Historian of science Joseph Needham argued in various papers and books that the philosophy of organic materialism that informed classical Chinese science not only nurtured Chinese discoveries in areas such as magnetic...Historian of science Joseph Needham argued in various papers and books that the philosophy of organic materialism that informed classical Chinese science not only nurtured Chinese discoveries in areas such as magnetic studies,but also obstructed the emergence of early modern mechanical science in China.Nevertheless,the emergence of field conceptions in late modern science led him to see that Chinese organic materialism could combine with mechanical conceptions to enrich late modern science.Although much attention has been paid to Needham's historical and sociological views of Chinese science,there has been hardly any systematic focus on understanding his conception of the philosophy of Chinese science.This article explains why Chinese organic materialism not only nurtured Chinese science in the past,and hindered the emergence of modern science in China,but can also be part of a synthesis of late modern science transcending early Western science.展开更多
In recent years, the widespread prevalence of loneliness, materialism, and Internet addiction have been widely studied. Studies have addressed either loneliness or materialism and its relationship with Internet addict...In recent years, the widespread prevalence of loneliness, materialism, and Internet addiction have been widely studied. Studies have addressed either loneliness or materialism and its relationship with Internet addiction. However, to date, no study has addressed all three concepts in a single study. The purpose of this study was: 1) to investigate whether loneliness or materialism is a reliable predictor of Internet addiction and 2) what is the nature of the relationship among these variables across gender. Data were collected from a crosssectional online-survey, which consisted of US adults (N = 311). The survey consisted of 42 items related to the key constructs. Additionally, some demographic variables were also included in the survey. Loneliness was not associated with Internet addiction. On the other hand, materialism was strongly associated with Internet addiction. The aforementioned relationship was valid across gender. Between loneliness and materialism, materialism was a strong predictor of Internet addiction.展开更多
In this paper, the author intends to illustrate cultural materialism behind cultural diffusion process. The author first argues that despite the two opposing paradigms of cultural views （differentialism vs. universal...In this paper, the author intends to illustrate cultural materialism behind cultural diffusion process. The author first argues that despite the two opposing paradigms of cultural views （differentialism vs. universalism） what is really happening and winning is the third paradigm of mixing cultural perspective as presented in Jan Nederveen Pieterse＇s book Globalization and culture-global Mdlange. Then the author takes Marvin Harris＇ cultural materialism theory as the basis and gives specific evidence from China to illustrate the formation and eventual spread of any ＂new cultural scripts＂, which is done through the transformation process from territorial culture to translocal culture with economic motive behind as the driving force. These Chinese cases of global mixing, in turn, form a further support to Marvin Harris＇s cultural materialism theory.展开更多
It is well known that Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has two outstanding academic characteristics:the holistic concept comes from Huang Di Nei Jing,and the syndrome differentiation and treatment comes from Shang Han...It is well known that Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has two outstanding academic characteristics:the holistic concept comes from Huang Di Nei Jing,and the syndrome differentiation and treatment comes from Shang Han Lun.These two characteristics denote the two major academic systems of TCM:one is the medical system of Huang Di Nei Jing,also named syndrome differentiation and treatment system of Zang-Fu organs and meridians,focuses on theoretical exploration,which highlights functional connection and emphasizes philosophical thinking.The treatment in this system is based on physiological functions by taking Zang-Fu organs as the main body,Qi,blood,essence,and body fluid as the auxiliary body,and the meridians and collaterals as the connection channels.The other is the syndrome differentiation and treatment system of the six meridians,which emphasizes clinical practice.It encompasses the idea that the six meridians govern various diseases,emphasizes the disease sites and divisional treatment,and pays attention to the precision and appropriateness of prescription-syndrome differentiation.These two academic systems,with mutual influences and relations,are both the essence and pearl of TCM,nevertheless,there are obvious differences between the two in clinical application,so they should be distinguished.This paper will elaborate on the connection and difference between them,and how to organically combine the two systems for better application in clinical practice of TCM.展开更多
