. In this study, we chose Omei treefrog（Rhacophorus omeimontis）, which lived moist environments easy for breeding bacteria, to study the polymorphism of its MHC class Ⅱ genes and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. We amplified the entire MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequence in the R. omeimontis using newly designed primers. We detected 102 putative alleles in 146 individuals. The number of alleles per individual ranged from one to seven, indicating that there are at least four loci containing MHC class ⅡB genes in R. omeimontis. The allelic polymorphism estimated from the 102 alleles in R. omeimontis was not high compared to that estimated in other anuran species. No significant gene recombination was detected in the 102 MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences. In contrast, both gene duplication and balancing selection greatly contributed to the variability in MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences of R. omeimontis. This study lays the groundwork for the future researches to comprehensively analyze the evolution of amphibian MHC genes and to assess the role of MHC gene polymorphisms in resistance against extracellular pathogens for amphibians in China.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project for Outstanding Youths in Life Science (KSCX2-EW-Q-6) from the Chinese Academy of SciencesNational Natural Science Foundation of China (31272281)
文摘The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.
基金supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH
文摘Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. Here, we review studies characterizing the generation of antigenic peptides from influenza A virus encoded DRiPs, discuss the many remaining mysteries regarding the nature of their co-translational generation, and speculate on where the future might lead.
文摘目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网滞留信号——赖氨酸-天冬氨酸-谷氨酸-亮氨酸(Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu,KDEL)基序融合在H-2Kb限制性CTL表位OVA257-264的羧基端,同时合成该表位和氨基端自然延伸四个氨基酸(TEWT)的对照肽OVA257-268。选择巨噬细胞系Ana-1作为本研究的APC,采用流式细胞仪(FACS)分析技术,检测各抗原肽在Ana-1内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递动力学。结果羧基端KDEL基序可明显增强与之偶联的CTL表位在APC内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递效率,并且显著延长APC表面MHC/肽复合物的呈递时间。结论羧基端KDEL基序修饰是将外源肽有效导入APC内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径的一个简单有效的新策略,可为肿瘤治疗性肽疫苗的分子设计与研究提供新思路和实验依据。
文摘目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因第5外显子微卫星等位基因分型及MICA基因缺失检测。结果:慢性粒细胞白血病组(n=35)的MICA*A5基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.635,P=0.0380);急性淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=13)的MICA*A4基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.120,P=0.0297);而在急性非淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=14),MICA*A5基因频率显著高于正常对照组(RR=2.229,P=0.0218)。结论:本文数据显示,MICA-STR多态性与湖南地区白血病之间存在相关性;不同病理类型的白血病相关格局有所不同。
