This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archiv...This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.展开更多
Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous ha...Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous handwritten and illustrated editions that have been passed down,and these manuscripts exhibit significant differences,suggesting that they were completed by different authors at different times.These differences also indicated that the compilation process of Zhi Wen Ben Cao was actually complex.In addition to Wu Jizhi,various individuals from the Satsuma Medicinal Garden Bureau(萨摩药园署),led by Murata Keiyou(村田经[舟舀]),were also involved.The compilation of this book was a direct result of the exchanges of medical knowledge in East Asia,and represented a unique case in the history of the dissemination and interaction of medical knowledge in East Asia.In this process of dissemination and interaction,images played a particularly important role.Due to the unequal knowledge of medicinal images held by the interacting parties,it may also lead to communication barriers.展开更多
In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended t...In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.展开更多
The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illus...The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illustrations in this work,herbalists during the Edo period(1603-1867)recognized the importance of images in herbal literature and created a series of illustrated texts.In the early Edo,materia medica illustrations primarily imitated or referenced Chinese illustrations.Singular picturing techniques,a lack of accuracy,and a reliance on limited object references characterized these works.However,starting in the 18th century,with the support and promotion of the Edo Shogunate,herbalists,naturalists,and illustrators conducted field surveys and picturings of natural products in Japan and neighboring nations.This effort led to a trend of picturing based on nature.As a result,the illustrations in herbal literature from the mid-Edo period began to exhibit a distinct realistic painting style.This development became essential for verifying names and realities in Japanese herbal studies.Furthermore,the knowledge of botany and natural history during this time influenced the creation of herbal illustrations,paving the way for the differentiation of Japanese herbalism in the later Edo period.展开更多
The development of HKCMM standards is one of the achievements of developing Hong Kong into an intemational centre for Chinese medicine. In order to enable more people concerned to have an intimate knowledge of this st...The development of HKCMM standards is one of the achievements of developing Hong Kong into an intemational centre for Chinese medicine. In order to enable more people concerned to have an intimate knowledge of this standard, the author was invited to introduce the development of HKCMM standards to readers, including： 1） the history of the project and the basis for legislative supports; 2） the composition and operation of the regulatory division, the research institution and the evaluation committee; 3） the progress of HKCMM standards; 4） the contents and features of HKCMM standards.展开更多
The earliest Ben Cao Jing(Classics of Materia Medica;25 C.E.–220 C.E.)appeared during the reign of the Han Dynasty(202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.);their origins are traceable to the religious group called Fang Xian Dao.In addi...The earliest Ben Cao Jing(Classics of Materia Medica;25 C.E.–220 C.E.)appeared during the reign of the Han Dynasty(202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.);their origins are traceable to the religious group called Fang Xian Dao.In addition to their use as a medical reference,the Ben Cao Jing works were also used for religious purposes.Tao Hongjing(456 C.E.–536 C.E.),a famous doctor and Daoist(one member of the Chinese local religion,Daoism)of the Liang Dynasty(502 C.E.–557 C.E.),compiled the Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu(Variorum of Classics of Materia Medica;456 C.E.–536 C.E.)based on the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica;25 C.E.–220 C.E.).During the compilation of this book,Tao made a radical medical revision to the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing,by reducing its religious contents while complementing its medical contents.After such revisions,the ancient Ben Cao Jing was transformed from a religious manual into an herbal pharmacopoeia.展开更多
Bencao Tujing(Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)is a brilliant and monumental compendium of materia medica by Su Song,which was published in 1061 and gathered ancestral knowledge from the Song dynasty as a legacy ...Bencao Tujing(Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)is a brilliant and monumental compendium of materia medica by Su Song,which was published in 1061 and gathered ancestral knowledge from the Song dynasty as a legacy for posterity.The compendium emphasized the clinical applications of medicinal materials collected nationwide,which used illustrated atlases as references.The descriptions for each medicinal material subsumed the prescriptions containing it and were supplemented with relevant medical cases.Medical prescriptions predating the Song dynasty were included,which enhanced the clinical usefulness of the pharmacopoeia.The ancestral knowledge of materia medica was extensively merged with natural history throughout the compendium,which also made extensive reference to more than 200 Chinese classics,local gazetteers,and published works from the social and natural sciences.The inclusion of natural history and literature works changed the convention used in earlier pharmacopoeias to present medicines based solely on pharmacological analyses.The compendium also pioneered the inclusion of natural history in pharmacopoeia.Bencao Tujing helped establish China’s leading position in the field of materia medica.Su Song’s meticulous nature,truth-seeking attitude,and adherence to scientific thinking are truly worthy of emulation and promotion.展开更多