Natural materialism, humanistic materialism and historical materialism are the three historical forms of materialism. The ＂material＂ in historical materialism is a social thing which is ＂perceptible and imperceptib...Natural materialism, humanistic materialism and historical materialism are the three historical forms of materialism. The ＂material＂ in historical materialism is a social thing which is ＂perceptible and imperceptible by the senses＂ and connotes social relations; and the ＂history＂ in historical materialism is the realm in which contradictions between man and nature and between man and society are able to unfold, so historical materialism is ＂actually a critical view of the world＂ that inherently contains dialectics in a ＂rational form.＂ The formulation of historical materialism opened a new path for the development of materialism and even philosophy as a whole. In the course of its critique of capitalist society, which unfolds with capital as a core category, historical materialism sublates abstract existence and discovers real social existence, thus putting an end to metaphysics, which is grounded in abstract ontology.展开更多
Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a s...Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.展开更多
Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effecti...Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.展开更多
Pitch produced by the lique-faction of coal was divided into two frac-tions:soluble in toluene(TS)and insol-uble in toluene but soluble in pyridine(TI-PS),and their differences in molecu-lar structure and oxidation ac...Pitch produced by the lique-faction of coal was divided into two frac-tions:soluble in toluene(TS)and insol-uble in toluene but soluble in pyridine(TI-PS),and their differences in molecu-lar structure and oxidation activity were studied.Several different carbon materi-als were produced from them by oxida-tion in air(350℃,300 mL/min)fol-lowed by carbonization(1000℃ in Ar),and the effect of the cross-linked structure on their structure and sodium storage properties was investigated.The results showed that the two pitch fractions were obviously different after the air oxidation.The TS fraction with a low degree of condensation and abundant side chains had a stronger oxidation activity and thus introduced more cross-linked oxygen-containing functional groups C(O)―O which prevented carbon layer rearrangement during the carbonization.As a result,a disordered hard carbon with more defects was formed,which improved the electrochemical performance.Therefore,the carbon materials derived from TS(O-TS-1000)had an obvious disordered structure and a larger layer spacing,giving them better sodium storage perform-ance than those derived from the TI-PS fraction(O-TI-PS-1000).The specific capacity of O-TS-1000 was about 250 mAh/g at 20 mA/g,which was 1.67 times higher than that of O-TI-PS-1000(150 mAh/g).展开更多
Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductiv...Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.展开更多
The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and med...The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and medical sectors.However,conventional machining of titanium alloys leads to elevated tool wear,development of surface defects,and reduced machining efficiency due to their low heat conductivity,and chemical affinity.These issues can be somewhat counteracted by integrating ultrasonic vibration in the conventional machining of titanium alloys and also enhance sustainability.This review article offers a holistic evaluation of the influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling and turning on cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,and surface integrity,encompassing surface morphology,surface roughness,surface residual stress,surface hardness,and surface tribological properties during titanium alloys machining.Furthermore,it investigates the sustainability aspect that has not been previously examined.Studies on the performance of ultrasonic-assisted cutting revealed several advantages,including decreased cutting forces and cutting temperature,improved tool life,and a better-machined surface during machining.Consequently,the sustainability factor is improved due to minimized energy consumption and residual waste.In conclusion,the key challenges and future prospects in the ultrasonic-assisted cutting of titanium alloys are also discussed.This review article provides beneficial knowledge for manufactur-ers and researchers regarding ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloy and will play an important role in achieving sustainability in the industry.展开更多
High-temperature microwave absorbing materials(MAMs)and structures are increasingly appealing due to their critical role in stealth applications under harsh environments.However,the impedance mismatch caused by increa...High-temperature microwave absorbing materials(MAMs)and structures are increasingly appealing due to their critical role in stealth applications under harsh environments.However,the impedance mismatch caused by increased conduction loss often leads to a significant decline in electromagnetic wave absorp-tion(EMWA)performance at elevated temperatures,which severely restricts their practical application.In this study,we propose a novel approach for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption across a wide temperature range using reduced graphene oxide(RGO)/epoxy resin(EP)metacomposites that integrate both electromagnetic parameters and metamaterial design concepts.Due to the discrete distribution of the units,electromagnetic waves can more easily penetrate the interior of materials,thereby exhibiting stable microwave absorption(MA)performance and impedance-matching characteristics suitable across a wide temperature range.Consequently,exceptional MA properties can be achieved within the tem-perature range from 298 to 473 K.Furthermore,by carefully controlling the structural parameters in RGO metacomposites,both the resonant frequency and effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)can be optimized based on precise manipulation of equivalent electromagnetic parameters.This study not only provides an effective approach for the rational design of MA performance but also offers novel insights into achieving super metamaterials with outstanding performance across a wide temperature spectrum.展开更多
Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),as a new sustainable and eco-friendly alternative cooling/lubrication technology that addresses the limitations of dry and wet machining,utilizes a small amount of lubricant or coolan...Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),as a new sustainable and eco-friendly alternative cooling/lubrication technology that addresses the limitations of dry and wet machining,utilizes a small amount of lubricant or coolant to reduce friction,tool wear,and heat during cutting processes.MQL technique has witnessed significant developments in recent years,such as combining MQL with other sustainable techniques to achieve optimum results,using biodegradable lubricants,and innovations in nozzle designs and delivery methods.This review presents an in-depth analysis of machining characteristics(e.g.,cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,chip morphology and surface integrity,etc.)and sustainability characteristics(e.g.,energy consumption,carbon emissions,processing time,machining cost,etc.)of conventional MQL and hybrid MQL techniques like cryogenic MQL,Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube MQL,nanofluids MQL,hybrid nanofluid MQL and ultrasonic vibration assisted MQL in machining of aeronautical materials.Subsequently,the latest research and developments are analyzed and summarized in the field of MQL,and provide a detailed comparison between each technique,considering advantages,challenges,and limitations in practical implementation.In addition,this review serves as a valuable source for researchers and engineers to optimize machining processes while minimizing environmental impact and operational costs.Ultimately,the potential future aspects of MQL for research and industrial execution are discussed.展开更多
As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise beca...As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.展开更多
Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring...Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.展开更多
Excellent detonation performances and low sensitivity are prerequisites for the deployment of energetic materials.Exploring the underlying factors that affect impact sensitivity and detonation performances as well as ...Excellent detonation performances and low sensitivity are prerequisites for the deployment of energetic materials.Exploring the underlying factors that affect impact sensitivity and detonation performances as well as exploring how to obtain materials with desired properties remains a long-term challenge.Machine learning with its ability to solve complex tasks and perform robust data processing can reveal the relationship between performance and descriptive indicators,potentially accelerating the development process of energetic materials.In this background,impact sensitivity,detonation performances,and 28 physicochemical parameters for 222 energetic materials from density functional theory calculations and published literature were sorted out.Four machine learning algorithms were employed to predict various properties of energetic materials,including impact sensitivity,detonation velocity,detonation pressure,and Gurney energy.Analysis of Pearson coefficients and feature importance showed that the heat of explosion,oxygen balance,decomposition products,and HOMO energy levels have a strong correlation with the impact sensitivity of energetic materials.Oxygen balance,decomposition products,and density have a strong correlation with detonation performances.Utilizing impact sensitivity of 2,3,4-trinitrotoluene and the detonation performances of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triamine as the benchmark,the analysis of feature importance rankings and statistical data revealed the optimal range of key features balancing impact sensitivity and detonation performances:oxygen balance values should be between-40%and-30%,density should range from 1.66 to 1.72 g/cm^(3),HOMO energy levels should be between-6.34 and-6.31 eV,and lipophilicity should be between-1.0 and 0.1,4.49 and 5.59.These findings not only offer important insights into the impact sensitivity and detonation performances of energetic materials,but also provide a theoretical guidance paradigm for the design and development of new energetic materials with optimal detonation performances and reduced sensitivity.展开更多
Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high ...Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high BET and surface defects.Additionally,the sodium storage mechanism predominantly occurs in the slope region.This contradicts practical application requirements because the capacity of the plateau region is crucial for determining the actual capacity of batteries.In our work,we prepared a novel“core-shell”carbon framework(CNA1200).Introducingclosedporesand carboxylgroupsinto coal-basedcarbon materials to enhance its sodium storage performance.The closed pore structure dominates in the“core”structure,which is attributed to the timely removal of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to prevent further for-mation of active carbon structure.The presence of closed pores is beneficial for increasing sodium ion storage in the low-voltage plateau region.And the“shell”structure originates from coal tar pitch,it not only uniformly connects hard carbon particles together to improve cycling stability,but is also rich in carboxyl groups to enhance the reversible sodium storage performance in slope region.CNA1200 has ex-cellent electrochemical performance,it exhibits a specific capacity of 335.2 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 20 mA g^(−1)with ICE=51.53%.In addition,CNA1200 has outstanding cycling stability with a capac-ity retention of 91.8%even when cycling over 200 times.When CNA1200 is used as anode paired with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,it demonstrates a capacity of 109.54 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 C and capacity retention of 94.64%at 0.5 C.This work provides valuable methods for regulating the structure of sodium-ion battery(SIBs)anode and enhances the potential for commercialization.展开更多
Carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) mineralization technology has attracted significant attention, due tothe synergistic terminal treatment of CO_(2) and industrial waste. The combined CO_(2) mineralizationprocess with steel ente...Carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) mineralization technology has attracted significant attention, due tothe synergistic terminal treatment of CO_(2) and industrial waste. The combined CO_(2) mineralizationprocess with steel enterprises is a promising route to simultaneously address CO_(2)emissions and SS treatment. Recently, a serial of the relevant work focus on a single type ofsteel slag (SS), and the understanding of CO_(2) absorption by mineralization of various SS isvery lacking.Meanwhile, it is urgent requirement for systematic summary and discussion onhow to make full use of the mineralized products produced after the mineralization of CO_(2)in SS. This review aims to investigate the progress of CO_(2) mineralization using SS, includingthe potential applications of mineralization products, as well as the environmental impactand risk assessment ofmineralization product applications. Currently, the application of SSmineralization products is primarily focused on their use as construction materials with loweconomic value. With usage of the mineralization products for ecological restoration (e.g.sandy soil remediation) was treated as an advanced route, but still remaining challenge infunctional materials preparation, and its technical economy and possible hazards need tobe further explored by long-term experimental tests.展开更多
文摘Historian of science Joseph Needham argued in various papers and books that the philosophy of organic materialism that informed classical Chinese science not only nurtured Chinese discoveries in areas such as magnetic studies,but also obstructed the emergence of early modern mechanical science in China.Nevertheless,the emergence of field conceptions in late modern science led him to see that Chinese organic materialism could combine with mechanical conceptions to enrich late modern science.Although much attention has been paid to Needham's historical and sociological views of Chinese science,there has been hardly any systematic focus on understanding his conception of the philosophy of Chinese science.This article explains why Chinese organic materialism not only nurtured Chinese science in the past,and hindered the emergence of modern science in China,but can also be part of a synthesis of late modern science transcending early Western science.
文摘In recent years, the widespread prevalence of loneliness, materialism, and Internet addiction have been widely studied. Studies have addressed either loneliness or materialism and its relationship with Internet addiction. However, to date, no study has addressed all three concepts in a single study. The purpose of this study was: 1) to investigate whether loneliness or materialism is a reliable predictor of Internet addiction and 2) what is the nature of the relationship among these variables across gender. Data were collected from a crosssectional online-survey, which consisted of US adults (N = 311). The survey consisted of 42 items related to the key constructs. Additionally, some demographic variables were also included in the survey. Loneliness was not associated with Internet addiction. On the other hand, materialism was strongly associated with Internet addiction. The aforementioned relationship was valid across gender. Between loneliness and materialism, materialism was a strong predictor of Internet addiction.
文摘In this paper, the author intends to illustrate cultural materialism behind cultural diffusion process. The author first argues that despite the two opposing paradigms of cultural views （differentialism vs. universalism） what is really happening and winning is the third paradigm of mixing cultural perspective as presented in Jan Nederveen Pieterse＇s book Globalization and culture-global Mdlange. Then the author takes Marvin Harris＇ cultural materialism theory as the basis and gives specific evidence from China to illustrate the formation and eventual spread of any ＂new cultural scripts＂, which is done through the transformation process from territorial culture to translocal culture with economic motive behind as the driving force. These Chinese cases of global mixing, in turn, form a further support to Marvin Harris＇s cultural materialism theory.
