Tetragonisca angustula is one of the most widespread stingless bees in the Neotropics. This species swarms frequently and is extremely successful in urban envi- ronments. In addition, it is one of the most popular sti...Tetragonisca angustula is one of the most widespread stingless bees in the Neotropics. This species swarms frequently and is extremely successful in urban envi- ronments. In addition, it is one of the most popular stingless bee species for beekeeping in Latin America, so nest transportation and trading is common. Nest transportation can change the genetic structure of the host population, reducing inbreeding and increasing homogenization. Here, we evaluate the genetic structure of 17 geographic populations of T. angustula in southern Brazil to quantify the level of genetic differentiation between populations. Analyses were conducted on partially sequenced mitochondrial genes and 11 microsatellite loci of 1002 workers from 457 sites distributed on the mainland and on 3 islands. Our results show that T. angustula populations are highly differentiated as demon- strated by mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） and microsatellite markers. Of 73 haplotypes, 67 were population-specific. MtDNA diversity was low in 9 populations but microsatellite diversity was moderate to high in all populations. Microsatellite data suggest 10 genetic clusters and low level of gene flow throughout the studied area. However, physical barri- ers, such as rivers and mountain ranges, or the presence or absence of forest appear to be unrelated to population clusters. Factors such as low dispersal, different ecological con- ditions, and isolation by distance are most likely shaping the population structure of this species. Thus far, nest transportation has not influenced the general population structure in the studied area. However, due to the genetic structure we found, we recommend that nest transportation should only occur within and between populations that are genetically similar.展开更多
The physical,chemical and sensory characteristics of pollen and honey from stingless bees(SLB)are quite different when compared to those produced by Apis mellifera.Meliponine honey has a high moisture content(23-37.5%...The physical,chemical and sensory characteristics of pollen and honey from stingless bees(SLB)are quite different when compared to those produced by Apis mellifera.Meliponine honey has a high moisture content(23-37.5%);reducing sugars(12.65-77.11%);and total acidity(11.23 to 124.2 mEq kg-1).Pollen also has fiber(0.87-13.65%);a high moisture content(23-53.93%);lipids(1.8-10.81%)and proteins(8-37.63%).The presence of yeasts,fungi and bacteria can be observed through fermentation(ethanolic and acid)that occurs during the maturation of pollen and honey from stingless bees.Among the microorganisms most associated with stingless bees are yeasts:Pichia,Zygosaccha-romyces,Starmerella,Metschnikowia,Candida,Debaryomyces,Dekkera and Kloeckera;bacteria:Streptomyces,Bifidobac-terium,Lactobacillus,Streptococcus,Neisseria,Bacillus,Ralstonia,Staphylococcus,Enterobacter,Lysinibacillus Pantoea,Fructobacillus Pseudomonas,and Clostridium;and fungal filaments Aspergillus,Talaromyces and Penicillium.This review corroborates the differences that exist in the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of stingless bee products and honeybee(Apis melifera)products.These differences not only challenge established standards of quality and identity in apicultural products but also pave the way for new perspectives in biotechnology and nutrition,as well as for new bioactive compounds.The unique properties of pollen and honey from Meliponini,such as high moisture content,acidity,and microbial diversity,can be a distinguishing factor that enhances their applications in various technological fields.The valorization of these unique characteristics may stimulate the creation of specific standards for these products and promote the sustainable use of stingless bee biodiversity.展开更多
文摘Tetragonisca angustula is one of the most widespread stingless bees in the Neotropics. This species swarms frequently and is extremely successful in urban envi- ronments. In addition, it is one of the most popular stingless bee species for beekeeping in Latin America, so nest transportation and trading is common. Nest transportation can change the genetic structure of the host population, reducing inbreeding and increasing homogenization. Here, we evaluate the genetic structure of 17 geographic populations of T. angustula in southern Brazil to quantify the level of genetic differentiation between populations. Analyses were conducted on partially sequenced mitochondrial genes and 11 microsatellite loci of 1002 workers from 457 sites distributed on the mainland and on 3 islands. Our results show that T. angustula populations are highly differentiated as demon- strated by mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） and microsatellite markers. Of 73 haplotypes, 67 were population-specific. MtDNA diversity was low in 9 populations but microsatellite diversity was moderate to high in all populations. Microsatellite data suggest 10 genetic clusters and low level of gene flow throughout the studied area. However, physical barri- ers, such as rivers and mountain ranges, or the presence or absence of forest appear to be unrelated to population clusters. Factors such as low dispersal, different ecological con- ditions, and isolation by distance are most likely shaping the population structure of this species. Thus far, nest transportation has not influenced the general population structure in the studied area. However, due to the genetic structure we found, we recommend that nest transportation should only occur within and between populations that are genetically similar.
文摘The physical,chemical and sensory characteristics of pollen and honey from stingless bees(SLB)are quite different when compared to those produced by Apis mellifera.Meliponine honey has a high moisture content(23-37.5%);reducing sugars(12.65-77.11%);and total acidity(11.23 to 124.2 mEq kg-1).Pollen also has fiber(0.87-13.65%);a high moisture content(23-53.93%);lipids(1.8-10.81%)and proteins(8-37.63%).The presence of yeasts,fungi and bacteria can be observed through fermentation(ethanolic and acid)that occurs during the maturation of pollen and honey from stingless bees.Among the microorganisms most associated with stingless bees are yeasts:Pichia,Zygosaccha-romyces,Starmerella,Metschnikowia,Candida,Debaryomyces,Dekkera and Kloeckera;bacteria:Streptomyces,Bifidobac-terium,Lactobacillus,Streptococcus,Neisseria,Bacillus,Ralstonia,Staphylococcus,Enterobacter,Lysinibacillus Pantoea,Fructobacillus Pseudomonas,and Clostridium;and fungal filaments Aspergillus,Talaromyces and Penicillium.This review corroborates the differences that exist in the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of stingless bee products and honeybee(Apis melifera)products.These differences not only challenge established standards of quality and identity in apicultural products but also pave the way for new perspectives in biotechnology and nutrition,as well as for new bioactive compounds.The unique properties of pollen and honey from Meliponini,such as high moisture content,acidity,and microbial diversity,can be a distinguishing factor that enhances their applications in various technological fields.The valorization of these unique characteristics may stimulate the creation of specific standards for these products and promote the sustainable use of stingless bee biodiversity.
