This article relates to the discussion of a recent study published by Wohl et al.Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that affects the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts and is str...This article relates to the discussion of a recent study published by Wohl et al.Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that affects the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts and is strongly associated with ulcerative colitis(UC).Endoscopic evaluation of UC is feasible and reliable in routine clinical practice,and the Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES)is one of the most commonly used endoscopic evaluation measures for UC.Patients with PSCUC are at higher risk of developing cancer and biliary tract cancer.Endoscopic scoring alone appears unreliable,and histopathological evaluation is essential to accurately assess and make effective therapeutic decisions for PSC-UC.Therefore,we aimed to discuss the accuracy of MES in patients with UC and PSC-UC and to explore the consistency between MES and the Nancy histological index.展开更多
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)represents a distinct disease entity(PSC-UC).Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES)is a standard tool for assessing disease activity in UC bu...BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)represents a distinct disease entity(PSC-UC).Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES)is a standard tool for assessing disease activity in UC but its relevance in PSC-UC remains unclear.AIM To assess the accuracy of MES in UC and PSC-UC patients,we performed histological scoring using Nancy histological index(NHI).METHODS MES was assessed in 30 PSC-UC and 29 UC adult patients during endoscopy.NHI and inflammation were evaluated in biopsies from the cecum,rectum,and terminal ileum.In addition,perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies,fecal calprotectin,body mass index,and other relevant clinical characteristics were collected.RESULTS The median MES and NHI were similar for UC patients(MES grade 2 and NHI grade 2 in the rectum)but were different for PSC-UC patients(MES grade 0 and NHI grade 2 in the cecum).There was a correlation between MES and NHI for UC patients(Spearman's r=0.40,P=0.029)but not for PSC-UC patients.Histopathological examination revealed persistent microscopic inflammation in 88%of PSC-UC patients with MES grade 0(46%of all PSC-UC patients).Moreover,MES overestimated the severity of active inflammation in an additional 11%of PSCUC patients.CONCLUSION MES insufficiently identifies microscopic inflammation in PSC-UC.This indicates that histological evaluation should become a routine procedure of the diagnostic and grading system in both PSC-UC and PSC.展开更多
The aim of this study of the spatial dispersion of tin, niobium and tantalum mineralization associated with the Mayo Darlé granitoids was to produce prospecting guides through predictive maps of Sn, Nb and Ta in ...The aim of this study of the spatial dispersion of tin, niobium and tantalum mineralization associated with the Mayo Darlé granitoids was to produce prospecting guides through predictive maps of Sn, Nb and Ta in the region. It was based on a database (in appendix) obtained after analysis of rock samples (greisens and quartz veins) collected in the field, using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Two approaches were used: 1) structural studies in the field using the directions of veins and fractures 2) the use of variographic maps, an essential element in geostatistics for determining directional anisotropies. A joint synthesis of the modelling results shows that tin, tantalum and niobium mineralization at Mayo Darlé is concentrated along strike intervals N315E to N320E, with mineralization also occurring along strike N35E for high-grade Sn, medium-grade Ta and low-grade Nb. In short, mineral concentrations disperse progressively in space: positively from east to west for tantalum and niobium, and inversely for tin.展开更多
就近期美国联邦最高法院Mayo v. Prometheus一案的判决,对美国《专利法》第101条"专利适格标的"产生的影响进行了研究。对Mayo基本案情进行介绍后,梳理了近年来美国《专利法》第101条专利适格标的范围及其检测标准的变化,指...就近期美国联邦最高法院Mayo v. Prometheus一案的判决,对美国《专利法》第101条"专利适格标的"产生的影响进行了研究。对Mayo基本案情进行介绍后,梳理了近年来美国《专利法》第101条专利适格标的范围及其检测标准的变化,指出美国专利标的物范围一直缺乏清晰、明确的界定;专利适格标的检测方法虽历经多次变革,但始终无法形成一个统一、清晰的检测标准。从法律功能、专利效力、产业发展等角度,分析了Mayo案件判决产生的影响,并就企业创新成果的保护、专利申请提出了建议。展开更多
在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发...在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发明的可专利性问题,并在此基础上判决一项利用计算机实施的商业方法及相关计算机系统和存储媒介不具有可专利性。Mayo二步分析法为主题可专利性判断提供了一定的指引,但同时也遗留了很多问题。首先,Mayo二步分析法中"抽象概念"和"发明性概念"的范围不明确;其次,该二步分析法有将主题可专利性判断复杂化的倾向。对于利用计算机实施的发明来讲,美国专利商标局的可专利性审查标准、专利申请的撰写方式以及专利侵权诉讼的格局都将发生重大变化。美国联邦最高法院Alice判决对我国也有重要启示:对涉及计算机程序的发明的可专利性判断坚持"技术性"标准相对更具有可操作性;在涉及计算机程序的发明的专利保护问题上我国需要保持专利政策的灵活性。展开更多
文摘This article relates to the discussion of a recent study published by Wohl et al.Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that affects the intra-and extrahepatic bile ducts and is strongly associated with ulcerative colitis(UC).Endoscopic evaluation of UC is feasible and reliable in routine clinical practice,and the Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES)is one of the most commonly used endoscopic evaluation measures for UC.Patients with PSCUC are at higher risk of developing cancer and biliary tract cancer.Endoscopic scoring alone appears unreliable,and histopathological evaluation is essential to accurately assess and make effective therapeutic decisions for PSC-UC.Therefore,we aimed to discuss the accuracy of MES in patients with UC and PSC-UC and to explore the consistency between MES and the Nancy histological index.
