Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the tooth color alterations associated with two intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide combined with aquatic solution of chlorexidine, for u...Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the tooth color alterations associated with two intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide combined with aquatic solution of chlorexidine, for up to three months post-treatment. Materials & Methods: Thirty-one intact human anterior mature teeth were used. Black adhesive tape with a 4-mm diameter window was used to standardize the enamel surface intended for color analysis. After access cavity preparation, cleaning and shaping were completed with rotary nickel-titanium files. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15), each according to the intracanal medicament used: (A) calcium hydroxide paste (UltraCalTM XSTM Ultradent Products, Inc., USA);(B) 2% chlorhexidine aquatic solution combined with pure calcium hydroxide powder. In one tooth, no medicament was placed (pilot). The enamel surfaces were colormetrically evaluated at the following time intervals: before placing the medicaments, immediately after placement, after 1 week as well as after 1, 2 and 3 months post-treatment. The CIE color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were recorded for each material and the corresponding color differences (ΔΕ) were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: The most significant factor in tooth discoloration was the time intervals. The most important changes of the ΔΕ values were recorded after the 1st week and after the 3rd month. L* presented an overall increase in both groups, resulting in a higher lightness of the crown color. Only L* did show significant alterations during specific time intervals. Conclusions: There is no statistically significant relationship between the type of intracanal medicament and tooth color alteration. Time is statistically the most important factor affecting the discoloration ability of Ca(OH)2, either combined with chlorexidine or not. Consequently, the clinician should always take this into account before using such medicaments for a long-term treatment.展开更多
目的:揭示印度藏药材的品种及主治特点,以及与中国同品种的药名和临床应用异同。方法:从印度出版的Materia Medica of Tibetan Medicine和《世界植物速查辞典》《中国民族药辞典》《藏药晶镜本草》《晶珠本草》中提取和发掘印度和中国...目的:揭示印度藏药材的品种及主治特点,以及与中国同品种的药名和临床应用异同。方法:从印度出版的Materia Medica of Tibetan Medicine和《世界植物速查辞典》《中国民族药辞典》《藏药晶镜本草》《晶珠本草》中提取和发掘印度和中国使用的藏药材的信息,包括药材藏文名、梵文名、拉丁学名、药材类型、科属名、性味、药用部位和治疗用途等,建立数据库并进行统计和对比分析。结果:本书共收载568味药材,植物类、动物类、矿物类和其它类药材的占比依次为70.07%、10.92%、6.69%和12.32%,涉及161个科和316个属;中国三本专著中记载的同品种共有158味。记载了药性的药材共有228味,其中同品种药材有50味(药性相似的有25味,不相似的有25味)。记载了药味的药材有296味,其中同品种药材有74味(药味相似的有46味,部分相似的有4味,不相似的有24味)。药材的梵文名与印度撰写的藏语发音相似的有181味药材,不相似的有347味;中国藏语发音和印度撰写的藏语发音相似的有91味,不相似的有66味;三种发音均相似的有13味同品种药材,均不相似的有49味。常用药用部位有动物肉类、果实类、根和根茎类、花类、叶类、树皮类和种子类等,而中国使用同品种的药用部位有一定的差异,主要为果实类、种子类、根类、叶类和树皮类等。多用于治疗消化系统疾病、某些传染病和寄生虫病等,常见主治的症状有便秘、中毒和溃疡等,而中国使用同品种的主治有一定的差异,主要用于消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、皮肤和皮下组织疾病等常见主治的症状有消化不良、腹泻和咳嗽等。结论:印度藏药材的品种较丰富,与中国使用的同品种在药性、药味、药用部位及主治等方面均有差异,有助于扩大藏药材的应用价值,藏药材的发音研究提示其来源和使用交流情况。展开更多
Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of h...Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of historical scholar-physicians’works and semi-structured interviews with modern TCM practitioners,this research argues that Du should be understood in a relational way rather than merely as an intrinsic property of substances.From medical practitioners’perspective,Du emerges from the interaction between substances and the human body.Firstly,substances that induce strong and undesired bodily sensations can be categorised as Du,denoting both potency and potential harm.Secondly,Du has also been interpreted as Pian Xing(偏性imbalanced qualities of materia medica),referring to medicine’s qi(气property)and Wei(味flavour).These qualities,determined through sensory perceptions such as taste and smell,are the source of both therapeutic efficacy and potential harm if misused.Thus,in this context,the concept of Du does not inherently carry positive or negative connotations.Thirdly,when practitioners use Du to denote harm,this harm is generated from dynamic interplay among medicines,formulas,practitioners and patients.The interaction between these factors determines whether medicines will cause harm,rather than any inherent quality of the medicines themselves.However,influenced by modern science,the focus has shifted to isolated toxic components,moving away from the holistic emphasis on the lived body’s experiences.This shift has also influenced practitioners’clinical use of Du-possessing medicines,which are regarded as toxic medicines.展开更多