基金Supported by Central Government Major Budget Adjustment Program(the Research on the Medicinal Properties of Brazilian Ginseng,Tonico,and Guarana,No.2060302)。
文摘It is well known that Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has two outstanding academic characteristics:the holistic concept comes from Huang Di Nei Jing,and the syndrome differentiation and treatment comes from Shang Han Lun.These two characteristics denote the two major academic systems of TCM:one is the medical system of Huang Di Nei Jing,also named syndrome differentiation and treatment system of Zang-Fu organs and meridians,focuses on theoretical exploration,which highlights functional connection and emphasizes philosophical thinking.The treatment in this system is based on physiological functions by taking Zang-Fu organs as the main body,Qi,blood,essence,and body fluid as the auxiliary body,and the meridians and collaterals as the connection channels.The other is the syndrome differentiation and treatment system of the six meridians,which emphasizes clinical practice.It encompasses the idea that the six meridians govern various diseases,emphasizes the disease sites and divisional treatment,and pays attention to the precision and appropriateness of prescription-syndrome differentiation.These two academic systems,with mutual influences and relations,are both the essence and pearl of TCM,nevertheless,there are obvious differences between the two in clinical application,so they should be distinguished.This paper will elaborate on the connection and difference between them,and how to organically combine the two systems for better application in clinical practice of TCM.
文摘Natural materialism, humanistic materialism and historical materialism are the three historical forms of materialism. The ＂material＂ in historical materialism is a social thing which is ＂perceptible and imperceptible by the senses＂ and connotes social relations; and the ＂history＂ in historical materialism is the realm in which contradictions between man and nature and between man and society are able to unfold, so historical materialism is ＂actually a critical view of the world＂ that inherently contains dialectics in a ＂rational form.＂ The formulation of historical materialism opened a new path for the development of materialism and even philosophy as a whole. In the course of its critique of capitalist society, which unfolds with capital as a core category, historical materialism sublates abstract existence and discovers real social existence, thus putting an end to metaphysics, which is grounded in abstract ontology.
基金supported by the Key Research Projects of Universities of Henan Province,No.21A320064 (to XS)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2021YFA1201504 (to LZ)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science,No.XDB36000000 (to CW)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.31971295,12374406 (both to LZ)。
文摘Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.
文摘Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.
文摘Pitch produced by the lique-faction of coal was divided into two frac-tions:soluble in toluene(TS)and insol-uble in toluene but soluble in pyridine(TI-PS),and their differences in molecu-lar structure and oxidation activity were studied.Several different carbon materi-als were produced from them by oxida-tion in air(350℃,300 mL/min)fol-lowed by carbonization(1000℃ in Ar),and the effect of the cross-linked structure on their structure and sodium storage properties was investigated.The results showed that the two pitch fractions were obviously different after the air oxidation.The TS fraction with a low degree of condensation and abundant side chains had a stronger oxidation activity and thus introduced more cross-linked oxygen-containing functional groups C(O)―O which prevented carbon layer rearrangement during the carbonization.As a result,a disordered hard carbon with more defects was formed,which improved the electrochemical performance.Therefore,the carbon materials derived from TS(O-TS-1000)had an obvious disordered structure and a larger layer spacing,giving them better sodium storage perform-ance than those derived from the TI-PS fraction(O-TI-PS-1000).The specific capacity of O-TS-1000 was about 250 mAh/g at 20 mA/g,which was 1.67 times higher than that of O-TI-PS-1000(150 mAh/g).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52127816),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science and Hong Kong Research Grant Council Joint Research Funding Project of China(No.5181101182)the NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.N_PolyU513/18).
文摘Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92160301,92060203,52175415 and 52205475)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project(No.P2023-B-IV-003-001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210295)the Huaqiao University Engineering Research Center of Brittle Materials Machining(MOE,2023IME-001)。
文摘The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and medical sectors.However,conventional machining of titanium alloys leads to elevated tool wear,development of surface defects,and reduced machining efficiency due to their low heat conductivity,and chemical affinity.These issues can be somewhat counteracted by integrating ultrasonic vibration in the conventional machining of titanium alloys and also enhance sustainability.This review article offers a holistic evaluation of the influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling and turning on cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,and surface integrity,encompassing surface morphology,surface roughness,surface residual stress,surface hardness,and surface tribological properties during titanium alloys machining.Furthermore,it investigates the sustainability aspect that has not been previously examined.Studies on the performance of ultrasonic-assisted cutting revealed several advantages,including decreased cutting forces and cutting temperature,improved tool life,and a better-machined surface during machining.Consequently,the sustainability factor is improved due to minimized energy consumption and residual waste.In conclusion,the key challenges and future prospects in the ultrasonic-assisted cutting of titanium alloys are also discussed.This review article provides beneficial knowledge for manufactur-ers and researchers regarding ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloy and will play an important role in achieving sustainability in the industry.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.22305066 and 52372041).