This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin...This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin-Yuan medical philosophy.After surveying 12 major commentaries,it is concluded that the situation is more complicated than a simple assertion.The seemingly opposite philosophy and philology approaches have been used eclectically to innovate the understanding of ancient traditional Chinese medicine texts.展开更多
The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with....The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.展开更多
The search for possible effective local therapeutic agents led to the discovery of a plant that was later known as Fungus Melitensis.This parasitic flowering plant was initially believed to grow only on a small islet ...The search for possible effective local therapeutic agents led to the discovery of a plant that was later known as Fungus Melitensis.This parasitic flowering plant was initially believed to grow only on a small islet off Gozo known variably as General's or Fungus Rock.It is now known to be more widely distributed with a range extending from the Canary Islands to China.First mentioned in 1647 by the Maltese historian Gian Francesco Abela,the plant was later described and illustrated in 1674 by the Palermo botanist Paolo Boccone,while a detailed clinical treatise was prepared in 1689 by the Maltese physician Gio Francesco Bonamico.Based on the principles of the“doctrine of signatures,”the plant was considered useful by virtue of its color in conditions involving bleeding,while on the basis of the phallic appearance,it was considered efficacious for venereal disease.The medicinal properties of the plant became renowned throughout the European continent,increasing the demand for its collection and export.Measures were introduced to limit the collection to authorized individuals while physical access to the islet was made more difficult by cutting away the sloping parts of the islet.The plant lost its medicinal reputation during the early decades of the 19^th century and has now been relegated to the annals of medical history and folklore,though it is still designated a protected species.展开更多
Ben Cao Gang Mu Ying Jiao Dui Zhao(《本草纲目影校对照》A Contrast between the Photocopy and Collation of Compendium ofMateria Medica),completed by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng,is the latest variorum on Ben Cao Gang...Ben Cao Gang Mu Ying Jiao Dui Zhao(《本草纲目影校对照》A Contrast between the Photocopy and Collation of Compendium ofMateria Medica),completed by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng,is the latest variorum on Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium ofMateria Medica).Adopting five different Jinling editions as the master copy,the book carefully collates the complex contents on the original book by contrasting the photocopies with the supplement and correction,which makes it easy to use.What is more,full-form punctuation is used to mark the reference books and proper nouns,which is a big success feat in the research history of Ben Cao Gang Mu.展开更多
The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia me...The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.展开更多
文摘This paper reconstructs in detail the course leading to the inception of the Chinese material medica(CMM)research at the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC)in 1920.By analyzing the primary materials from several archives,it provides,for the first time,a historiographical account of the major events and key figures in the process.These include the China Medical Board(CMB)Commission to East Asia in 1915 that shaped the attitudes of Drs.William H.Welch and Simon Flexner,the PUMC’s chief scientific architects,toward CMM and its scientific investigation;the influence of medical missionaries and Japanese scientists on these attitudes;the medical leaders’decisive roles in recruiting Ralph G.Mills and Bernard E.Read,two of medical missionaries with strong interests in and actual studies on CMM,to the PUMC,which serendipitously made them central figures associated with the CMM research at the College;and finally the critical role of Mills and other medical missionaries in introducing CMM research,both concept and material,to the CMB executives and in their reconciliating the research subject with the institutional aims.The findings of the study contextualize the inception of CMM research at PUMC from the perspective of broader narrative of transnational circulation and recognition of medical knowledge and highlight the intermediatory roles played by medical missionaries that were critical in the intersection between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and scientific medicine.The study also reveals multiple serendipitous occurrences associated with the eventual inception of the program,thus offers a fresh interpretation of the beginning of the most impactful research program of scientizing TCM in the first half of the 20th century.
基金financed by the grant from National Social Science Fund Youth Project(No.21CTQ004).
文摘Zhi Wen Ben Cao(《质问本草》Inquiry of Materia Medica)is a material medica work compiled by Wu Jizhi(吴继志),a native from Ryukyu,and was published in 1837.In addition to the printed edition,there are also numerous handwritten and illustrated editions that have been passed down,and these manuscripts exhibit significant differences,suggesting that they were completed by different authors at different times.These differences also indicated that the compilation process of Zhi Wen Ben Cao was actually complex.In addition to Wu Jizhi,various individuals from the Satsuma Medicinal Garden Bureau(萨摩药园署),led by Murata Keiyou(村田经[舟舀]),were also involved.The compilation of this book was a direct result of the exchanges of medical knowledge in East Asia,and represented a unique case in the history of the dissemination and interaction of medical knowledge in East Asia.In this process of dissemination and interaction,images played a particularly important role.Due to the unequal knowledge of medicinal images held by the interacting parties,it may also lead to communication barriers.
基金Supported by Guangxi Degree and Postgraduate Education Reform Project(JGY2023213,JGY2023211).
文摘In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.
基金financed by the grant from the National Social Science Fund General Project(No.24BZS117).
