As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during pen...The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
Lubricant infused surface(LIS)always displays efficient anti-fouling performance.However,the inherent liquid properties of infused lubricants often lead to their rapid depletion in harsh conditions such as water flush...Lubricant infused surface(LIS)always displays efficient anti-fouling performance.However,the inherent liquid properties of infused lubricants often lead to their rapid depletion in harsh conditions such as water flushing,thereby reducing the antifouling capability of LIS.Herein,we reported a thermal-responsive lubricant infused surface(TLIS)based on composite phase change materials(CPCMs),exhibiting durable and efficient anti-scaling performance.During multicycle scalingdescaling test,the anti-scaling efficiencies of TLIS based on paraffin and vaseline can be increased to 91.4%±0.5% for first cycle and 85.3%±3.3% for sixth cycle.The paraffin acts as solid scaffolds for structural stability while the vaseline acts as liquid lubricants for anti-scaling enhancement.The universality of this surface can be revealed by suppressing various scales(e.g.,CaCO_(3),CaSO_(4),CaC_(2)O_(4),and MgCO_(3))and varying CPCMs types(e.g.,n-alkanes,ionic liquids,and fatty acids).Therefore,this study presents a promising strategy that enhances the durability of anti-scaling capability and potentially applys in heat exchange systems.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade...Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batte...The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)materials show great potential as novel membrane materials due to their atomic thickness and periodic pore structure.Currently,free-standing membranes based on 2D materials open up new avenues for u...Two-dimensional(2D)materials show great potential as novel membrane materials due to their atomic thickness and periodic pore structure.Currently,free-standing membranes based on 2D materials open up new avenues for ultra-fast and highly selective separation.With the absence of porous substrates,free-standing membranes offer shortened transport paths for efficient mass transfer.The interfacial defects between the substrate and selective layer are eliminated to alleviate the internal membrane fouling,enabling the intact structure for precise separation.Hence,this review aims to outline the superiority of 2D material-based free-standing membranes for selective separation applications.Free-standing 2D material membranes composed of the most representative graphenebased materials,MXene,covalent organic framework(COF),metal organic framework(MOF),and hydrogen-bonded organic framework(HOF)are summarized with the discussion on the influence of substrate on their structural properties.The separation performance enhancement strategies in regard to the 2D material,membrane structure,and mechanical properties are examined.Finally,we propose several critical challenges and perspectives in terms of pore size control,mechanical strength improvement,understanding the underlying mass transfer mechanism,issues related to membrane fabrication optimization,scale production,and separation application versatility.This review will provide researchers with practical guidelines for advancing free-standing 2D material membranes for future selective separation applications.展开更多
This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior...This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.展开更多
To meet the growing needs of flexible and wearable electronics,stretchable energy storage devices—especially supercapacitors(SCs)—have become a key focus in advanced energy storage research.However,achieving both me...To meet the growing needs of flexible and wearable electronics,stretchable energy storage devices—especially supercapacitors(SCs)—have become a key focus in advanced energy storage research.However,achieving both mechanical stretchability and high capacitance in SC still faces great challenges,and the crucial factors lie in creating superior electrode materials that exhibit high electrochemical performance as well as excellent mechanical stretchability.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)possess considerable potential as electrode materials for SCs by virtue of stable organic frameworks,open channels and designable functional groups.Nevertheless,their applications in flexible SCs are greatly hindered by their rigid characteristics.Here a novel COFs@conductive polymer hydrogels(CPHs)@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)complexes,which integrate the pseudocapacitance of PDITAPA COF,mechanical stretchability of hydrogels and high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS,has been developed as stretchable electrode of SCs.Physically cross-linked PEDOT nanofibers,with their interlinked and entangled architecture,collectively boost mechanical,electrical,and electrochemical performance.The COFs@CPHs@PEDOT:PSS simultaneously demonstrates outstanding mechanical stretchability,high electrical behaviors,and superior swelling characteristics.The resulting SC exhibits advantages of simple structures,facile assembly processes,high specific capacitance,excellent cycling stability,and arbitrary deformation,which holds great application prospects for wearable electronic products.Owing to its uncomplicated structure,ease of production,high energy storage capacity,robust cycling performance,and adaptability to deformation,this fabricated SC is well-suited for next-generation wearable technologies.