Aqueous batteries,renowned for their cost-effectiveness and non-flammability,have attracted considerable attention in the realm of batteries featuring Zn-based and Sn-based configurations.These configurations employ Z...Aqueous batteries,renowned for their cost-effectiveness and non-flammability,have attracted considerable attention in the realm of batteries featuring Zn-based and Sn-based configurations.These configurations employ Zn and Sn metal anodes,respectively.While the growth patterns of Zn under various current densities have been extensively studied,there has been a scarcity of research on Sn dendrite growth.Our operando imaging analysis reveals that,unlike Zn,Sn forms sharp dendrites at high current density emphasizing the crucial necessity for implementing strategies to suppress the dendrites formation.To address this issue,we introduced a carbon nanotube(CNT)layer on copper foil,effectively preventing the formation of Sn dendrites under high current density,thus enabling the high-current operation of Sn metal batteries.We believe that our work highlights the importance of suppressing dendrite formation in aqueous Sn metal batteries operating at high current density and introduces a fresh perspective on mitigating Sn dendrite formation.展开更多
Chemical hydrogen storage in organic materials is a promising method thanks to its high storage density,reversibility,and safety.However,the dehydrogenation process of organic materials requires high temperatures due ...Chemical hydrogen storage in organic materials is a promising method thanks to its high storage density,reversibility,and safety.However,the dehydrogenation process of organic materials requires high temperatures due to their unfavorable thermodynamic properties.This study proposes a strategy to design a new type of hydrogen storage materials,i.e.,alkali metal pyridinolate/piperidinolate pairs,by combining the effects of a heteroatom and an alkali metal in one molecule to achieve suitable dehydrogenation thermodynamics along with high hydrogen storage capacities.These air-stable compounds can be synthesized using low-cost reactants and water as a green solvent.Thermodynamic predictions indicate that enthalpy changes of dehydrogenation(ΔH_(d))can be significantly reduced to the optimal range for efficient hydrogen release,exemplified by lithium 2-piperidinolate with a 5.6 wt%hydrogen capacity and a suitableΔH_(d)of 32.2 kJ/mol-H_(2).Experimental results obtained using sodium systems validate the computational predictions,demonstrating reversible hydrogen storage even below 100℃.The superior hydrogen desorption performance of alkali metal piperidinolates could be attributed to their suitableΔH_(d)induced by the combined effect of ring nitrogen and metal substitution on their structures.This study not only reports new low-cost hydrogen storage materials but also provides a rational design strategy for developing metalorganic compounds possessing high hydrogen capacities and suitable thermodynamics for efficient hydrogen storage.展开更多
Recent advancements have led to the synthesis of various new metal-containing explosives,particularly energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),which feature high-energy ligands within well-ordered crystalline structu...Recent advancements have led to the synthesis of various new metal-containing explosives,particularly energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),which feature high-energy ligands within well-ordered crystalline structures.These explosives exhibit significant advantages over traditional compounds,including higher density,greater heats of detonation,improved mechanical hardness,and excellent thermal stability.To effectively evaluate their detonation performance,it is crucial to have a reliable method for predicting detonation heat,velocity,and pressure.This study leverages experimental data and outputs from the leading commercial computer code to identify suitable decomposition pathways for different metal oxides,facilitating straightforward calculations for the detonation performance of alkali metal salts,and metal coordination compounds,along with EMOFs.The new model enhances predictive reliability for detonation velocities,aligning more closely with experimental results,as evi-denced by a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.68 km/s compared to 1.12 km/s for existing methods.Furthermore,it accommodates a broader range of compounds,including those containing Sr,Cd,and Ag,and provides predictions for EMOFs that are more consistent with computer code outputs than previous predictive models.展开更多
Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler ...Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.展开更多
Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the c...Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the challenges of the iodine cathode and metal anode,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),sluggish kinetics,shuttle effect of polyiodine ion at the cathode and dendrite formation,corrosion and passivation at the anode.This review summarizes recent developments in metaliodine batteries,including zinc-iodine batteries,lithiumiodine batteries,sodium-iodine batteries,etc.The challenges in the cathode,anode,electrolyte and separator of metal-iodine batteries are discussed,along with the corresponding design and synthesis strategies and specific methods to improve the electrochemical performance.Selecting appropriate cathode hosts,constructing surface protective layers,adding anode additives,making threedimensional anode designs and employing better electrolytes and functional separators to obstruct the production and shuttling of polyiodine ions are highlighted.Finally,future guidelines and directions for the development of metal-iodine batteries are proposed.展开更多
High-entropy alloy(HEA)nanoparticles(NPs)have attracted great attention in electrocatalysis due to their tailorable complex compositions and unique properties.Herein,we introduce Fe,Co,Ni,Cr and Mn into the metal-poly...High-entropy alloy(HEA)nanoparticles(NPs)have attracted great attention in electrocatalysis due to their tailorable complex compositions and unique properties.Herein,we introduce Fe,Co,Ni,Cr and Mn into the metal-polyphenol coordination system to prepare HEA NPs enclosed in N-doped carbon(FeCoNiCrMn)with great potential for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).The unique high-entropy structural characteristics in FeCoNiCrMn facilitate effective interplay between metal species,leading to improved ORR(E_(1/2)=0.89 V)and OER(η=330 mV,j=10 mA·cm^(−2))activity.Additionally,FeCoNiCrMn exhibits excellent open-circuit voltage(1.523 V),power density(110 mW·cm^(−2))and long-term durability,outperforming Pt/C+IrO_(2) electrodes as a cathode catalyst in Zn-air batteries(ZABs).Such polyphenol-assisted alloying method broadens and simplifies the development of HEA electrocatalysts for high-performance ZABs.展开更多