文摘The transmission of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》The Grand Compendium of Materia Medica)to Japan in the early 17th century significantly influenced the development of Japanese herbalism.Inspired by materia medica illustrations in this work,herbalists during the Edo period(1603-1867)recognized the importance of images in herbal literature and created a series of illustrated texts.In the early Edo,materia medica illustrations primarily imitated or referenced Chinese illustrations.Singular picturing techniques,a lack of accuracy,and a reliance on limited object references characterized these works.However,starting in the 18th century,with the support and promotion of the Edo Shogunate,herbalists,naturalists,and illustrators conducted field surveys and picturings of natural products in Japan and neighboring nations.This effort led to a trend of picturing based on nature.As a result,the illustrations in herbal literature from the mid-Edo period began to exhibit a distinct realistic painting style.This development became essential for verifying names and realities in Japanese herbal studies.Furthermore,the knowledge of botany and natural history during this time influenced the creation of herbal illustrations,paving the way for the differentiation of Japanese herbalism in the later Edo period.
文摘The development of HKCMM standards is one of the achievements of developing Hong Kong into an intemational centre for Chinese medicine. In order to enable more people concerned to have an intimate knowledge of this standard, the author was invited to introduce the development of HKCMM standards to readers, including： 1） the history of the project and the basis for legislative supports; 2） the composition and operation of the regulatory division, the research institution and the evaluation committee; 3） the progress of HKCMM standards; 4） the contents and features of HKCMM standards.
文摘The earliest Ben Cao Jing(Classics of Materia Medica;25 C.E.–220 C.E.)appeared during the reign of the Han Dynasty(202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.);their origins are traceable to the religious group called Fang Xian Dao.In addition to their use as a medical reference,the Ben Cao Jing works were also used for religious purposes.Tao Hongjing(456 C.E.–536 C.E.),a famous doctor and Daoist(one member of the Chinese local religion,Daoism)of the Liang Dynasty(502 C.E.–557 C.E.),compiled the Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu(Variorum of Classics of Materia Medica;456 C.E.–536 C.E.)based on the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica;25 C.E.–220 C.E.).During the compilation of this book,Tao made a radical medical revision to the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing,by reducing its religious contents while complementing its medical contents.After such revisions,the ancient Ben Cao Jing was transformed from a religious manual into an herbal pharmacopoeia.
基金This study was financed by the grant from the Third National Level Premier Open Course Resources Program for Undergraduates by the Ministry of Education of China(No.2013-94).
文摘Bencao Tujing(Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)is a brilliant and monumental compendium of materia medica by Su Song,which was published in 1061 and gathered ancestral knowledge from the Song dynasty as a legacy for posterity.The compendium emphasized the clinical applications of medicinal materials collected nationwide,which used illustrated atlases as references.The descriptions for each medicinal material subsumed the prescriptions containing it and were supplemented with relevant medical cases.Medical prescriptions predating the Song dynasty were included,which enhanced the clinical usefulness of the pharmacopoeia.The ancestral knowledge of materia medica was extensively merged with natural history throughout the compendium,which also made extensive reference to more than 200 Chinese classics,local gazetteers,and published works from the social and natural sciences.The inclusion of natural history and literature works changed the convention used in earlier pharmacopoeias to present medicines based solely on pharmacological analyses.The compendium also pioneered the inclusion of natural history in pharmacopoeia.Bencao Tujing helped establish China’s leading position in the field of materia medica.Su Song’s meticulous nature,truth-seeking attitude,and adherence to scientific thinking are truly worthy of emulation and promotion.
文摘This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin-Yuan medical philosophy.After surveying 12 major commentaries,it is concluded that the situation is more complicated than a simple assertion.The seemingly opposite philosophy and philology approaches have been used eclectically to innovate the understanding of ancient traditional Chinese medicine texts.
文摘The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.
文摘The search for possible effective local therapeutic agents led to the discovery of a plant that was later known as Fungus Melitensis.This parasitic flowering plant was initially believed to grow only on a small islet off Gozo known variably as General's or Fungus Rock.It is now known to be more widely distributed with a range extending from the Canary Islands to China.First mentioned in 1647 by the Maltese historian Gian Francesco Abela,the plant was later described and illustrated in 1674 by the Palermo botanist Paolo Boccone,while a detailed clinical treatise was prepared in 1689 by the Maltese physician Gio Francesco Bonamico.Based on the principles of the“doctrine of signatures,”the plant was considered useful by virtue of its color in conditions involving bleeding,while on the basis of the phallic appearance,it was considered efficacious for venereal disease.The medicinal properties of the plant became renowned throughout the European continent,increasing the demand for its collection and export.Measures were introduced to limit the collection to authorized individuals while physical access to the islet was made more difficult by cutting away the sloping parts of the islet.The plant lost its medicinal reputation during the early decades of the 19^th century and has now been relegated to the annals of medical history and folklore,though it is still designated a protected species.
文摘Ben Cao Gang Mu Ying Jiao Dui Zhao(《本草纲目影校对照》A Contrast between the Photocopy and Collation of Compendium ofMateria Medica),completed by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng,is the latest variorum on Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium ofMateria Medica).Adopting five different Jinling editions as the master copy,the book carefully collates the complex contents on the original book by contrasting the photocopies with the supplement and correction,which makes it easy to use.What is more,full-form punctuation is used to mark the reference books and proper nouns,which is a big success feat in the research history of Ben Cao Gang Mu.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81430094)。
文摘The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.