文摘High-temperature microwave absorbing materials(MAMs)and structures are increasingly appealing due to their critical role in stealth applications under harsh environments.However,the impedance mismatch caused by increased conduction loss often leads to a significant decline in electromagnetic wave absorp-tion(EMWA)performance at elevated temperatures,which severely restricts their practical application.In this study,we propose a novel approach for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption across a wide temperature range using reduced graphene oxide(RGO)/epoxy resin(EP)metacomposites that integrate both electromagnetic parameters and metamaterial design concepts.Due to the discrete distribution of the units,electromagnetic waves can more easily penetrate the interior of materials,thereby exhibiting stable microwave absorption(MA)performance and impedance-matching characteristics suitable across a wide temperature range.Consequently,exceptional MA properties can be achieved within the tem-perature range from 298 to 473 K.Furthermore,by carefully controlling the structural parameters in RGO metacomposites,both the resonant frequency and effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)can be optimized based on precise manipulation of equivalent electromagnetic parameters.This study not only provides an effective approach for the rational design of MA performance but also offers novel insights into achieving super metamaterials with outstanding performance across a wide temperature spectrum.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92160301,92060203,52175415,and 52205475)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project(Nos.P2022-AB-IV-002-001 and P2023-B-IV-003-001)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210295)the Superior Postdoctoral Project of Jiangsu Province(No.2022ZB215)the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission in NUAA(No.HTL-A-22G12).
文摘Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),as a new sustainable and eco-friendly alternative cooling/lubrication technology that addresses the limitations of dry and wet machining,utilizes a small amount of lubricant or coolant to reduce friction,tool wear,and heat during cutting processes.MQL technique has witnessed significant developments in recent years,such as combining MQL with other sustainable techniques to achieve optimum results,using biodegradable lubricants,and innovations in nozzle designs and delivery methods.This review presents an in-depth analysis of machining characteristics(e.g.,cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,chip morphology and surface integrity,etc.)and sustainability characteristics(e.g.,energy consumption,carbon emissions,processing time,machining cost,etc.)of conventional MQL and hybrid MQL techniques like cryogenic MQL,Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube MQL,nanofluids MQL,hybrid nanofluid MQL and ultrasonic vibration assisted MQL in machining of aeronautical materials.Subsequently,the latest research and developments are analyzed and summarized in the field of MQL,and provide a detailed comparison between each technique,considering advantages,challenges,and limitations in practical implementation.In addition,this review serves as a valuable source for researchers and engineers to optimize machining processes while minimizing environmental impact and operational costs.Ultimately,the potential future aspects of MQL for research and industrial execution are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB4004000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20542,52472210,22279057)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20221312)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_1465)Cultivation Program for the Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Nanjing Tech University(2023-09)the grant of Hydrogen Energy Laboratory(No.FEUZ-2024-0009)。
文摘As global energy demand increases and environmental standards tighten,the development of efficient,eco-friendly energy conversion and storage technologies becomes crucial.Solid oxide cells(SOCs)show great promise because of their high energy conversion efficiency and wide range of applications.Highentropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of materials comprising several principal elements,have attracted significant interest within the materials science and energy sectors.Their distinctive structural features and adaptable functional properties offer immense potential for innovation across various applications.This review systematically covers the basic concepts,crystal structures,element selection,and major synthesis strategies of HEMs,and explores in detail the specific applications of these materials in SOCs,including its potential as air electrodes,fuel electrodes,electrolytes,and interconnects(including barrier coatings).By analyzing existing studies,this review reveals the significant advantages of HEMs in enhancing the performance,anti-poisoning,and stability of SOCs;highlights the key areas and challenges for future research;and looks into possible future directions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0122000)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52234009,52274383,52222409,and 52201113。
文摘Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2682024GF019)。
