利用2007—2011年夏季TBB(black body temperature)资料筛选出夏季青藏高原地区特征比较稳定的带状MCSs加以归类,结合NCEP资料及后向轨迹模型对其成因进行逐类探讨。结果表明,特征稳定的带状MCSs共有37例,可以按形状分为三类:北凸型、...利用2007—2011年夏季TBB(black body temperature)资料筛选出夏季青藏高原地区特征比较稳定的带状MCSs加以归类,结合NCEP资料及后向轨迹模型对其成因进行逐类探讨。结果表明,特征稳定的带状MCSs共有37例,可以按形状分为三类:北凸型、南界型和纬向型,其中北凸型发生得最多,纬向型最少。整个夏季有接近30%的时间,特别是在7月有近50%的时间都出现这种稳定的带状MCSs。高层南亚高压以及高空急流和低层500 hPa切变线辐合及其南侧的高温高湿是带状MCSs生成的主要原因。500 hPa上,纬向型带状MCSs一般发生在高原南北两侧较平直的东、西风气流中;北凸型发生时,高原北部为平直的西风气流,孟湾为较强的槽,高原东、南部受西南偏南气流影响;南界型时高原一般为西北气流,南侧有较强的孟湾气旋控制。围绕高原有4个水汽的辐散源地,带状MCSs对流区的水汽主要通过高原南侧和高原东南部的辐散源地进入对流区。展开更多
Cloud structure and evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems （MCSs） retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager （TRMM TMI） and Precipitation Radar （PR） were investigated and compared...Cloud structure and evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems （MCSs） retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager （TRMM TMI） and Precipitation Radar （PR） were investigated and compared with some pioneer studies based on soundings and models over the northern South China Sea （SCS）. The impacts of Convective Available Potential Energy （CAPE） and environmental vertical wind shear on MCSs were also explored. The main features of MCSs over the SCS were captured well by both TRMM PR and TMI. However, the PR-retrieved surface rainfall in May was less than that in June, and the reverse for TMI. TRMM-retrieved rainfall amounts were generally consistent with those estimated from sounding and models. However, rainfall amounts from sounding-based and PR-based estimates were relatively higher than those retrieved from TRMM-TMI data. The Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） modeling simulation underestimated the maximum rain rate by 22% compared to that derived from TRMM-PR, and underestimated mean rainfall by 10.4% compared to the TRMM-TMI estimate, and by 12.5% compared to the sounding-based estimate. The warm microphysical processes modeled from both the WRF and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble （GCE） models were quite close to those based on TMI, but the ice water contents in the models were relatively less compared to that derived from TMI. The CAPE and wind shear induced by the monsoon circulation were found to play critical roles in maintaining and developing the intense convective clouds over SCS. The latent heating rate increased more than twofold during the monsoon period and provided favorable conditions for the upward transportation of energy from the ocean, giving rise to the possibility of inducing large-scale interactions.展开更多
Using real-time data and the WRF mesoscale model,a heavy rain event in the process of Mesoscale Convective Complex(MCC) turning into banded Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) during 18-19 June 2010 is simulated and an...Using real-time data and the WRF mesoscale model,a heavy rain event in the process of Mesoscale Convective Complex(MCC) turning into banded Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) during 18-19 June 2010 is simulated and analyzed in this paper.The results indicated that the formation and maintenance of a southwest vortex and shear line at 850 h Pa was the mesoscale system that affected the production of this heavy rain.The low-vortex heavy rain mainly happened in the development stage of MCC,and the circular MCC turned into banded MCSs in the late stage with mainly shear line precipitation.In the vicinity of rainfall area,the intense horizontal vorticity due to the vertical shear of u and v caused the rotation,and in correspondence,the ascending branch of the vertical circulation triggered the formation of heavy rain.The different distributions of u and v in the vertical direction produced varying vertical circulations.The horizontal vorticity near the low-vortex and shear line had obvious differences which led to varying reasons for heavy rain formation.The low-vortex heavy rain was mainly caused by the vertical shear of v,and the shear line rainfall formed owing to the vertical shear of both u and v.In this process,the vertical shear of v constituted the EW-trending rain band along the shear line,and