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical ...High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical strength,and outstanding catalytic activity.These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components,such as electrodes,electrolytes,and catalysts.This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage,beginning with fundamental concepts,historical development,and key definitions.Three principal categories of HEMs,namely high-entropy alloys,high-entropy oxides,and highentropy MXenes,are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity,energy density,cycling stability,and rate capability.The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion.Furthermore,the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted.The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.展开更多
Non-layered two-dimensional materials(NL2DMs)have emerged as a promising complement to layered 2D materials,offering unique properties derived from their isotropic bonding and structural diversity.However,their synthe...Non-layered two-dimensional materials(NL2DMs)have emerged as a promising complement to layered 2D materials,offering unique properties derived from their isotropic bonding and structural diversity.However,their synthesis is still facing significant challenges due to the lack of intrinsic anisotropic growth driving force.This review comprehensively outlines strategies for chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-based synthesis of NL2DMs,demonstrating how integrated thermodynamic and kinetic control enables precise thickness and morphology modulation.We also analyze the existing challenges and propose future research directions.This systematic framework paves the way for engineering NL2DMs growth with customized functionalities for next-generation optoelectronics,energy storage,and catalysis.展开更多
This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the i...This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the increase of light amplitude;(Ⅳ)Formalism for light-induced anomalous Hall effects.展开更多
Three reaction systems of MoS_2-Fe, FeS -Fe, and Fe S-Fe-Mo were designed to investigate the use of FeS as an alternative to MoS_2 for producing Fe-based friction materials. Samples were prepared by powder metallurgy,...Three reaction systems of MoS_2-Fe, FeS -Fe, and Fe S-Fe-Mo were designed to investigate the use of FeS as an alternative to MoS_2 for producing Fe-based friction materials. Samples were prepared by powder metallurgy, and their phase compositions, microstructures, mechanical properties, and friction performance were characterized. The results showed that MoS_2 reacts with the matrix to produce iron-sulfides and Mo when sintered at 1050°C. Iron-sulfides produced in the MoS_2-Fe system were distributed uniformly and continuously in the matrix, leading to optimal mechanical properties and the lowest coefficient of friction among the systems studied. The lubricity observed was hypothesized to originate from the iron-sulfides produced. The Fe S-Fe-Mo system showed a phase composition, porosity, and density similar to those of the MoS_2-Fe system, but an uneven distribution of iron-sulfides and Mo in this system resulted in less-optimal mechanical properties. Finally, the Fe S-Fe system showed the poorest mechanical properties among the systems studied because of the lack of Mo reinforcement. In friction tests, the formation of a sulfide layer contributed to a decrease in coefficient of friction（COF） in all of the samples.展开更多
Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2) is one of the most commonly used solid lubricants for Cu–Fe-based friction materials. Nevertheless, MoS_2 reacts with metal matrices to produce metal sulfides(e.g., FeS) and Mo during sint...Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2) is one of the most commonly used solid lubricants for Cu–Fe-based friction materials. Nevertheless, MoS_2 reacts with metal matrices to produce metal sulfides(e.g., FeS) and Mo during sintering, and the lubricity of the composite may be related to the generation of FeS. Herein, the use of FeS as an alternative to MoS_2 for producing Cu–Fe-based friction materials was investigated. According to the reaction principle of thermodynamics, two composites—one with MoS_2(Fe–Cu–MoS_2 sample) and the other with FeS(FeS–Cu_2S–Cu–Fe–Mo sample), were prepared and their friction behaviors and mechanical properties were compared. The results showed that MoS_2 reacted with the Cu–Fe matrix to produce FeS, metallic ternary sulfides, and Mo when sintered at 1050°C. The MoS_2–Cu–Fe and FeS–Cu_2S–Cu–Fe–Mo samples thereby exhibited similar characteristics with respect to phase composition, density, hardness, and tribological behaviors. Micrographs of the worn surfaces revealed that the stable friction regime for both composites stemmed from the iron sulfides friction layers rather than from the molybdenum sulfides layers.展开更多