Dissolved copper and iron ions are regarded as friendly and economic catalysts for peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation,however,neither Cu(Ⅱ)nor Fe(Ⅲ)shows efficient catalytic performance because of the slow rates of Cu...Dissolved copper and iron ions are regarded as friendly and economic catalysts for peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation,however,neither Cu(Ⅱ)nor Fe(Ⅲ)shows efficient catalytic performance because of the slow rates of Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ)and Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)cycles.Innovatively,we observed a significant enhancement on the degradation of organic contaminants when Cu(Ⅱ)and Fe(Ⅲ)were coupled to activate PMS in borate(BA)buffer.The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B(RhB,20μmol/L)reached up to 96.3%within 10 min,which was higher than the sum of individual Cu(Ⅱ)-and Fe(Ⅲ)-activated PMS process.Sulfate radical,hydroxyl radical and high-valent metal ions(i.e.,Cu(Ⅲ)and Fe(IV))were identified as the working reactive species for RhB removal in Cu(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)/PMS/BA system,while the last played a predominated role.The presence of BA dramatically facilitated the reduction of Cu(Ⅱ)to Cu(Ⅰ)via chelating with Cu(Ⅱ)followed by Fe(Ⅲ)reduction by Cu(Ⅰ),resulting in enhanced PMS activation by Cu(Ⅰ)and Fe(Ⅱ)as well as accelerated generation of reactive species.Additionally,the strong buffering capacity of BA to stabilize the solution pH was satisfying for the pollutants degradation since a slightly alkaline environment favored the PMS activation by coupling Cu(Ⅱ)and Fe(Ⅲ).In a word,this work provides a brand-new insight into the outstanding PMS activation by homogeneous bimetals and an expanded application of iron-based advanced oxidation processes in alkaline conditions.展开更多
Highly sensitive gas sensors play an important role in applications,such as environmental monitoring,medical diagnostics and food testing.This paper reviews recent advances in metal-doped and noble metal-decorated che...Highly sensitive gas sensors play an important role in applications,such as environmental monitoring,medical diagnostics and food testing.This paper reviews recent advances in metal-doped and noble metal-decorated chemo-resistive gas sensors with different nanostructures(ZnO,SnO_(2),In_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3)).It mainly includes the doping of metals such as Al,Fe and Cu,and the modification of noble metals such as Pd,Pt and Au,and introduces the bimetallic-modified materials possessing greater advantages than single metals in enhancing gas-sensitive performance.The results and problems of room-temperature detection of perovskite and metal oxide composite structural materials are also discussed.In addition,the potential applications of micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)gas sensing arrays and electronic nose smart sensing devices in disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring are presented through their limitations and development trends in areas such as smart homes.Finally,the main challenges and future prospects of metal oxide gas sensors are presented.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aq...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.展开更多
A cobalt-based metal-organic framework[Co_(3)(L)_(2)(1,4-bib)_(4)]·4H_(2)O(Co-MOF)was prepared using 5-[(4-carboxyphenoxy)methyl]isophthalic acid(H_(3)L)and 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene(1,4-bib)as ligands.The...A cobalt-based metal-organic framework[Co_(3)(L)_(2)(1,4-bib)_(4)]·4H_(2)O(Co-MOF)was prepared using 5-[(4-carboxyphenoxy)methyl]isophthalic acid(H_(3)L)and 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene(1,4-bib)as ligands.Then,an electrochemical sensor modified with Co-MOF on a glassy carbon electrode(Co-MOF@GCE)was constructed for detecting Cd^(2+)and Pb^(2+)in aqueous solutions.The sensor exhibited a linear range of 1.0-16.0µmol·L^(-1)with a detection limit(LOD)of 4.609 nmol·L^(-1)for Cd^(2+),and 0.5-10.0µmol·L^(-1)with an LOD of 1.307 nmol·L^(-1)for Pb^(2+).Simultaneous detection of both ions within 0.5-7.0µmol·L^(-1)achieved LOD values of 0.47 nmol·L^(-1)(Cd^(2+))and 0.008 nmol·L^(-1)(Pb^(2+)),respectively.Analysis of real water samples(tap water,mineral water,and river water)yielded recoveries of 95%-105%,validating practical applicability.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that synergistic interactions between cobalt centers and N/O atoms enhance adsorption and electron-transfer efficiency.CCDC:2160744.展开更多
Ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters with atomic precision have garnered significant attention for applications in catalysis,biomedicine,and nanoelectronics due to their tunable structures and unique physicochemical p...Ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters with atomic precision have garnered significant attention for applications in catalysis,biomedicine,and nanoelectronics due to their tunable structures and unique physicochemical properties[1-3].While transition metals such as Au,Ag,Pt,and Pd dominate the core composition,surface ligands are predominantly limited to phosphines,thiols,alkynes,and carbenes.Among these,N-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)have emerged as a superior ligand class due to their dual capacity for strongσ-donation andπ-back bonding,which stabilizes diverse metal oxidation states and enhances metal-ligand interactions.Notably,NHC-protected clusters exhibit exceptional thermal stability attributed to CH-π/π-πinteractions and enlarged HOMO-LUMO gaps compared to thiol or phosphine analogues.Despite progress,synthetic limitations persist due to NHCs'sensitivity under harsh conditions.Current methods rely on direct reduction of metal-carbene precursors or ligand exchange reactions,with heterogeneous NHC-capped systems remaining unexplored.展开更多
Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is...Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is an introduction to the 2024 global exploration trends and prospects for lithium,cobalt,and nickel battery metals.展开更多
The development of stretchable conductors with high deformation,conductivity,and thermal conductivity using liquid metal(LM)has sparked widespread interest in the fields of flexible electronics,electromagnetic interfe...The development of stretchable conductors with high deformation,conductivity,and thermal conductivity using liquid metal(LM)has sparked widespread interest in the fields of flexible electronics,electromagnetic interference(EMI),and multifunctional materi-als.However,fabricating desirable shielding materials by directly coating LMs on soft polymer substrates remains a challenge because of the huge surface tension and weak wettability of LMs.In this study,Ga-based composite paste is prepared from a mixture of Ga and dia-mond nonmetallic particles through ultrasonic fragmentation.At various temperatures,the resulting LM composite putty(LMP)exhibits soft and hard properties and can thus be molded into specific shapes according to application needs.In addition,the composite can be eas-ily coated onto polymer substrates,such as thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)elastomer.The fabricated LMP–TPU exhibits an impress-ive shape deformation capacity of 1100%,demonstrating exceptional tensile properties and achieving electromagnetic interference–shielding effectiveness of up to 52 dB.Furthermore,it retains an ultrahigh conductivity of 20000 S/m,even under a strain of 600%.This feature further makes it a highly competitive multifunctional material.展开更多
Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) featuring ultrahigh energy densities are expected as ones of the mostprominent devices for future energy storage applications. Nevertheless, the practical application of LMBs is sti...Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) featuring ultrahigh energy densities are expected as ones of the mostprominent devices for future energy storage applications. Nevertheless, the practical application of LMBs is stillplagued by the poor interfacial stability of Li metal anode. Inorganic-rich interlayer derived from anion decom-positionin advanced liquid electrolytes is demonstrated as an efficient approach to stabilize the Li metal anode,however, is electrolyte-dependent with limited application conditions due to inappropriate electrolyte properties.Herein, an efficient structuration strategy is proposed to fabricate an electrolyte-independent and sustainedinorganic-rich layer, by embedding a type of functional anion aggregates consisting of selected anions ionicallybonded to polymerized cation clusters. The anion aggregates can progressively release anions to react with Liþand form key components boosting the structural stability and Liþ transfer ability of the artificial layer uponcycling. This self-reinforcing working mechanism endows the artificial layer with a sustained inorganic-richnature and promising Li protective ability during long-term cycling, while the electrolyte-independent propertyenables its applications in LMBs using conventional low concentration electrolytes and all-solid-state LMBs withsignificantly enhanced performances. This strategy establishes an alternative designing route of Li protectivelayers for reliable LMBs.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)metal oxides(2DMOs),such as MoO_(2),have made impressive strides in recent years,and their applicability in a number of fields such as electronic devices,optoelectronic devices and lasers has been d...Two-dimensional(2D)metal oxides(2DMOs),such as MoO_(2),have made impressive strides in recent years,and their applicability in a number of fields such as electronic devices,optoelectronic devices and lasers has been demonstrated.However,2DMOs present challenges in their synthesis using conventional methods due to their non-van der Waals nature.We report that KCl acts as a flux to prepare large-area 2DMOs with sub-millimeter scale.We systematically investigate the effects of temperature,homogeneous time and cooling rate on the products in the flux method,demonstrating that in this reaction a saturated homogenous solution is obtained upon the melting of the salt and precursor.Afterward,the cooling rate was adjusted to regulate the thickness of the target crystals,leading to the precipitation of 2D non-layered material from the supersaturated solution;by applying this method,the highly crystalline non-layered 2D MoO_(2)flakes with so far the largest lateral size of up to sub-millimeter scale(~464μm)were yielded.Electrical studies have revealed that the 2D MoO_(2)features metallic properties,with an excellent sheet resistance as low as 99Ω·square^(-1 )at room temperature,and exhibits a property of charge density wave in the measurement of resistivity as a function of temperature.展开更多
Non-ferrous metal smelting poses significant risks to public health.Specifically,the copper smelting process releases arsenic,a semi-volatile metalloid,which poses an emerging exposure risk to both workers and nearby ...Non-ferrous metal smelting poses significant risks to public health.Specifically,the copper smelting process releases arsenic,a semi-volatile metalloid,which poses an emerging exposure risk to both workers and nearby residents.To comprehensively understand the internal exposure risks of metal(loid)s from copper smelting,we explored eighteen metal(loid)s and arsenic metabolites in the urine of both occupational and non-occupational populations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with high-performance liquid chromatography and compared their health risks.Results showed that zinc and copper(485.38 and 14.00μg/L),and arsenic,lead,cadmium,vanadium,tin and antimony(46.80,6.82,2.17,0.40,0.44 and 0.23μg/L,respectively)in workers(n=179)were significantly higher compared to controls(n=168),while Zinc,tin and antimony(412.10,0.51 and 0.15μg/L,respectively)of residents were significantly higher than controls.Additionally,workers had a higher monomethyl arsenic percentage(MMA%),showing lower arsenic methylation capacity.Source appointment analysis identified arsenic,lead,cadmium,antimony,tin and thallium as co-exposure metal(loid)s from copper smelting,positively relating to the age of workers.The hazard index(HI)of workers exceeded 1.0,while residents and control were approximately at 1.0.Besides,all three populations had accumulated cancer risks exceeding 1.0×10^(-4),and arsenite(AsIII)was the main contributor to the variation of workers and residents.Furthermore,residents living closer to the smelting plant had higher health risks.This study reveals arsenic exposure metabolites and multiple metals as emerging contaminants for copper smelting exposure populations,providing valuable insights for pollution control in non-ferrous metal smelting.展开更多
Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as lumi...Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as luminescent materials,magnetic materials,catalytic materials,electronic devices,they have an important strategic position.In the field of electrocatalysis,rare earth metal elements have great potential for development due to their unique 4f electron layer structure,spin orbit coupling,high reactivity,controllable coordination number,and rich optical properties.However,there is currently a lack of systematic reviews on the modification strategies of rare earth metal elements and the latest developments in electrocatalysis.Therefore,in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of researchers,this review focuses on the application progress of rare earth metal element modified metal oxides in multiple fields such as wastewater treatment,hydrogen peroxide synthesis,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and machine learning assisted research.In depth analysis of its electrocatalytic mechanism in various application scenarios and key factors affecting electrocatalytic performance.This review is of great significance for further developing high-performance and multifunctional electrocatalysts,and is expected to provide strong support for the development of energy,environment,and chemical industries.展开更多