This paper discusses the engagement of modern Western medicine in the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)during the 1950s,specifically in its efforts on and research in modernizing TCM.Through complementi...This paper discusses the engagement of modern Western medicine in the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)during the 1950s,specifically in its efforts on and research in modernizing TCM.Through complementing the studies of the 1950s with data and cases that have not been well studied in the previous publications,the author argues that modern Western medicine played an active and instrumental role in modernizing and scientizing TCM in the 1950s.TCM obtained attention not as merely a national treasure but underwent fast development of modernization in the 1950s.In modernizing TCM,Western medicine was not a bystander but served as an active partner.The professionals of Western medicine made good use of their strength in scientific studies in the development of TCM.Though scientization is part of modernization,the paper points out the scientific research by providing cases in the TCM research boom and discusses the significance.The scientific research not only linked TCM with modern scientific concepts and research methodology,but also expanded the research scope of the Western medicine,leading to breakthroughs in TCM medicines in the 1960s–1970s and to building the landscape of medicine in China.展开更多
Aims and Scope.Asian Journal of Andrology(AJA)launched in 1999,is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal devoted to basic and clinical andrology and related sciences.AJA is sponsored by the Shanghai Instit...Aims and Scope.Asian Journal of Andrology(AJA)launched in 1999,is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal devoted to basic and clinical andrology and related sciences.AJA is sponsored by the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica at the Chinese Academy of Sciences(SIMM)and Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU).AJA has an Advanced Online Publication service and publishes in print bimonthly.展开更多
In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended t...In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.展开更多
The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illus...The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illustrations in this work,herbalists during the Edo period(1603-1867)recognized the importance of images in herbal literature and created a series of illustrated texts.In the early Edo,materia medica illustrations primarily imitated or referenced Chinese illustrations.Singular picturing techniques,a lack of accuracy,and a reliance on limited object references characterized these works.However,starting in the 18th century,with the support and promotion of the Edo Shogunate,herbalists,naturalists,and illustrators conducted field surveys and picturings of natural products in Japan and neighboring nations.This effort led to a trend of picturing based on nature.As a result,the illustrations in herbal literature from the mid-Edo period began to exhibit a distinct realistic painting style.This development became essential for verifying names and realities in Japanese herbal studies.Furthermore,the knowledge of botany and natural history during this time influenced the creation of herbal illustrations,paving the way for the differentiation of Japanese herbalism in the later Edo period.展开更多
This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archiv...This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.展开更多
Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous ha...Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous handwritten and illustrated editions that have been passed down,and these manuscripts exhibit significant differences,suggesting that they were completed by different authors at different times.These differences also indicated that the compilation process of Zhi Wen Ben Cao was actually complex.In addition to Wu Jizhi,various individuals from the Satsuma Medicinal Garden Bureau(萨摩药园署),led by Murata Keiyou(村田经[舟舀]),were also involved.The compilation of this book was a direct result of the exchanges of medical knowledge in East Asia,and represented a unique case in the history of the dissemination and interaction of medical knowledge in East Asia.In this process of dissemination and interaction,images played a particularly important role.Due to the unequal knowledge of medicinal images held by the interacting parties,it may also lead to communication barriers.展开更多