Through our newly-developed ＂chemical vapor deposition integrated process （ISVD-IP）＇＂ using carbon OlOXlae （t..u2） as me raw matenal and only carbon source introduced, CO2 could be catalytically activated and c...Through our newly-developed ＂chemical vapor deposition integrated process （ISVD-IP）＇＂ using carbon OlOXlae （t..u2） as me raw matenal and only carbon source introduced, CO2 could be catalytically activated and converted to a new solid-form product, i.e., carbon nanotubes （CO2-derived） at a quite high yield （the single-pass carbon yield in the solid-form carbon-product produced from CO2 catalytic capture and conversion was more than 30% at a single-pass carbon-base）. For comparison, when only pure carbon dioxide was introduced using the conventional CVD method without integrated process, no solid-form carbon-material product could be formed. In the addition of saturated steam at room temperature in the feed for CVD, there were much more end-opening carbon nano-tubes produced, at a slightly higher carbon yield. These inspiring works opened a remarkable and alternative new approach for carbon dioxide catalytic capture to solid-form product, comparing with that of CO2 sequestration （CCS） or CO2 mineralization （solidification）, etc. As a result, there was much less body volume and almost no greenhouse effect for this solid-form carbon-material than those of primitive carbon dioxide.展开更多
Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)are promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries because of their abundance,non-toxicity,and favorable electrochemical properties.This review explores the reaction mechanisms and electro...Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)are promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries because of their abundance,non-toxicity,and favorable electrochemical properties.This review explores the reaction mechanisms and electrochemical characteristics of Mg-alloy anode materials.While Mg metal anodes provide high volumetric capacity and dendrite-free electrodeposition,their practical application is hindered by challenges such as sluggish Mg^(2+)ion diffusion and electrolyte compatibility.Alloy-type anodes that incorporate groups XIII,XIV,and XV elements have the potential to overcome these limitations.We review various Mg alloys,emphasizing their alloying/dealloying reaction mechanisms,their theoretical capacities,and the practical aspects of MIBs.Furthermore,we discuss the influence of the electrolyte composition on the reversibility and efficiency of these alloy anodes.Emphasis is placed on overcoming current limitations through innovative materials and structural engineering.This review concludes with perspectives on future research directions aimed at enhancing the performance and commercial viability of Mg alloy anodes and contributing to the development of high-capacity,safe,and cost-effective energy storage systems.展开更多
Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effecti...Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302460)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.YBKT24-02)。
文摘The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.JQ23008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22275203 and 22035008)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(No.JWZQ20240102014).
文摘Lubricant infused surface(LIS)always displays efficient anti-fouling performance.However,the inherent liquid properties of infused lubricants often lead to their rapid depletion in harsh conditions such as water flushing,thereby reducing the antifouling capability of LIS.Herein,we reported a thermal-responsive lubricant infused surface(TLIS)based on composite phase change materials(CPCMs),exhibiting durable and efficient anti-scaling performance.During multicycle scalingdescaling test,the anti-scaling efficiencies of TLIS based on paraffin and vaseline can be increased to 91.4%±0.5% for first cycle and 85.3%±3.3% for sixth cycle.The paraffin acts as solid scaffolds for structural stability while the vaseline acts as liquid lubricants for anti-scaling enhancement.The universality of this surface can be revealed by suppressing various scales(e.g.,CaCO_(3),CaSO_(4),CaC_(2)O_(4),and MgCO_(3))and varying CPCMs types(e.g.,n-alkanes,ionic liquids,and fatty acids).Therefore,this study presents a promising strategy that enhances the durability of anti-scaling capability and potentially applys in heat exchange systems.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
文摘Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
基金supported by the Low-Cost Long-Life Batteries program,China(No.WL-24-08-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279007)。
文摘The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).
基金granted by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.ZR2023QB170)Guangxi First class Disciplines(Agricultural Resources and Environment),Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology(No.ES202428)+3 种基金Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(No.2024HWYQ-051)the National Natural Science Fund of China(No.22506033)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CASTYoung Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province.