Charge transfer at the liquid(electrolyte)-solid(metal)interfaces is of fundamental importance to metal electrochemical deposition that further determines the reversibility and kinetics of energy-dense rechargeable me...Charge transfer at the liquid(electrolyte)-solid(metal)interfaces is of fundamental importance to metal electrochemical deposition that further determines the reversibility and kinetics of energy-dense rechargeable metal batteries(RMBs).We demonstrate the fast charge transfer at the electrolyte-metal interfaces for lithium metal by designing and synthesizing electrolytes with chiral solvents:R(or S)-1,2-dimethoxy pro pane(R-DMP or S-DMP)and R(or S)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane(R-MDOL or S-MDOL).The chiral-induced spin selectivity is considered to produce spin-polarized metal surfaces,enabling the improvement in charge transfer rate and efficiency.The deposited Li metal in chiral electrolytes shows smooth and uniform morphologies,as well as high initial(>95%)and average(~99.2%)Coulombic efficiency for Li metal stripping/plating process,thus prolonging the life-span of batteries using thin lithium anode(50μm)to 400 cycles till 80%capacity retention.This work provides a distinct approach to regulate metal deposition beyond the limitation of ion de-solvation.展开更多
Zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are considered to be promising energy storage devices in the field of largescale energy storage due to the advantages of high energy density,good safety and environmental friendliness.However...Zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are considered to be promising energy storage devices in the field of largescale energy storage due to the advantages of high energy density,good safety and environmental friendliness.However,the commercialization of ZMBs has been hampered because of the problems caused by aqueous electrolytes,such as hydrogen evolution reaction,electrolyte leakage,and water evaporation.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)have attracted extensive attention due to the features of high security and low water content.However,the disadvantages of poor ion transport rate,easily freezing at low temperature and low mechanical strength are not conducive to the rapid development and practical application of ZMBs.The rational design and fabrication of multifunctional polymer-based frameworks are considered to be effective strategy to obtain high-performance GPEs.In this review,the recent advancements of GPEs with various polymers are generalized.The strategies for the improvement of ionic conductivity,low temperature resistance and mechanical strength of these GPEs,such as adding inorganic fillers,building double cross-linked networks and introducing functional groups,are summarized.The effects of the GPEs on the self-healable ability,inhibiting dendrite growth,and cycling stability of the ZMBs are also discussed.Finally,the key problems and development prospects of GPEs are proposed,which will provide possibility for the further development of GPEs.展开更多
Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)processing of light metals has been established for decades and is in increasing industrial use,even as an alternative surface treatment to produce multifunctional coatings with envir...Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)processing of light metals has been established for decades and is in increasing industrial use,even as an alternative surface treatment to produce multifunctional coatings with environmental-friendly processing concept.One of the benefits of PEO processing claimed already a couple of years ago was the ability to treat dissimilar metal joints,which can obviously improve the surface homogeneity and stability at the interface of the dissimilar components,especially impeding the galvanic corrosion due to the different electrochemical properties of each component.However,the progress and breakthrough develop slowly especially for the macro scales due to the much larger gap between each component.This literature review firstly demonstrates the still low number of studies reporting successful PEO treatment of material combination such as Mg/Al,Mg/Ti,Al/Ti and scarcely light metal combinations with steel.The main issues and challenges to performing PEO processing on the macroscale dissimilar weldments were stated.On the other hand,dissimilar metal joints also widely exist in micrometer scale in alloys and metal matrix composites(MMCs).Moreover,there is a huge knowledge base on PEO treatment of such multiphase substrates.PEO processing of such complicated mixed microstructures is reviewed as well to reveal the basic problems.To some certain degree,these PEO-related studies on alloys and MMCs can be good examples to have an insight into the coating formation mechanism on macro-scaled dissimilar metal joints.Conclusions are drawn from the micro-to macroscale.Finally,critical access to the problems is given and possible solutions and reaming limitations are discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the Institute for Basic Science,south korea(IBS-R006-A2)supproted by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),south korea funded by the Ministry of Education(2018R1D1A3B05042787)+1 种基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),south korea grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(RS-2025-00518953)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),south korea grant funded by the Korea Government(MSIT)(RS-202400422387)。
文摘Aqueous batteries,renowned for their cost-effectiveness and non-flammability,have attracted considerable attention in the realm of batteries featuring Zn-based and Sn-based configurations.These configurations employ Zn and Sn metal anodes,respectively.While the growth patterns of Zn under various current densities have been extensively studied,there has been a scarcity of research on Sn dendrite growth.Our operando imaging analysis reveals that,unlike Zn,Sn forms sharp dendrites at high current density emphasizing the crucial necessity for implementing strategies to suppress the dendrites formation.To address this issue,we introduced a carbon nanotube(CNT)layer on copper foil,effectively preventing the formation of Sn dendrites under high current density,thus enabling the high-current operation of Sn metal batteries.We believe that our work highlights the importance of suppressing dendrite formation in aqueous Sn metal batteries operating at high current density and introduces a fresh perspective on mitigating Sn dendrite formation.