Objectives:To develop the List of Clinical Needs for New Chinese Materia Medica Development(Second Batch),aiming to identify and highlight specific diseases with pressing,unmet therapeutic needs.The objective is to gu...Objectives:To develop the List of Clinical Needs for New Chinese Materia Medica Development(Second Batch),aiming to identify and highlight specific diseases with pressing,unmet therapeutic needs.The objective is to guide pharmaceutical research and development(R&D)by establishing development priorities based on clinical gaps,epidemiological burden,and the shortcomings of existing treatments.Methods:The list was developed by the China Association of Chinese Medicine using a methodology grounded in evidence and expert consensus.Results:The list identifies 8 diseases with significant clinical gaps:Myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS),fibromyalgia(FM),atrophic gastritis and its precancerous lesions,adenomyosis(AM),diabetes related foot ulcers(DFU),granulomatous mastitis(GLM),diabetic kidney disease(DKD),and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).For each disease,the list provides a systematic analysis of epidemiological burden,limitations of current treatments,and specific clinical needs.It also proposes a strategic research framework focused on multi-target mechanisms,disease-modifying potential,and optimized combination therapies.Conclusions:The list provides a strategically structured framework to guide the development of new Chinese materia medica.It aligns traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)development with national public health priorities,emphasizes TCM's holistic and multi-target advantages,and promotes a patient-centered approach.By bridging clinical needs with TCM principles,the list aims to foster the creation of clinically valuable medicines to address chronic and complex diseases where current western medical approaches are insufficient.展开更多
Xin Xiu Ben Cao(《新修本草》Newly Revised Materia Medica)is China’s first national pharmacopoeia and holds significant importance in the history of Chinese herbal medicine.However,it was lost by the time of the North...Xin Xiu Ben Cao(《新修本草》Newly Revised Materia Medica)is China’s first national pharmacopoeia and holds significant importance in the history of Chinese herbal medicine.However,it was lost by the time of the Northern Song dynasty.Japanese envoys to the Tang dynasty brought this text back to Japan,where it was preserved in manuscript form at Ninna-ji Temple(仁和寺)in Kyoto,although it gradually fell into obscurity.In the 19th century,Japanese physicians and scholars such as the Fukui family(福井家),the Asai family(浅井家),the Kojima family(小岛家),and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷棭斋)discovered fragments of Xin Xiu Ben Cao,transcribed them,and gradually disseminated them.During his travels to Japan from 1888 to 1889,the Chinese envoy Fu Yunlong(傅云龙),along with Chen Ju(陈榘),acquired and published this text.The reproduced edition shows that the text consists of eleven volumes,eight of which were originally from the Kojima family’s collection.Volume 3 was transcribed by Kojima Naozane(小岛尚真)based on his father’s compiled edition.The Kojima family’s manuscripts were later acquired by Arai Masatake(新井政毅),the owner of the Arai Bunko(新井文库),and after his passing,they were dispersed among booksellers.The seals printed in the book reveal that the Qing Legation in Japan and Chinese literati who traveled to Japan jointly appreciated and studied this text.By comparing it with other scroll and album-format manuscripts,it becomes evident that the layout of this fragment differs from the scroll format but is closer to the album format.展开更多
Da Yuan Ben Cao(《大元本草》Materia Medica of the Great Yuan Dynasty)is a materia medica book compiled during the Yuan dynasty.Because the book has not survived and the related Chinese historical resources are also ve...Da Yuan Ben Cao(《大元本草》Materia Medica of the Great Yuan Dynasty)is a materia medica book compiled during the Yuan dynasty.Because the book has not survived and the related Chinese historical resources are also very scarce,there have been always some controversies about whether the compilation of this book was ever completed or not.Based on a Chinese medical book named Ben Cao(《本草》Materia Medica)which is mentioned in the preface of Tānksūqnāmah(《伊利汗中国科技珍宝书》Ilkhanid Chinese Science and Technology Treasure Book),a Chinese medicine book in Persian,this article analyzes the compilation ways of Chinese scientific and technological books during the Ilkhanid dynasty and preliminarily points out that Da Yuan Ben Cao was introduced to Iran in the Yuan dynasty.Ben Cao in Tānksūqnāmah was very likely to be the Persian version of Da Yuan Ben Cao.展开更多