文摘Excellent detonation performances and low sensitivity are prerequisites for the deployment of energetic materials.Exploring the underlying factors that affect impact sensitivity and detonation performances as well as exploring how to obtain materials with desired properties remains a long-term challenge.Machine learning with its ability to solve complex tasks and perform robust data processing can reveal the relationship between performance and descriptive indicators,potentially accelerating the development process of energetic materials.In this background,impact sensitivity,detonation performances,and 28 physicochemical parameters for 222 energetic materials from density functional theory calculations and published literature were sorted out.Four machine learning algorithms were employed to predict various properties of energetic materials,including impact sensitivity,detonation velocity,detonation pressure,and Gurney energy.Analysis of Pearson coefficients and feature importance showed that the heat of explosion,oxygen balance,decomposition products,and HOMO energy levels have a strong correlation with the impact sensitivity of energetic materials.Oxygen balance,decomposition products,and density have a strong correlation with detonation performances.Utilizing impact sensitivity of 2,3,4-trinitrotoluene and the detonation performances of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triamine as the benchmark,the analysis of feature importance rankings and statistical data revealed the optimal range of key features balancing impact sensitivity and detonation performances:oxygen balance values should be between-40%and-30%,density should range from 1.66 to 1.72 g/cm^(3),HOMO energy levels should be between-6.34 and-6.31 eV,and lipophilicity should be between-1.0 and 0.1,4.49 and 5.59.These findings not only offer important insights into the impact sensitivity and detonation performances of energetic materials,but also provide a theoretical guidance paradigm for the design and development of new energetic materials with optimal detonation performances and reduced sensitivity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21978164,22078189 and 22105120)the Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2021JC-046)and the Special Support Program for high level talents of Shaanxi Province+3 种基金the Innovation Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2021JZY-001)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2020GY-243)the Special Research Fund of Education Department of Shaanxi(No.20JK0535)the National High-end Foreign Expert Project(No.GDW20186100428).
文摘Pore structure engineering has been acknowledged as suitable approach to creating active sites and en-hancing ion transport capabilities of hard carbon anodes.However,conventional porous carbon materials exhibit high BET and surface defects.Additionally,the sodium storage mechanism predominantly occurs in the slope region.This contradicts practical application requirements because the capacity of the plateau region is crucial for determining the actual capacity of batteries.In our work,we prepared a novel“core-shell”carbon framework(CNA1200).Introducingclosedporesand carboxylgroupsinto coal-basedcarbon materials to enhance its sodium storage performance.The closed pore structure dominates in the“core”structure,which is attributed to the timely removal of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)to prevent further for-mation of active carbon structure.The presence of closed pores is beneficial for increasing sodium ion storage in the low-voltage plateau region.And the“shell”structure originates from coal tar pitch,it not only uniformly connects hard carbon particles together to improve cycling stability,but is also rich in carboxyl groups to enhance the reversible sodium storage performance in slope region.CNA1200 has ex-cellent electrochemical performance,it exhibits a specific capacity of 335.2 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 20 mA g^(−1)with ICE=51.53%.In addition,CNA1200 has outstanding cycling stability with a capac-ity retention of 91.8%even when cycling over 200 times.When CNA1200 is used as anode paired with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,it demonstrates a capacity of 109.54 mAh g^(−1)at 0.1 C and capacity retention of 94.64%at 0.5 C.This work provides valuable methods for regulating the structure of sodium-ion battery(SIBs)anode and enhances the potential for commercialization.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Nos.2023YFC3707101 and 2023YFF0614301)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(No.2023Z02JMP001)the Linghang Project of School of Environment(No.025108011).
文摘Carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) mineralization technology has attracted significant attention, due tothe synergistic terminal treatment of CO_(2) and industrial waste. The combined CO_(2) mineralizationprocess with steel enterprises is a promising route to simultaneously address CO_(2)emissions and SS treatment. Recently, a serial of the relevant work focus on a single type ofsteel slag (SS), and the understanding of CO_(2) absorption by mineralization of various SS isvery lacking.Meanwhile, it is urgent requirement for systematic summary and discussion onhow to make full use of the mineralized products produced after the mineralization of CO_(2)in SS. This review aims to investigate the progress of CO_(2) mineralization using SS, includingthe potential applications of mineralization products, as well as the environmental impactand risk assessment ofmineralization product applications. Currently, the application of SSmineralization products is primarily focused on their use as construction materials with loweconomic value. With usage of the mineralization products for ecological restoration (e.g.sandy soil remediation) was treated as an advanced route, but still remaining challenge infunctional materials preparation, and its technical economy and possible hazards need tobe further explored by long-term experimental tests.