基金partially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFE0198900)support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52171226,22309174)。
文摘Chemical hydrogen storage in organic materials is a promising method thanks to its high storage density,reversibility,and safety.However,the dehydrogenation process of organic materials requires high temperatures due to their unfavorable thermodynamic properties.This study proposes a strategy to design a new type of hydrogen storage materials,i.e.,alkali metal pyridinolate/piperidinolate pairs,by combining the effects of a heteroatom and an alkali metal in one molecule to achieve suitable dehydrogenation thermodynamics along with high hydrogen storage capacities.These air-stable compounds can be synthesized using low-cost reactants and water as a green solvent.Thermodynamic predictions indicate that enthalpy changes of dehydrogenation(ΔH_(d))can be significantly reduced to the optimal range for efficient hydrogen release,exemplified by lithium 2-piperidinolate with a 5.6 wt%hydrogen capacity and a suitableΔH_(d)of 32.2 kJ/mol-H_(2).Experimental results obtained using sodium systems validate the computational predictions,demonstrating reversible hydrogen storage even below 100℃.The superior hydrogen desorption performance of alkali metal piperidinolates could be attributed to their suitableΔH_(d)induced by the combined effect of ring nitrogen and metal substitution on their structures.This study not only reports new low-cost hydrogen storage materials but also provides a rational design strategy for developing metalorganic compounds possessing high hydrogen capacities and suitable thermodynamics for efficient hydrogen storage.
基金the research committee at Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT) for their invaluable support of this project
文摘Recent advancements have led to the synthesis of various new metal-containing explosives,particularly energetic metal-organic frameworks(EMOFs),which feature high-energy ligands within well-ordered crystalline structures.These explosives exhibit significant advantages over traditional compounds,including higher density,greater heats of detonation,improved mechanical hardness,and excellent thermal stability.To effectively evaluate their detonation performance,it is crucial to have a reliable method for predicting detonation heat,velocity,and pressure.This study leverages experimental data and outputs from the leading commercial computer code to identify suitable decomposition pathways for different metal oxides,facilitating straightforward calculations for the detonation performance of alkali metal salts,and metal coordination compounds,along with EMOFs.The new model enhances predictive reliability for detonation velocities,aligning more closely with experimental results,as evi-denced by a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.68 km/s compared to 1.12 km/s for existing methods.Furthermore,it accommodates a broader range of compounds,including those containing Sr,Cd,and Ag,and provides predictions for EMOFs that are more consistent with computer code outputs than previous predictive models.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20191)。
文摘Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371240)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20230556)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722686)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2023ZB701)The Big Data Computing Center of Southeast University.
文摘Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the challenges of the iodine cathode and metal anode,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),sluggish kinetics,shuttle effect of polyiodine ion at the cathode and dendrite formation,corrosion and passivation at the anode.This review summarizes recent developments in metaliodine batteries,including zinc-iodine batteries,lithiumiodine batteries,sodium-iodine batteries,etc.The challenges in the cathode,anode,electrolyte and separator of metal-iodine batteries are discussed,along with the corresponding design and synthesis strategies and specific methods to improve the electrochemical performance.Selecting appropriate cathode hosts,constructing surface protective layers,adding anode additives,making threedimensional anode designs and employing better electrolytes and functional separators to obstruct the production and shuttling of polyiodine ions are highlighted.Finally,future guidelines and directions for the development of metal-iodine batteries are proposed.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.22120230104).