To develop near-infrared （NIR） reflectance spectroscopic methods for the quantitative analysis of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium from different manufacturers for injection powder medicaments. Various powders ...To develop near-infrared （NIR） reflectance spectroscopic methods for the quantitative analysis of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium from different manufacturers for injection powder medicaments. Various powders of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium were directly analyzed by non-destructive NIR reflectance spectroscopy using the spectrometer EQUINOX55. Two quantitative methods via integrating sphere （IS） and fiberoptic probe （FOP） models were explored from 6 batches of commercial samples and 42 batches of laboratory samples at a content ranging from 30% to 70% for cefoperazone and 60% to 20% for sulbactam. The root mean square errors of cross validation （RMSECV） and the root mean square errors of prediction （RMSEP） of IS were 1.79% and 2.85%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 1.86% and 3.08%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium; and those of FOP were 2.93% and 2.92%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 2.23% and 3.01%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium. Based on the ICH guidelines and Ref. 12, the quantitative models were then evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and model transferability. The non-destructive quantitative NIR methods used in this study are applicable for rapid analysis of injectable powdered drugs from different manufacturers.展开更多
Objec ve To observe the effi cacy of electroacupuncture on glycometabolism disturbance in metabolism syndrome. Methods With matched-pairs design,80 pa ents mee ng with the diagnos c criteria for glycometabolism abnorm...Objec ve To observe the effi cacy of electroacupuncture on glycometabolism disturbance in metabolism syndrome. Methods With matched-pairs design,80 pa ents mee ng with the diagnos c criteria for glycometabolism abnormali es were randomized into the group combining acupuncture and medica on（group A） and the western medicine group（group B）,and 40 pa ents were included in each group. Electroacupuncture was carried out on back-shu points,Zúsānlǐ（足三里 ST 36）,Zhōngwǎn（中脘 CV 12）,Sānyīnjiāo（三阴交 SP 6） and other acupoints for group A,needles were retained for 20 min except back-shu points,once a day,con nuous ten mes as a treatment course,the next treatment course was started a er an interval for 3–5 days,and totally 3 treatment courses were carried out; furthermore,the pa ents were orally administered with Glucotrol XL and felodipine,5 mg each,once a day. The pa ents in group B were treated simply with drugs（the medica on was the same to that for the group A）. Body mass index（BMI）,related biochemical indices and blood pressure of the pa ents were measured before and a er the interven on,respec vely. Results BMI,blood-fas ng glucose,blood glucose 2 h after meal,fasting insulin,insulin resistance index,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in group A all significantly improved in comparison to those before the electroacupuncture intervention（P0.01）. The difference in BMI in group B before and after the treatments was not statistically significant（P0.05）,and other indices all showed significant improvements（P0.01）. The improvements in the indices as mentioned above in the group A after treatment were significantly better than those in the group B（P0.01）. Conclusion Electroacupuncture intervention can significantly reduce weight,combina on of acupuncture and medica on shows be er effi cacy in reducing blood glucose,improving insulin sensi vity and insulin resistance in comparison to simple administra on with medica ons.展开更多
Aim The enhanced effect of Bushen (Kidney-tonifying) decoction (BS) oncultured PC12 cell proliferation and its antagonistic action on neurotoxicity induced by glutamatewere investigated by serum pharmacological method...Aim The enhanced effect of Bushen (Kidney-tonifying) decoction (BS) oncultured PC12 cell proliferation and its antagonistic action on neurotoxicity induced by glutamatewere investigated by serum pharmacological method of the Chinese material medica (CMM) in vitro.Methods The effect of BS on cultured PC12 cell activity and its antagonistic action on neurotoxicityinduced by glutamate was observed by MTT method. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopetechniques were employed to observe the antagonistic effect of BS on early period apoptosis of PC12cells induced by glutamate. Results The serum with BS was able to enhance activity of PC12 cells andexert antagonistic effect on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, these beneficial effectsproduced by BS were found to be the strongest in 20% concentration of in serum BS. Moreover, it caninhibit apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamate , which occurs in the early period. ConclusionBS may exert a potential neuroprotective effect.展开更多