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)materials show great potential as novel membrane materials due to their atomic thickness and periodic pore structure.Currently,free-standing membranes based on 2D materials open up new avenues for ultra-fast and highly selective separation.With the absence of porous substrates,free-standing membranes offer shortened transport paths for efficient mass transfer.The interfacial defects between the substrate and selective layer are eliminated to alleviate the internal membrane fouling,enabling the intact structure for precise separation.Hence,this review aims to outline the superiority of 2D material-based free-standing membranes for selective separation applications.Free-standing 2D material membranes composed of the most representative graphenebased materials,MXene,covalent organic framework(COF),metal organic framework(MOF),and hydrogen-bonded organic framework(HOF)are summarized with the discussion on the influence of substrate on their structural properties.The separation performance enhancement strategies in regard to the 2D material,membrane structure,and mechanical properties are examined.Finally,we propose several critical challenges and perspectives in terms of pore size control,mechanical strength improvement,understanding the underlying mass transfer mechanism,issues related to membrane fabrication optimization,scale production,and separation application versatility.This review will provide researchers with practical guidelines for advancing free-standing 2D material membranes for future selective separation applications.
文摘This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52533008,21835003,62274097,and 62004106)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2024YFB3612500,2024YFB3612600,and 2023YFB3608900)+2 种基金Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20243057)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX25_1213)the Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing Universityof Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY225135).
文摘To meet the growing needs of flexible and wearable electronics,stretchable energy storage devices—especially supercapacitors(SCs)—have become a key focus in advanced energy storage research.However,achieving both mechanical stretchability and high capacitance in SC still faces great challenges,and the crucial factors lie in creating superior electrode materials that exhibit high electrochemical performance as well as excellent mechanical stretchability.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)possess considerable potential as electrode materials for SCs by virtue of stable organic frameworks,open channels and designable functional groups.Nevertheless,their applications in flexible SCs are greatly hindered by their rigid characteristics.Here a novel COFs@conductive polymer hydrogels(CPHs)@poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)complexes,which integrate the pseudocapacitance of PDITAPA COF,mechanical stretchability of hydrogels and high conductivity of PEDOT:PSS,has been developed as stretchable electrode of SCs.Physically cross-linked PEDOT nanofibers,with their interlinked and entangled architecture,collectively boost mechanical,electrical,and electrochemical performance.The COFs@CPHs@PEDOT:PSS simultaneously demonstrates outstanding mechanical stretchability,high electrical behaviors,and superior swelling characteristics.The resulting SC exhibits advantages of simple structures,facile assembly processes,high specific capacitance,excellent cycling stability,and arbitrary deformation,which holds great application prospects for wearable electronic products.Owing to its uncomplicated structure,ease of production,high energy storage capacity,robust cycling performance,and adaptability to deformation,this fabricated SC is well-suited for next-generation wearable technologies.
基金supported by the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project(No.2022HZ027006,No.2024HZ021023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20118).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical strength,and outstanding catalytic activity.These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components,such as electrodes,electrolytes,and catalysts.This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage,beginning with fundamental concepts,historical development,and key definitions.Three principal categories of HEMs,namely high-entropy alloys,high-entropy oxides,and highentropy MXenes,are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity,energy density,cycling stability,and rate capability.The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion.Furthermore,the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted.The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12474163,52202161 and 12034002)State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials(No.2025-S02).
文摘Non-layered two-dimensional materials(NL2DMs)have emerged as a promising complement to layered 2D materials,offering unique properties derived from their isotropic bonding and structural diversity.However,their synthesis is still facing significant challenges due to the lack of intrinsic anisotropic growth driving force.This review comprehensively outlines strategies for chemical vapor deposition(CVD)-based synthesis of NL2DMs,demonstrating how integrated thermodynamic and kinetic control enables precise thickness and morphology modulation.We also analyze the existing challenges and propose future research directions.This systematic framework paves the way for engineering NL2DMs growth with customized functionalities for next-generation optoelectronics,energy storage,and catalysis.