文摘High-entropy alloy(HEA)nanoparticles(NPs)have attracted great attention in electrocatalysis due to their tailorable complex compositions and unique properties.Herein,we introduce Fe,Co,Ni,Cr and Mn into the metal-polyphenol coordination system to prepare HEA NPs enclosed in N-doped carbon(FeCoNiCrMn)with great potential for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).The unique high-entropy structural characteristics in FeCoNiCrMn facilitate effective interplay between metal species,leading to improved ORR(E_(1/2)=0.89 V)and OER(η=330 mV,j=10 mA·cm^(−2))activity.Additionally,FeCoNiCrMn exhibits excellent open-circuit voltage(1.523 V),power density(110 mW·cm^(−2))and long-term durability,outperforming Pt/C+IrO_(2) electrodes as a cathode catalyst in Zn-air batteries(ZABs).Such polyphenol-assisted alloying method broadens and simplifies the development of HEA electrocatalysts for high-performance ZABs.
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021YJ0385)the Project in Yangtze River Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration(No.2022-LHYJ-02-0509-08).
文摘Dissolved copper and iron ions are regarded as friendly and economic catalysts for peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation,however,neither Cu(Ⅱ)nor Fe(Ⅲ)shows efficient catalytic performance because of the slow rates of Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ)and Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)cycles.Innovatively,we observed a significant enhancement on the degradation of organic contaminants when Cu(Ⅱ)and Fe(Ⅲ)were coupled to activate PMS in borate(BA)buffer.The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B(RhB,20μmol/L)reached up to 96.3%within 10 min,which was higher than the sum of individual Cu(Ⅱ)-and Fe(Ⅲ)-activated PMS process.Sulfate radical,hydroxyl radical and high-valent metal ions(i.e.,Cu(Ⅲ)and Fe(IV))were identified as the working reactive species for RhB removal in Cu(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)/PMS/BA system,while the last played a predominated role.The presence of BA dramatically facilitated the reduction of Cu(Ⅱ)to Cu(Ⅰ)via chelating with Cu(Ⅱ)followed by Fe(Ⅲ)reduction by Cu(Ⅰ),resulting in enhanced PMS activation by Cu(Ⅰ)and Fe(Ⅱ)as well as accelerated generation of reactive species.Additionally,the strong buffering capacity of BA to stabilize the solution pH was satisfying for the pollutants degradation since a slightly alkaline environment favored the PMS activation by coupling Cu(Ⅱ)and Fe(Ⅲ).In a word,this work provides a brand-new insight into the outstanding PMS activation by homogeneous bimetals and an expanded application of iron-based advanced oxidation processes in alkaline conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52174222,52303356 and 62204260)the Natural Science Fund project in Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210494)the Department of Science and Technology of Anhui Province(No.2022CSJGG0703).
文摘Highly sensitive gas sensors play an important role in applications,such as environmental monitoring,medical diagnostics and food testing.This paper reviews recent advances in metal-doped and noble metal-decorated chemo-resistive gas sensors with different nanostructures(ZnO,SnO_(2),In_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3)).It mainly includes the doping of metals such as Al,Fe and Cu,and the modification of noble metals such as Pd,Pt and Au,and introduces the bimetallic-modified materials possessing greater advantages than single metals in enhancing gas-sensitive performance.The results and problems of room-temperature detection of perovskite and metal oxide composite structural materials are also discussed.In addition,the potential applications of micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)gas sensing arrays and electronic nose smart sensing devices in disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring are presented through their limitations and development trends in areas such as smart homes.Finally,the main challenges and future prospects of metal oxide gas sensors are presented.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479022)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007129)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.
文摘A cobalt-based metal-organic framework[Co_(3)(L)_(2)(1,4-bib)_(4)]·4H_(2)O(Co-MOF)was prepared using 5-[(4-carboxyphenoxy)methyl]isophthalic acid(H_(3)L)and 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene(1,4-bib)as ligands.Then,an electrochemical sensor modified with Co-MOF on a glassy carbon electrode(Co-MOF@GCE)was constructed for detecting Cd^(2+)and Pb^(2+)in aqueous solutions.The sensor exhibited a linear range of 1.0-16.0µmol·L^(-1)with a detection limit(LOD)of 4.609 nmol·L^(-1)for Cd^(2+),and 0.5-10.0µmol·L^(-1)with an LOD of 1.307 nmol·L^(-1)for Pb^(2+).Simultaneous detection of both ions within 0.5-7.0µmol·L^(-1)achieved LOD values of 0.47 nmol·L^(-1)(Cd^(2+))and 0.008 nmol·L^(-1)(Pb^(2+)),respectively.Analysis of real water samples(tap water,mineral water,and river water)yielded recoveries of 95%-105%,validating practical applicability.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that synergistic interactions between cobalt centers and N/O atoms enhance adsorption and electron-transfer efficiency.CCDC:2160744.
文摘Ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters with atomic precision have garnered significant attention for applications in catalysis,biomedicine,and nanoelectronics due to their tunable structures and unique physicochemical properties[1-3].While transition metals such as Au,Ag,Pt,and Pd dominate the core composition,surface ligands are predominantly limited to phosphines,thiols,alkynes,and carbenes.Among these,N-heterocyclic carbenes(NHCs)have emerged as a superior ligand class due to their dual capacity for strongσ-donation andπ-back bonding,which stabilizes diverse metal oxidation states and enhances metal-ligand interactions.Notably,NHC-protected clusters exhibit exceptional thermal stability attributed to CH-π/π-πinteractions and enlarged HOMO-LUMO gaps compared to thiol or phosphine analogues.Despite progress,synthetic limitations persist due to NHCs'sensitivity under harsh conditions.Current methods rely on direct reduction of metal-carbene precursors or ligand exchange reactions,with heterogeneous NHC-capped systems remaining unexplored.