文摘Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the tooth color alterations associated with two intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide combined with aquatic solution of chlorexidine, for up to three months post-treatment. Materials & Methods: Thirty-one intact human anterior mature teeth were used. Black adhesive tape with a 4-mm diameter window was used to standardize the enamel surface intended for color analysis. After access cavity preparation, cleaning and shaping were completed with rotary nickel-titanium files. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15), each according to the intracanal medicament used: (A) calcium hydroxide paste (UltraCalTM XSTM Ultradent Products, Inc., USA);(B) 2% chlorhexidine aquatic solution combined with pure calcium hydroxide powder. In one tooth, no medicament was placed (pilot). The enamel surfaces were colormetrically evaluated at the following time intervals: before placing the medicaments, immediately after placement, after 1 week as well as after 1, 2 and 3 months post-treatment. The CIE color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were recorded for each material and the corresponding color differences (ΔΕ) were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: The most significant factor in tooth discoloration was the time intervals. The most important changes of the ΔΕ values were recorded after the 1st week and after the 3rd month. L* presented an overall increase in both groups, resulting in a higher lightness of the crown color. Only L* did show significant alterations during specific time intervals. Conclusions: There is no statistically significant relationship between the type of intracanal medicament and tooth color alteration. Time is statistically the most important factor affecting the discoloration ability of Ca(OH)2, either combined with chlorexidine or not. Consequently, the clinician should always take this into account before using such medicaments for a long-term treatment.
文摘目的:揭示印度藏药材的品种及主治特点,以及与中国同品种的药名和临床应用异同。方法:从印度出版的Materia Medica of Tibetan Medicine和《世界植物速查辞典》《中国民族药辞典》《藏药晶镜本草》《晶珠本草》中提取和发掘印度和中国使用的藏药材的信息,包括药材藏文名、梵文名、拉丁学名、药材类型、科属名、性味、药用部位和治疗用途等,建立数据库并进行统计和对比分析。结果:本书共收载568味药材,植物类、动物类、矿物类和其它类药材的占比依次为70.07%、10.92%、6.69%和12.32%,涉及161个科和316个属;中国三本专著中记载的同品种共有158味。记载了药性的药材共有228味,其中同品种药材有50味(药性相似的有25味,不相似的有25味)。记载了药味的药材有296味,其中同品种药材有74味(药味相似的有46味,部分相似的有4味,不相似的有24味)。药材的梵文名与印度撰写的藏语发音相似的有181味药材,不相似的有347味;中国藏语发音和印度撰写的藏语发音相似的有91味,不相似的有66味;三种发音均相似的有13味同品种药材,均不相似的有49味。常用药用部位有动物肉类、果实类、根和根茎类、花类、叶类、树皮类和种子类等,而中国使用同品种的药用部位有一定的差异,主要为果实类、种子类、根类、叶类和树皮类等。多用于治疗消化系统疾病、某些传染病和寄生虫病等,常见主治的症状有便秘、中毒和溃疡等,而中国使用同品种的主治有一定的差异,主要用于消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、皮肤和皮下组织疾病等常见主治的症状有消化不良、腹泻和咳嗽等。结论:印度藏药材的品种较丰富,与中国使用的同品种在药性、药味、药用部位及主治等方面均有差异,有助于扩大藏药材的应用价值,藏药材的发音研究提示其来源和使用交流情况。
文摘Du(毒)commonly denotes poison and toxicity,carrying a negative connotation of harm in modern Chinese.However,within traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),Du possesses more diverse connotations.Through the examination of historical scholar-physicians’works and semi-structured interviews with modern TCM practitioners,this research argues that Du should be understood in a relational way rather than merely as an intrinsic property of substances.From medical practitioners’perspective,Du emerges from the interaction between substances and the human body.Firstly,substances that induce strong and undesired bodily sensations can be categorised as Du,denoting both potency and potential harm.Secondly,Du has also been interpreted as Pian Xing(偏性imbalanced qualities of materia medica),referring to medicine’s qi(气property)and Wei(味flavour).These qualities,determined through sensory perceptions such as taste and smell,are the source of both therapeutic efficacy and potential harm if misused.Thus,in this context,the concept of Du does not inherently carry positive or negative connotations.Thirdly,when practitioners use Du to denote harm,this harm is generated from dynamic interplay among medicines,formulas,practitioners and patients.The interaction between these factors determines whether medicines will cause harm,rather than any inherent quality of the medicines themselves.However,influenced by modern science,the focus has shifted to isolated toxic components,moving away from the holistic emphasis on the lived body’s experiences.This shift has also influenced practitioners’clinical use of Du-possessing medicines,which are regarded as toxic medicines.
