Based on SPOT-5 images, 1：1 million topographic maps, the maps of the returning farmland to forest project and the Chongqing forest project, social and economic statistics, etc., this paper identifies the features an...Based on SPOT-5 images, 1：1 million topographic maps, the maps of the returning farmland to forest project and the Chongqing forest project, social and economic statistics, etc., this paper identifies the features and factors influencing farmland marginalization. The results showed： （1） During 2002-2012, the rate of farmland marginalization was 16.18%, which was mainly found in the high areas of northern Qiyao mountains and the medium-altitude areas of southern Qiyao mountains. And this farmland marginalization will increase, associated with non-agriculturalization of rural labourers and aging of the remaining labourers. （2） Elevation, distance radius from villages and road connections had a great in- fluence on farmland marginalization. Farmland marginalization rates showed an increasing trend with the increase of elevation, and 60.88% of the total farmland marginalization area is found at an altitude greater than 1000 m above sea level. The marginalization trend also increases with slope and distance from the distribution network. （3） Farmland area per labourer and the average age of farm labourers were major factors driving farmland marginalization. Farmland transfer and small agricultural machinery sets affect farmland marginalization with respect to management and productivity efficiency. （4） Farmland with ＂comparative-disadvantage-dominated marginalization＂ accounted for 55.32% of the total farmland marginalization area, followed by ＂location-dominated marginalization＂ （33.80%）. （5） According to the specifics of each real situation, different policies are suggested to mitigate the margin- alization. A ＂continuous marginalization＂ policy will encourage the return of farmland to forest in ＂terrain-dominated marginalization＂. An ＂anti-marginalization＂ policy is suggested to create new rural accommodation and improve the rural road system to counteract ＂terrain-dominated marginalization＂. And another ＂anti-marginalization＂ policy is planned to improve management and micro-mechanization for ＂comparative-disadvantage-dominated marginalization＂. A new idea was developed to integrate high resolution remote sensing and statistical data with survey information to identify land marginalization and its driving forces in mountainous areas.展开更多
Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production costs and earnings at national and provincial levels i...Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production costs and earnings at national and provincial levels in China, this study aims to analyze the reasons and mechanism behind farmland marginalization in mountainous areas. We find that farmers on plains are able to reduce their per mu labor input effectively through intensive use of agricultural machinery, which has minimized the impact of the increase in labor price. However, it is extremely challenging for farmers in mountainous areas to use the same method owing to the rough terrain. Thus, per laborer farming area in these areas has increased relatively slowly, causing a widening gap in agricultural labor productivity between the two regions. With the rapid rise in labor costs since 2003, the marginalization of cultivated land in mountainous areas is evident. In 2013, the net profit of agricultural production in mountainous China fell below zero. Since 2000, the land-use and land-cover change in these areas was characterized by the reduction of farmland area, reforestation, and the enhancement of the NDVI value. The high correlation between the NDVI change rate and the ratio of change in farmland(r = –0.70) and forest(r = 0.91) in mountainous areas at provincial level further attests to the trend of farmland marginalization there. Finally, we summarize the mechanism of such marginalization against the backdrop of the rapid increase in the opportunity cost of farming and the rapid fall of agricultural labor forces in mountainous areas. This study contributes to a deep understanding of the development process of farmland marginalization and abandonment as well as forest transition in Chinese mountainous areas.展开更多
Based on the introduction of the connotation of marginalization,the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward.According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County...Based on the introduction of the connotation of marginalization,the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward.According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County of Hubei Province and the statistical data of local government,marginalization of arable land and its correlation with rural labor migration in Tongcheng County are studied by using aggregative indicator method,clustering analysis method and correlation analysis method.Result shows that marginalization of arable land has happened two times in Tongcheng County since 1985.Dry land has severer marginalization degree than paddy field.There is significant correlation between marginalization degree of arable land and rural labor migration;and the correlation between marginalization degree and rural labor migration in paddy field is greater than that in dry land.Marginalization of arable land will advance the rural labor migration,while in response to the poor current circulation of lands;the rural labor migration will further deepen the marginalization degree.Marginalization of arable land is one of the important factors affecting the labor migration in rural areas.展开更多
Chinese American writer Celeste Ng has portrayed images of ＂marginal man＂ in her novel Everything I Never Told You. Centering the narration on the death of Lydia, with her own immigrant identity and cross-ethnical m...Chinese American writer Celeste Ng has portrayed images of ＂marginal man＂ in her novel Everything I Never Told You. Centering the narration on the death of Lydia, with her own immigrant identity and cross-ethnical marriage, Celeste Ng has penetrated into the marginal culture in American society 1970s, exposing characters＇ marginal condition caused by ethnical identity, gender and sexual orientation.展开更多
Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agric...Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers'education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers'demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments'direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers'double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.展开更多