文摘Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is an introduction to the 2024 global exploration trends and prospects for lithium,cobalt,and nickel battery metals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52271167 and U21A2064)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China(No.242300421188)+1 种基金ZUA Innovation Fund for Graduate Education,China(No.2024CX134)Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Material and Technology Open Foundation,China(No.ZHKF-240103).
文摘The development of stretchable conductors with high deformation,conductivity,and thermal conductivity using liquid metal(LM)has sparked widespread interest in the fields of flexible electronics,electromagnetic interference(EMI),and multifunctional materi-als.However,fabricating desirable shielding materials by directly coating LMs on soft polymer substrates remains a challenge because of the huge surface tension and weak wettability of LMs.In this study,Ga-based composite paste is prepared from a mixture of Ga and dia-mond nonmetallic particles through ultrasonic fragmentation.At various temperatures,the resulting LM composite putty(LMP)exhibits soft and hard properties and can thus be molded into specific shapes according to application needs.In addition,the composite can be eas-ily coated onto polymer substrates,such as thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)elastomer.The fabricated LMP–TPU exhibits an impress-ive shape deformation capacity of 1100%,demonstrating exceptional tensile properties and achieving electromagnetic interference–shielding effectiveness of up to 52 dB.Furthermore,it retains an ultrahigh conductivity of 20000 S/m,even under a strain of 600%.This feature further makes it a highly competitive multifunctional material.
基金supported by the Research Fund of Jianghan Univer-sity(2024JCYJ02)the Graduate Scientific Research Foundation of Jianghan University(KYCXJJ202428)+1 种基金the Excellent Discipline Cultiva-tion Project funded by Jianghan University(2023XKZ013)the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22179052).
文摘Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) featuring ultrahigh energy densities are expected as ones of the mostprominent devices for future energy storage applications. Nevertheless, the practical application of LMBs is stillplagued by the poor interfacial stability of Li metal anode. Inorganic-rich interlayer derived from anion decom-positionin advanced liquid electrolytes is demonstrated as an efficient approach to stabilize the Li metal anode,however, is electrolyte-dependent with limited application conditions due to inappropriate electrolyte properties.Herein, an efficient structuration strategy is proposed to fabricate an electrolyte-independent and sustainedinorganic-rich layer, by embedding a type of functional anion aggregates consisting of selected anions ionicallybonded to polymerized cation clusters. The anion aggregates can progressively release anions to react with Liþand form key components boosting the structural stability and Liþ transfer ability of the artificial layer uponcycling. This self-reinforcing working mechanism endows the artificial layer with a sustained inorganic-richnature and promising Li protective ability during long-term cycling, while the electrolyte-independent propertyenables its applications in LMBs using conventional low concentration electrolytes and all-solid-state LMBs withsignificantly enhanced performances. This strategy establishes an alternative designing route of Li protectivelayers for reliable LMBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFB3608703 and 2023YFB3608700)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(Nos.2021ZZ122 and 2020ZZ110)Fujian provincial projects(Nos.2021HZ0114 and 2021J01583).
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)metal oxides(2DMOs),such as MoO_(2),have made impressive strides in recent years,and their applicability in a number of fields such as electronic devices,optoelectronic devices and lasers has been demonstrated.However,2DMOs present challenges in their synthesis using conventional methods due to their non-van der Waals nature.We report that KCl acts as a flux to prepare large-area 2DMOs with sub-millimeter scale.We systematically investigate the effects of temperature,homogeneous time and cooling rate on the products in the flux method,demonstrating that in this reaction a saturated homogenous solution is obtained upon the melting of the salt and precursor.Afterward,the cooling rate was adjusted to regulate the thickness of the target crystals,leading to the precipitation of 2D non-layered material from the supersaturated solution;by applying this method,the highly crystalline non-layered 2D MoO_(2)flakes with so far the largest lateral size of up to sub-millimeter scale(~464μm)were yielded.Electrical studies have revealed that the 2D MoO_(2)features metallic properties,with an excellent sheet resistance as low as 99Ω·square^(-1 )at room temperature,and exhibits a property of charge density wave in the measurement of resistivity as a function of temperature.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(Nos.2019YFC1804503 and 2019YFC1804504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41731279)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01Z032).