基金Supported by Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic,No.NV17-31538AGrant Agency of the Czech Republic No.20-16520Y and No.21-21736SMinistry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic Project,No.LX22NPO05102.
文摘BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)represents a distinct disease entity(PSC-UC).Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES)is a standard tool for assessing disease activity in UC but its relevance in PSC-UC remains unclear.AIM To assess the accuracy of MES in UC and PSC-UC patients,we performed histological scoring using Nancy histological index(NHI).METHODS MES was assessed in 30 PSC-UC and 29 UC adult patients during endoscopy.NHI and inflammation were evaluated in biopsies from the cecum,rectum,and terminal ileum.In addition,perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies,fecal calprotectin,body mass index,and other relevant clinical characteristics were collected.RESULTS The median MES and NHI were similar for UC patients(MES grade 2 and NHI grade 2 in the rectum)but were different for PSC-UC patients(MES grade 0 and NHI grade 2 in the cecum).There was a correlation between MES and NHI for UC patients(Spearman's r=0.40,P=0.029)but not for PSC-UC patients.Histopathological examination revealed persistent microscopic inflammation in 88%of PSC-UC patients with MES grade 0(46%of all PSC-UC patients).Moreover,MES overestimated the severity of active inflammation in an additional 11%of PSCUC patients.CONCLUSION MES insufficiently identifies microscopic inflammation in PSC-UC.This indicates that histological evaluation should become a routine procedure of the diagnostic and grading system in both PSC-UC and PSC.
文摘The aim of this study of the spatial dispersion of tin, niobium and tantalum mineralization associated with the Mayo Darlé granitoids was to produce prospecting guides through predictive maps of Sn, Nb and Ta in the region. It was based on a database (in appendix) obtained after analysis of rock samples (greisens and quartz veins) collected in the field, using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Two approaches were used: 1) structural studies in the field using the directions of veins and fractures 2) the use of variographic maps, an essential element in geostatistics for determining directional anisotropies. A joint synthesis of the modelling results shows that tin, tantalum and niobium mineralization at Mayo Darlé is concentrated along strike intervals N315E to N320E, with mineralization also occurring along strike N35E for high-grade Sn, medium-grade Ta and low-grade Nb. In short, mineral concentrations disperse progressively in space: positively from east to west for tantalum and niobium, and inversely for tin.
文摘就近期美国联邦最高法院Mayo v. Prometheus一案的判决,对美国《专利法》第101条"专利适格标的"产生的影响进行了研究。对Mayo基本案情进行介绍后,梳理了近年来美国《专利法》第101条专利适格标的范围及其检测标准的变化,指出美国专利标的物范围一直缺乏清晰、明确的界定;专利适格标的检测方法虽历经多次变革,但始终无法形成一个统一、清晰的检测标准。从法律功能、专利效力、产业发展等角度,分析了Mayo案件判决产生的影响,并就企业创新成果的保护、专利申请提出了建议。
文摘在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发明的可专利性问题,并在此基础上判决一项利用计算机实施的商业方法及相关计算机系统和存储媒介不具有可专利性。Mayo二步分析法为主题可专利性判断提供了一定的指引,但同时也遗留了很多问题。首先,Mayo二步分析法中"抽象概念"和"发明性概念"的范围不明确;其次,该二步分析法有将主题可专利性判断复杂化的倾向。对于利用计算机实施的发明来讲,美国专利商标局的可专利性审查标准、专利申请的撰写方式以及专利侵权诉讼的格局都将发生重大变化。美国联邦最高法院Alice判决对我国也有重要启示:对涉及计算机程序的发明的可专利性判断坚持"技术性"标准相对更具有可操作性;在涉及计算机程序的发明的专利保护问题上我国需要保持专利政策的灵活性。