文摘This paper discusses the engagement of modern Western medicine in the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)during the 1950s,specifically in its efforts on and research in modernizing TCM.Through complementing the studies of the 1950s with data and cases that have not been well studied in the previous publications,the author argues that modern Western medicine played an active and instrumental role in modernizing and scientizing TCM in the 1950s.TCM obtained attention not as merely a national treasure but underwent fast development of modernization in the 1950s.In modernizing TCM,Western medicine was not a bystander but served as an active partner.The professionals of Western medicine made good use of their strength in scientific studies in the development of TCM.Though scientization is part of modernization,the paper points out the scientific research by providing cases in the TCM research boom and discusses the significance.The scientific research not only linked TCM with modern scientific concepts and research methodology,but also expanded the research scope of the Western medicine,leading to breakthroughs in TCM medicines in the 1960s–1970s and to building the landscape of medicine in China.
文摘Aims and Scope.Asian Journal of Andrology(AJA)launched in 1999,is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal devoted to basic and clinical andrology and related sciences.AJA is sponsored by the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica at the Chinese Academy of Sciences(SIMM)and Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU).AJA has an Advanced Online Publication service and publishes in print bimonthly.
基金Supported by Guangxi Degree and Postgraduate Education Reform Project(JGY2023213,JGY2023211).
文摘In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.
基金financed by the grant from the National Social Science Fund General Project(No.24BZS117).
文摘The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illustrations in this work,herbalists during the Edo period(1603-1867)recognized the importance of images in herbal literature and created a series of illustrated texts.In the early Edo,materia medica illustrations primarily imitated or referenced Chinese illustrations.Singular picturing techniques,a lack of accuracy,and a reliance on limited object references characterized these works.However,starting in the 18th century,with the support and promotion of the Edo Shogunate,herbalists,naturalists,and illustrators conducted field surveys and picturings of natural products in Japan and neighboring nations.This effort led to a trend of picturing based on nature.As a result,the illustrations in herbal literature from the mid-Edo period began to exhibit a distinct realistic painting style.This development became essential for verifying names and realities in Japanese herbal studies.Furthermore,the knowledge of botany and natural history during this time influenced the creation of herbal illustrations,paving the way for the differentiation of Japanese herbalism in the later Edo period.
文摘This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.
基金financed by the grant from National Social Science Fund Youth Project(No.21CTQ004).
文摘Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous handwritten and illustrated editions that have been passed down,and these manuscripts exhibit significant differences,suggesting that they were completed by different authors at different times.These differences also indicated that the compilation process of Zhi Wen Ben Cao was actually complex.In addition to Wu Jizhi,various individuals from the Satsuma Medicinal Garden Bureau(萨摩药园署),led by Murata Keiyou(村田经[舟舀]),were also involved.The compilation of this book was a direct result of the exchanges of medical knowledge in East Asia,and represented a unique case in the history of the dissemination and interaction of medical knowledge in East Asia.In this process of dissemination and interaction,images played a particularly important role.Due to the unequal knowledge of medicinal images held by the interacting parties,it may also lead to communication barriers.