the latitudinal non-uniformity of the vertical shear in u caused the vertical motion,which was closely related to the generation and development of MCSs at the shear line and the formation of multiple rain clusters.There was also a similar difference in the positively-tilting term(conversion from horizontal vorticity to vertical positive vorticity) near the rainfall center between the low-vortex and the shear line.The conversion in the low vortex was mainly determined by бv/бp<0,while that of the shear line by бu/бp<0.The scale of the conversion from the horizontal vorticity to vertical vorticity was relatively small,and it was easily ignored in the averaged state.The twisting term was mainly conducive to the reinforcement of precipitation,whereas its contribution to the development of southwest vortex and shear line was relatively small.展开更多
基于2010—2019年国家气象站观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,以及美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)再分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)...基于2010—2019年国家气象站观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,以及美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)再分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品——ERA5,对冀中廊坊线状MCSs强降水雷达回波、气候特征,以及降水过程中物理量变化进行定性和定量分析。结果表明:(1)线状MCSs强降水的雷达反射率因子回波形态有3类,即层状云后置(trailing stratiform,TS)型,层状云前置(leading stratiform,LS)型和层状云平行(parallel stratiform,PS)型,其中TS型出现频率最高,LS型和PS型出现频率相对较少,线状MCSs强降水发生具有明显的月际变化和日变化特征,高发于一年中的7月和一日中的前半夜;(2)线状MCSs强降水形成于4种天气尺度环流形势下,即低槽型、横槽型、低涡型和西风环流型,以低槽型最为普遍;(3)700 hPa偏西方向来的相对干冷空气与低空西南气流共同作用,加剧了大气的层结不稳定性,提高了降水效率,850 hPa偏南水汽分量越大,越有利于形成雨区相对较小、但雨强较大的强降雨天气,925 hPa东南风的配合明显扩大了强降雨落区;(4)线状MCSs生成于强的热力环境背景下,对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)在316.7~1545.7 J·kg^(-1),垂直能量螺旋度(vertical energy helicity,VEH)为正值且明显大于2×10^(-4)J·m·kg^(-1)·s^(-2)是其形成的有利能量条件。PS型MCSs强降水过程中,高空水平辐散加强了抽吸作用,使大的上升速率得以维持,优越的动力条件是强降雨持续时间更长的重要原因之一。展开更多
Mesoscale convective system (MCS) cloud clusters,defined using an objective recognition analysis based on hourly geostationary infrared satellite data over East Asia during the warm seasons of 1996-2008 (except 2004),...Mesoscale convective system (MCS) cloud clusters,defined using an objective recognition analysis based on hourly geostationary infrared satellite data over East Asia during the warm seasons of 1996-2008 (except 2004),were investigated in this study.The geographical pattern of MCS distribution over East Asia shows several high-frequency centers at low latitudes,including the Indo-China peninsula,the Bay of Bengal,the Andaman Sea,the Brahmaputra river delta,the south China coastal region,and the Philippine Islands.There are several middle-frequency centers in the middle latitudes,e.g.,the central-east of the Tibet Plateau,the Plateau of west Sichuan,Mount Wuyi,and the Sayan Mountains in Russia;whereas in Lake Baikal,the Tarim Basin,the Taklimakan Desert,the Sea of Japan,and the Sea of Okhotsk,rare MCS distributions are observed.MCSs are most intensely active in summer,with the highest monthly frequency in July,which is partly associated with the breaking out and prevailing of the summer monsoon in East Asia.An obvious diurnal cycle feature is also found in MCS activities,which shows that MCSs are triggered in the afternoon,mature in the evening,and dissipate at night.MCS patterns over East Asia can be characterized as small,short-lived,or elongated,which move slowly and usually lead to heavy rains or floods.展开更多
Short-duration heavy rainfall（SDHR） is a type of severe convective weather that often leads to substantial losses of property and life. We derive the spatiotemporal distribution and diurnal variation of SDHR over Ch...Short-duration heavy rainfall（SDHR） is a type of severe convective weather that often leads to substantial losses of property and life. We derive the spatiotemporal distribution and diurnal variation of SDHR over China during the warm season（April–September） from quality-controlled hourly raingauge data taken at 876 stations for 19 yr（1991–2009）, in comparison with the diurnal features of the mesoscale convective systems（MCSs） derived from satellite data. The results are as follows. 