文摘This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the increase of light amplitude;(Ⅳ)Formalism for light-induced anomalous Hall effects.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51572026)the State Key Laboratory of Traction Power,Southwest Jiaotong University,China(No.TPL1612)
文摘Three reaction systems of MoS_2-Fe, FeS -Fe, and Fe S-Fe-Mo were designed to investigate the use of FeS as an alternative to MoS_2 for producing Fe-based friction materials. Samples were prepared by powder metallurgy, and their phase compositions, microstructures, mechanical properties, and friction performance were characterized. The results showed that MoS_2 reacts with the matrix to produce iron-sulfides and Mo when sintered at 1050°C. Iron-sulfides produced in the MoS_2-Fe system were distributed uniformly and continuously in the matrix, leading to optimal mechanical properties and the lowest coefficient of friction among the systems studied. The lubricity observed was hypothesized to originate from the iron-sulfides produced. The Fe S-Fe-Mo system showed a phase composition, porosity, and density similar to those of the MoS_2-Fe system, but an uneven distribution of iron-sulfides and Mo in this system resulted in less-optimal mechanical properties. Finally, the Fe S-Fe system showed the poorest mechanical properties among the systems studied because of the lack of Mo reinforcement. In friction tests, the formation of a sulfide layer contributed to a decrease in coefficient of friction（COF） in all of the samples.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51572026)
文摘Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2) is one of the most commonly used solid lubricants for Cu–Fe-based friction materials. Nevertheless, MoS_2 reacts with metal matrices to produce metal sulfides(e.g., FeS) and Mo during sintering, and the lubricity of the composite may be related to the generation of FeS. Herein, the use of FeS as an alternative to MoS_2 for producing Cu–Fe-based friction materials was investigated. According to the reaction principle of thermodynamics, two composites—one with MoS_2(Fe–Cu–MoS_2 sample) and the other with FeS(FeS–Cu_2S–Cu–Fe–Mo sample), were prepared and their friction behaviors and mechanical properties were compared. The results showed that MoS_2 reacted with the Cu–Fe matrix to produce FeS, metallic ternary sulfides, and Mo when sintered at 1050°C. The MoS_2–Cu–Fe and FeS–Cu_2S–Cu–Fe–Mo samples thereby exhibited similar characteristics with respect to phase composition, density, hardness, and tribological behaviors. Micrographs of the worn surfaces revealed that the stable friction regime for both composites stemmed from the iron sulfides friction layers rather than from the molybdenum sulfides layers.
基金the National 973 Program of Ministry of Sciences and Technologies of China(2011CB201202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20776089)
文摘Through our newly-developed ＂chemical vapor deposition integrated process （ISVD-IP）＇＂ using carbon OlOXlae （t..u2） as me raw matenal and only carbon source introduced, CO2 could be catalytically activated and converted to a new solid-form product, i.e., carbon nanotubes （CO2-derived） at a quite high yield （the single-pass carbon yield in the solid-form carbon-product produced from CO2 catalytic capture and conversion was more than 30% at a single-pass carbon-base）. For comparison, when only pure carbon dioxide was introduced using the conventional CVD method without integrated process, no solid-form carbon-material product could be formed. In the addition of saturated steam at room temperature in the feed for CVD, there were much more end-opening carbon nano-tubes produced, at a slightly higher carbon yield. These inspiring works opened a remarkable and alternative new approach for carbon dioxide catalytic capture to solid-form product, comparing with that of CO2 sequestration （CCS） or CO2 mineralization （solidification）, etc. As a result, there was much less body volume and almost no greenhouse effect for this solid-form carbon-material than those of primitive carbon dioxide.
基金supported by the Global Joint Research Program funded by the Pukyong National University(202411790001).
文摘Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)are promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries because of their abundance,non-toxicity,and favorable electrochemical properties.This review explores the reaction mechanisms and electrochemical characteristics of Mg-alloy anode materials.While Mg metal anodes provide high volumetric capacity and dendrite-free electrodeposition,their practical application is hindered by challenges such as sluggish Mg^(2+)ion diffusion and electrolyte compatibility.Alloy-type anodes that incorporate groups XIII,XIV,and XV elements have the potential to overcome these limitations.We review various Mg alloys,emphasizing their alloying/dealloying reaction mechanisms,their theoretical capacities,and the practical aspects of MIBs.Furthermore,we discuss the influence of the electrolyte composition on the reversibility and efficiency of these alloy anodes.Emphasis is placed on overcoming current limitations through innovative materials and structural engineering.This review concludes with perspectives on future research directions aimed at enhancing the performance and commercial viability of Mg alloy anodes and contributing to the development of high-capacity,safe,and cost-effective energy storage systems.
文摘Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.