文摘Non-ferrous metal smelting poses significant risks to public health.Specifically,the copper smelting process releases arsenic,a semi-volatile metalloid,which poses an emerging exposure risk to both workers and nearby residents.To comprehensively understand the internal exposure risks of metal(loid)s from copper smelting,we explored eighteen metal(loid)s and arsenic metabolites in the urine of both occupational and non-occupational populations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with high-performance liquid chromatography and compared their health risks.Results showed that zinc and copper(485.38 and 14.00μg/L),and arsenic,lead,cadmium,vanadium,tin and antimony(46.80,6.82,2.17,0.40,0.44 and 0.23μg/L,respectively)in workers(n=179)were significantly higher compared to controls(n=168),while Zinc,tin and antimony(412.10,0.51 and 0.15μg/L,respectively)of residents were significantly higher than controls.Additionally,workers had a higher monomethyl arsenic percentage(MMA%),showing lower arsenic methylation capacity.Source appointment analysis identified arsenic,lead,cadmium,antimony,tin and thallium as co-exposure metal(loid)s from copper smelting,positively relating to the age of workers.The hazard index(HI)of workers exceeded 1.0,while residents and control were approximately at 1.0.Besides,all three populations had accumulated cancer risks exceeding 1.0×10^(-4),and arsenite(AsIII)was the main contributor to the variation of workers and residents.Furthermore,residents living closer to the smelting plant had higher health risks.This study reveals arsenic exposure metabolites and multiple metals as emerging contaminants for copper smelting exposure populations,providing valuable insights for pollution control in non-ferrous metal smelting.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3708005)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University(No.63241208)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21872102 and 22172080)。
文摘Rare earth metal elements include lanthanide elements as well as scandium and yttrium,totaling seventeen metal elements.Due to the wide application prospects of rare earth metal elements in various fields such as luminescent materials,magnetic materials,catalytic materials,electronic devices,they have an important strategic position.In the field of electrocatalysis,rare earth metal elements have great potential for development due to their unique 4f electron layer structure,spin orbit coupling,high reactivity,controllable coordination number,and rich optical properties.However,there is currently a lack of systematic reviews on the modification strategies of rare earth metal elements and the latest developments in electrocatalysis.Therefore,in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of researchers,this review focuses on the application progress of rare earth metal element modified metal oxides in multiple fields such as wastewater treatment,hydrogen peroxide synthesis,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and machine learning assisted research.In depth analysis of its electrocatalytic mechanism in various application scenarios and key factors affecting electrocatalytic performance.This review is of great significance for further developing high-performance and multifunctional electrocatalysts,and is expected to provide strong support for the development of energy,environment,and chemical industries.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2500300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22372083,52201259)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(22JCZDJC00380)Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST。
文摘Charge transfer at the liquid(electrolyte)-solid(metal)interfaces is of fundamental importance to metal electrochemical deposition that further determines the reversibility and kinetics of energy-dense rechargeable metal batteries(RMBs).We demonstrate the fast charge transfer at the electrolyte-metal interfaces for lithium metal by designing and synthesizing electrolytes with chiral solvents:R(or S)-1,2-dimethoxy pro pane(R-DMP or S-DMP)and R(or S)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane(R-MDOL or S-MDOL).The chiral-induced spin selectivity is considered to produce spin-polarized metal surfaces,enabling the improvement in charge transfer rate and efficiency.The deposited Li metal in chiral electrolytes shows smooth and uniform morphologies,as well as high initial(>95%)and average(~99.2%)Coulombic efficiency for Li metal stripping/plating process,thus prolonging the life-span of batteries using thin lithium anode(50μm)to 400 cycles till 80%capacity retention.This work provides a distinct approach to regulate metal deposition beyond the limitation of ion de-solvation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22075115)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20211352)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation(No. 22KJA430005) of Jiangsu Education Committee of ChinaJoint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U2141201)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. 2024XKT0500)
文摘Zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are considered to be promising energy storage devices in the field of largescale energy storage due to the advantages of high energy density,good safety and environmental friendliness.However,the commercialization of ZMBs has been hampered because of the problems caused by aqueous electrolytes,such as hydrogen evolution reaction,electrolyte leakage,and water evaporation.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)have attracted extensive attention due to the features of high security and low water content.However,the disadvantages of poor ion transport rate,easily freezing at low temperature and low mechanical strength are not conducive to the rapid development and practical application of ZMBs.The rational design and fabrication of multifunctional polymer-based frameworks are considered to be effective strategy to obtain high-performance GPEs.In this review,the recent advancements of GPEs with various polymers are generalized.The strategies for the improvement of ionic conductivity,low temperature resistance and mechanical strength of these GPEs,such as adding inorganic fillers,building double cross-linked networks and introducing functional groups,are summarized.The effects of the GPEs on the self-healable ability,inhibiting dendrite growth,and cycling stability of the ZMBs are also discussed.Finally,the key problems and development prospects of GPEs are proposed,which will provide possibility for the further development of GPEs.
基金the China Scholarship Council(No.201708510113)for fellowship and funding.
文摘Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)processing of light metals has been established for decades and is in increasing industrial use,even as an alternative surface treatment to produce multifunctional coatings with environmental-friendly processing concept.One of the benefits of PEO processing claimed already a couple of years ago was the ability to treat dissimilar metal joints,which can obviously improve the surface homogeneity and stability at the interface of the dissimilar components,especially impeding the galvanic corrosion due to the different electrochemical properties of each component.However,the progress and breakthrough develop slowly especially for the macro scales due to the much larger gap between each component.This literature review firstly demonstrates the still low number of studies reporting successful PEO treatment of material combination such as Mg/Al,Mg/Ti,Al/Ti and scarcely light metal combinations with steel.The main issues and challenges to performing PEO processing on the macroscale dissimilar weldments were stated.On the other hand,dissimilar metal joints also widely exist in micrometer scale in alloys and metal matrix composites(MMCs).Moreover,there is a huge knowledge base on PEO treatment of such multiphase substrates.PEO processing of such complicated mixed microstructures is reviewed as well to reveal the basic problems.To some certain degree,these PEO-related studies on alloys and MMCs can be good examples to have an insight into the coating formation mechanism on macro-scaled dissimilar metal joints.Conclusions are drawn from the micro-to macroscale.Finally,critical access to the problems is given and possible solutions and reaming limitations are discussed.