1） Spatial distributions of the frequency of SDHR events with hourly rainfall greater than 10–40 mm are very similar to the distribution of heavy rainfall（daily rainfall 50 mm） over China's Mainland. 2） SDHR occurs most frequently in South China such as southern Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces, the Sichuan basin, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, among others. Some SDHR events with hourly rainfall 50 mm also occur in northern China, e.g., the western Xinjiang and central-eastern Inner Mongolia. The heaviest hourly rainfall is observed over the Hainan Island with the amount reaching over 180 mm. 3） The frequency of the SDHR events is the highest in July, followed by August. Analysis of pentad variations in SDHR reveals that SDHR events are intermittent, with the fourth pentad of July the most active. The frequency of SDHR over China's Mainland increases slowly with the advent of the East Asian summer monsoon, but decreases rapidly with its withdrawal. 4） The diurnal peak of the SDHR activity occurs in the later afternoon（1600–1700 Beijing Time（BT））, and the secondary peak occurs after midnight（0100–0200 BT） and in the early morning（0700–0800 BT）; whereas the diurnal minimum occurs around late morning till noon（1000–1300 BT）. 5） The diurnal variation of SDHR exhibits generally consistent features with that of the MCSs in China, but the active periods and propagation of SDHR and MCSs difer in diferent regions. The number and duration of local maxima in the diurnal cycles of SDHR and MCSs also vary by region, with single, double, and even multiple peaks in some cases. These variations may be associated with the diferences in large-scale atmospheric circulation, surface conditions, and land-sea distribution.展开更多
文摘利用2007—2011年夏季TBB(black body temperature)资料筛选出夏季青藏高原地区特征比较稳定的带状MCSs加以归类,结合NCEP资料及后向轨迹模型对其成因进行逐类探讨。结果表明,特征稳定的带状MCSs共有37例,可以按形状分为三类:北凸型、南界型和纬向型,其中北凸型发生得最多,纬向型最少。整个夏季有接近30%的时间,特别是在7月有近50%的时间都出现这种稳定的带状MCSs。高层南亚高压以及高空急流和低层500 hPa切变线辐合及其南侧的高温高湿是带状MCSs生成的主要原因。500 hPa上,纬向型带状MCSs一般发生在高原南北两侧较平直的东、西风气流中;北凸型发生时,高原北部为平直的西风气流,孟湾为较强的槽,高原东、南部受西南偏南气流影响;南界型时高原一般为西北气流,南侧有较强的孟湾气旋控制。围绕高原有4个水汽的辐散源地,带状MCSs对流区的水汽主要通过高原南侧和高原东南部的辐散源地进入对流区。
基金sponsored by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 40575003 and 40333033)the special foundation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2011Z005)
文摘Cloud structure and evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems （MCSs） retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager （TRMM TMI） and Precipitation Radar （PR） were investigated and compared with some pioneer studies based on soundings and models over the northern South China Sea （SCS）. The impacts of Convective Available Potential Energy （CAPE） and environmental vertical wind shear on MCSs were also explored. The main features of MCSs over the SCS were captured well by both TRMM PR and TMI. However, the PR-retrieved surface rainfall in May was less than that in June, and the reverse for TMI. TRMM-retrieved rainfall amounts were generally consistent with those estimated from sounding and models. However, rainfall amounts from sounding-based and PR-based estimates were relatively higher than those retrieved from TRMM-TMI data. The Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） modeling simulation underestimated the maximum rain rate by 22% compared to that derived from TRMM-PR, and underestimated mean rainfall by 10.4% compared to the TRMM-TMI estimate, and by 12.5% compared to the sounding-based estimate. The warm microphysical processes modeled from both the WRF and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble （GCE） models were quite close to those based on TMI, but the ice water contents in the models were relatively less compared to that derived from TMI. The CAPE and wind shear induced by the monsoon circulation were found to play critical roles in maintaining and developing the intense convective clouds over SCS. The latent heating rate increased more than twofold during the monsoon period and provided favorable conditions for the upward transportation of energy from the ocean, giving rise to the possibility of inducing large-scale interactions.