文摘Objectives:To develop the List of Clinical Needs for New Chinese Materia Medica Development(Second Batch),aiming to identify and highlight specific diseases with pressing,unmet therapeutic needs.The objective is to guide pharmaceutical research and development(R&D)by establishing development priorities based on clinical gaps,epidemiological burden,and the shortcomings of existing treatments.Methods:The list was developed by the China Association of Chinese Medicine using a methodology grounded in evidence and expert consensus.Results:The list identifies 8 diseases with significant clinical gaps:Myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS),fibromyalgia(FM),atrophic gastritis and its precancerous lesions,adenomyosis(AM),diabetes related foot ulcers(DFU),granulomatous mastitis(GLM),diabetic kidney disease(DKD),and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).For each disease,the list provides a systematic analysis of epidemiological burden,limitations of current treatments,and specific clinical needs.It also proposes a strategic research framework focused on multi-target mechanisms,disease-modifying potential,and optimized combination therapies.Conclusions:The list provides a strategically structured framework to guide the development of new Chinese materia medica.It aligns traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)development with national public health priorities,emphasizes TCM's holistic and multi-target advantages,and promotes a patient-centered approach.By bridging clinical needs with TCM principles,the list aims to foster the creation of clinically valuable medicines to address chronic and complex diseases where current western medical approaches are insufficient.
文摘Xin Xiu Ben Cao(《新修本草》Newly Revised Materia Medica)is China’s first national pharmacopoeia and holds significant importance in the history of Chinese herbal medicine.However,it was lost by the time of the Northern Song dynasty.Japanese envoys to the Tang dynasty brought this text back to Japan,where it was preserved in manuscript form at Ninna-ji Temple(仁和寺)in Kyoto,although it gradually fell into obscurity.In the 19th century,Japanese physicians and scholars such as the Fukui family(福井家),the Asai family(浅井家),the Kojima family(小岛家),and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷棭斋)discovered fragments of Xin Xiu Ben Cao,transcribed them,and gradually disseminated them.During his travels to Japan from 1888 to 1889,the Chinese envoy Fu Yunlong(傅云龙),along with Chen Ju(陈榘),acquired and published this text.The reproduced edition shows that the text consists of eleven volumes,eight of which were originally from the Kojima family’s collection.Volume 3 was transcribed by Kojima Naozane(小岛尚真)based on his father’s compiled edition.The Kojima family’s manuscripts were later acquired by Arai Masatake(新井政毅),the owner of the Arai Bunko(新井文库),and after his passing,they were dispersed among booksellers.The seals printed in the book reveal that the Qing Legation in Japan and Chinese literati who traveled to Japan jointly appreciated and studied this text.By comparing it with other scroll and album-format manuscripts,it becomes evident that the layout of this fragment differs from the scroll format but is closer to the album format.
基金financed by the grant from China National Social Science Fund(No.2018VJX101).
文摘Da Yuan Ben Cao(《大元本草》Materia Medica of the Great Yuan Dynasty)is a materia medica book compiled during the Yuan dynasty.Because the book has not survived and the related Chinese historical resources are also very scarce,there have been always some controversies about whether the compilation of this book was ever completed or not.Based on a Chinese medical book named Ben Cao(《本草》Materia Medica)which is mentioned in the preface of Tānksūqnāmah(《伊利汗中国科技珍宝书》Ilkhanid Chinese Science and Technology Treasure Book),a Chinese medicine book in Persian,this article analyzes the compilation ways of Chinese scientific and technological books during the Ilkhanid dynasty and preliminarily points out that Da Yuan Ben Cao was introduced to Iran in the Yuan dynasty.Ben Cao in Tānksūqnāmah was very likely to be the Persian version of Da Yuan Ben Cao.