基金National Program on Basic Research Project(973 Program)(2009CB421503,2013CB430103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40975037)Construction of Advantageous Disciplines for Higher Education in Jiangsu Province,Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘Using real-time data and the WRF mesoscale model,a heavy rain event in the process of Mesoscale Convective Complex(MCC) turning into banded Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) during 18-19 June 2010 is simulated and analyzed in this paper.The results indicated that the formation and maintenance of a southwest vortex and shear line at 850 h Pa was the mesoscale system that affected the production of this heavy rain.The low-vortex heavy rain mainly happened in the development stage of MCC,and the circular MCC turned into banded MCSs in the late stage with mainly shear line precipitation.In the vicinity of rainfall area,the intense horizontal vorticity due to the vertical shear of u and v caused the rotation,and in correspondence,the ascending branch of the vertical circulation triggered the formation of heavy rain.The different distributions of u and v in the vertical direction produced varying vertical circulations.The horizontal vorticity near the low-vortex and shear line had obvious differences which led to varying reasons for heavy rain formation.The low-vortex heavy rain was mainly caused by the vertical shear of v,and the shear line rainfall formed owing to the vertical shear of both u and v.In this process,the vertical shear of v constituted the EW-trending rain band along the shear line,and the latitudinal non-uniformity of the vertical shear in u caused the vertical motion,which was closely related to the generation and development of MCSs at the shear line and the formation of multiple rain clusters.There was also a similar difference in the positively-tilting term(conversion from horizontal vorticity to vertical positive vorticity) near the rainfall center between the low-vortex and the shear line.The conversion in the low vortex was mainly determined by бv/бp<0,while that of the shear line by бu/бp<0.The scale of the conversion from the horizontal vorticity to vertical vorticity was relatively small,and it was easily ignored in the averaged state.The twisting term was mainly conducive to the reinforcement of precipitation,whereas its contribution to the development of southwest vortex and shear line was relatively small.
文摘基于2010—2019年国家气象站观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,以及美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)再分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第5代全球大气再分析产品——ERA5,对冀中廊坊线状MCSs强降水雷达回波、气候特征,以及降水过程中物理量变化进行定性和定量分析。结果表明:(1)线状MCSs强降水的雷达反射率因子回波形态有3类,即层状云后置(trailing stratiform,TS)型,层状云前置(leading stratiform,LS)型和层状云平行(parallel stratiform,PS)型,其中TS型出现频率最高,LS型和PS型出现频率相对较少,线状MCSs强降水发生具有明显的月际变化和日变化特征,高发于一年中的7月和一日中的前半夜;(2)线状MCSs强降水形成于4种天气尺度环流形势下,即低槽型、横槽型、低涡型和西风环流型,以低槽型最为普遍;(3)700 hPa偏西方向来的相对干冷空气与低空西南气流共同作用,加剧了大气的层结不稳定性,提高了降水效率,850 hPa偏南水汽分量越大,越有利于形成雨区相对较小、但雨强较大的强降雨天气,925 hPa东南风的配合明显扩大了强降雨落区;(4)线状MCSs生成于强的热力环境背景下,对流有效位能(convective available potential energy,CAPE)在316.7~1545.7 J·kg^(-1),垂直能量螺旋度(vertical energy helicity,VEH)为正值且明显大于2×10^(-4)J·m·kg^(-1)·s^(-2)是其形成的有利能量条件。PS型MCSs强降水过程中,高空水平辐散加强了抽吸作用,使大的上升速率得以维持,优越的动力条件是强降雨持续时间更长的重要原因之一。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program,Grant No.2011CB309704)the Ministry of Finance of China and the China Meteorological Administration for the Special Project of Meteorological Sector(Grant No.GYHY(QX)201006014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40875022)
文摘Mesoscale convective system (MCS) cloud clusters,defined using an objective recognition analysis based on hourly geostationary infrared satellite data over East Asia during the warm seasons of 1996-2008 (except 2004),were investigated in this study.The geographical pattern of MCS distribution over East Asia shows several high-frequency centers at low latitudes,including the Indo-China peninsula,the Bay of Bengal,the Andaman Sea,the Brahmaputra river delta,the south China coastal region,and the Philippine Islands.There are several middle-frequency centers in the middle latitudes,e.g.,the central-east of the Tibet Plateau,the Plateau of west Sichuan,Mount Wuyi,and the Sayan Mountains in Russia;whereas in Lake Baikal,the Tarim Basin,the Taklimakan Desert,the Sea of Japan,and the Sea of Okhotsk,rare MCS distributions are observed.MCSs are most intensely active in summer,with the highest monthly frequency in July,which is partly associated with the breaking out and prevailing of the summer monsoon in East Asia.An obvious diurnal cycle feature is also found in MCS activities,which shows that MCSs are triggered in the afternoon,mature in the evening,and dissipate at night.MCS patterns over East Asia can be characterized as small,short-lived,or elongated,which move slowly and usually lead to heavy rains or floods.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund (GYHY201206004,GYHY201206003,and GYHY200906003)National (Key) Basic Research and Development (973) Program of China (2013CB430106)
文摘Short-duration heavy rainfall（SDHR） is a type of severe convective weather that often leads to substantial losses of property and life. We derive the spatiotemporal distribution and diurnal variation of SDHR over China during the warm season（April–September） from quality-controlled hourly raingauge data taken at 876 stations for 19 yr（1991–2009）, in comparison with the diurnal features of the mesoscale convective systems（MCSs） derived from satellite data. The results are as follows. 1） Spatial distributions of the frequency of SDHR events with hourly rainfall greater than 10–40 mm are very similar to the distribution of heavy rainfall（daily rainfall 50 mm） over China's Mainland. 2） SDHR occurs most frequently in South China such as southern Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces, the Sichuan basin, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, among others. Some SDHR events with hourly rainfall 50 mm also occur in northern China, e.g., the western Xinjiang and central-eastern Inner Mongolia. The heaviest hourly rainfall is observed over the Hainan Island with the amount reaching over 180 mm. 3） The frequency of the SDHR events is the highest in July, followed by August. Analysis of pentad variations in SDHR reveals that SDHR events are intermittent, with the fourth pentad of July the most active. The frequency of SDHR over China's Mainland increases slowly with the advent of the East Asian summer monsoon, but decreases rapidly with its withdrawal. 4） The diurnal peak of the SDHR activity occurs in the later afternoon（1600–1700 Beijing Time（BT））, and the secondary peak occurs after midnight（0100–0200 BT） and in the early morning（0700–0800 BT）; whereas the diurnal minimum occurs around late morning till noon（1000–1300 BT）. 5） The diurnal variation of SDHR exhibits generally consistent features with that of the MCSs in China, but the active periods and propagation of SDHR and MCSs difer in diferent regions. The number and duration of local maxima in the diurnal cycles of SDHR and MCSs also vary by region, with single, double, and even multiple peaks in some cases. These variations may be associated with the diferences in large-scale atmospheric circulation, surface conditions, and land-sea distribution.