基金National Key Technologies R&D Program Foundation of China (Grant No. 2006BAK04A11)
文摘To develop near-infrared （NIR） reflectance spectroscopic methods for the quantitative analysis of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium from different manufacturers for injection powder medicaments. Various powders of cefoperazone sodium/ sulbactam sodium were directly analyzed by non-destructive NIR reflectance spectroscopy using the spectrometer EQUINOX55. Two quantitative methods via integrating sphere （IS） and fiberoptic probe （FOP） models were explored from 6 batches of commercial samples and 42 batches of laboratory samples at a content ranging from 30% to 70% for cefoperazone and 60% to 20% for sulbactam. The root mean square errors of cross validation （RMSECV） and the root mean square errors of prediction （RMSEP） of IS were 1.79% and 2.85%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 1.86% and 3.08%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium; and those of FOP were 2.93% and 2.92%, respectively, for cefoperazone sodium, and were 2.23% and 3.01%, respectively, for sulbactam sodium. Based on the ICH guidelines and Ref. 12, the quantitative models were then evaluated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and model transferability. The non-destructive quantitative NIR methods used in this study are applicable for rapid analysis of injectable powdered drugs from different manufacturers.
基金Supported by scien fic and technological tackling project in Administra on of TCM of Health Bureau of Hebei Province:2009099
文摘Objec ve To observe the effi cacy of electroacupuncture on glycometabolism disturbance in metabolism syndrome. Methods With matched-pairs design,80 pa ents mee ng with the diagnos c criteria for glycometabolism abnormali es were randomized into the group combining acupuncture and medica on（group A） and the western medicine group（group B）,and 40 pa ents were included in each group. Electroacupuncture was carried out on back-shu points,Zúsānlǐ（足三里 ST 36）,Zhōngwǎn（中脘 CV 12）,Sānyīnjiāo（三阴交 SP 6） and other acupoints for group A,needles were retained for 20 min except back-shu points,once a day,con nuous ten mes as a treatment course,the next treatment course was started a er an interval for 3–5 days,and totally 3 treatment courses were carried out; furthermore,the pa ents were orally administered with Glucotrol XL and felodipine,5 mg each,once a day. The pa ents in group B were treated simply with drugs（the medica on was the same to that for the group A）. Body mass index（BMI）,related biochemical indices and blood pressure of the pa ents were measured before and a er the interven on,respec vely. Results BMI,blood-fas ng glucose,blood glucose 2 h after meal,fasting insulin,insulin resistance index,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in group A all significantly improved in comparison to those before the electroacupuncture intervention（P0.01）. The difference in BMI in group B before and after the treatments was not statistically significant（P0.05）,and other indices all showed significant improvements（P0.01）. The improvements in the indices as mentioned above in the group A after treatment were significantly better than those in the group B（P0.01）. Conclusion Electroacupuncture intervention can significantly reduce weight,combina on of acupuncture and medica on shows be er effi cacy in reducing blood glucose,improving insulin sensi vity and insulin resistance in comparison to simple administra on with medica ons.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No:19991091) and HiTech Resereh and Development Program of China (No:2004AA2Z3815)
文摘Aim The enhanced effect of Bushen (Kidney-tonifying) decoction (BS) oncultured PC12 cell proliferation and its antagonistic action on neurotoxicity induced by glutamatewere investigated by serum pharmacological method of the Chinese material medica (CMM) in vitro.Methods The effect of BS on cultured PC12 cell activity and its antagonistic action on neurotoxicityinduced by glutamate was observed by MTT method. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopetechniques were employed to observe the antagonistic effect of BS on early period apoptosis of PC12cells induced by glutamate. Results The serum with BS was able to enhance activity of PC12 cells andexert antagonistic effect on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, these beneficial effectsproduced by BS were found to be the strongest in 20% concentration of in serum BS. Moreover, it caninhibit apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamate , which occurs in the early period. ConclusionBS may exert a potential neuroprotective effect.