Ethnic sentiments are usually dictated by political and socio-economic factors and they derive from manipulation of minority interests and groups who are in the face of discrimination and marginalization jostle for at...Ethnic sentiments are usually dictated by political and socio-economic factors and they derive from manipulation of minority interests and groups who are in the face of discrimination and marginalization jostle for attention and relevance within a geopolitical setting in a society.Most often,such political situation which promotes domination by one group and socio-economic subordination of another,usually results in ethnic crisis which arises from,and also leads to serious suspicion,anger,civil unrest,and sometimes war.It is not in doubt,that in times of ethno-political crisis and war,women and children are the main victims as they account for an estimated 80%of refugees and displaced persons worldwide.It is in view of this that this paper examines the politics of ethnic conflicts and discusses some of its painful outcomes,such as marginalization and dehumanization of women and children.The essay uses J.P.Clark's The Wives Revolt(1991)and Ahmed Yerima's Little Drops(2009)for illustration to point out the importance of democratic principles and increased representation of woman in governance and advocating against discriminatory policies in respect of women and children.展开更多
The city government of Solo has made a decision that street vendors operating in the city＇s Revolution Monument in Banjarsari Square for years must be relocated to the new built traditional market, called Pasar Notoh...The city government of Solo has made a decision that street vendors operating in the city＇s Revolution Monument in Banjarsari Square for years must be relocated to the new built traditional market, called Pasar Notoharjo. This study utilized ethnographic methods, a combination of methods including observation, in-depth interview, focus group and the unobtrusive method including collecting written information. The study showed that the decision of Solo city government which tended to privilege street vendors＇ interests resulted in the life chance of prostitution was deteriorated and marginalized. The city government has accommodated street vendors＇ demand to remove ,the organized prostitution community operating in Silir-Semanggi of Solo since 1960s as one of requirements for their relocation to this area, where the new built traditional market with more than one thousand kiosks was provided for street vendors. The procuresses＇ demand to obtain their rights of the land they occupied for more than 20 years on behalf of their legal ownership failed due to administrative, bureaucratic and legal obstacles. Prostitutes were inhumanly chased away by the city government apparatuses in collaboration with the police from the site of operation in 2006 and it resulted that the social and economic lives of procuresses and prostitutes got worse since their prostitution activities in this location were totally forbidden and unfinished. Both procuresses and prostitutes were marginalized because they did not have links to the powerful stakeholder who were able to protect their rights. Their health was in danger because the city government＇s concern to their activities was limited in particularly since 1998 when the location was formally closed by Solo mayor of the new order.展开更多
With migrant workers pouring out into cities together with their family,their problems become more and more prominent.By means of field study,the paper investigated the language problems and social problems of migrant...With migrant workers pouring out into cities together with their family,their problems become more and more prominent.By means of field study,the paper investigated the language problems and social problems of migrant workers,and confirmed the hypothesis that language problems cause migrant workers marginalized in the mainstream of the society.展开更多
Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust...Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust in kimberlite pipes whose diamonds are largely colourless and light yellow related to trace element N(Ia type),although brown,green,and more rarely blue-coloured diamonds are related to lattice defect and trace amounts of H,more rarely B and Ni.Pink diamonds are extremely rare in the approximately 90 diamondiferous pipes mined globally.Although small quantities have been discovered elsewhere,about 90%have been mined from the ca.1.3Ga Argyle diamond pipe in Western Australia,with the Arkhangelskaya diamond pipe in Russia the only other significant source.The pink colour at both Argyle and Arkhangelskaya is unrelated to trace elements and instead results from absorption of light from nanoscale(550nm)defects related to shear stress and plastic deformation.Macroscopically,defects are shown by glide planes,lamellae,and grain lines imposed on the originally colourless diamonds derived from their mantle source.The key question is why these defects were uniquely acquired in diamonds in the Argyle and Arkhangelskaya pipes.Unlike most diamondiferous pipes,Argyle is a rare diamondiferous volatile-rich lamproite pipe that was emplaced into the multiply deformed and rifted NNE-trending Halls Creek Orogen on the margin of the Kimberley Craton.Similarly,Arkhangelskaya in the Devonian Lomonosov kimberlite cluster is a volatile-rich low-Ti type kimberlite,a close relative to lamproite,that was emplaced into the multiply deformed Lapland-Kola Orogen on the rifted margin of the Kola Craton.These craton margins are underlain by subduction-induced volatile-enriched metasomatized mantle lithosphere in contrast to the more primeval mantle under craton centres.It is thus likely that shear stresses were exacerbated at Argyle and Arkangelskaya by rapid vertical emplacement of the anomalous volatile-enriched magmas at supercritical pressures and temperatures,that induced catastrophic phase separation of these volatiles and'mini seismic events'during rapid pressure drops during ascent from 200km depth to the surface.Such a mechanism is consistent with the presence of strongly resorbed and plastically deformed small brown industrial diamonds in the Argyle pipe.From a China perspective,it is potentially important that at 1.3Ga the alkaline Argyle pipe in northern Australia is placed adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC),with numerous world-class mineral deposits including the giant ca.1.4~1.2Ga alkaline Bayan Obo REE system on its margin.However,it is the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton and the Jiangnan Orogen with their lamproite pipes derived from metasomatized mantle lithosphere that present the most prospective regions for pink diamond occurrences.展开更多
The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite ...The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.展开更多
The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphy...The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphyry(PG).To investigate the mineralization significance of three porphyries,Microthermometry,Laser micro-Raman Spectra,and H-O-He-Ar isotope analyses of fluid inclusions were conducted.Intermediate density with high temperatures(>550℃)and moderate-low salinities(~10 wt.%)characterizes CG-related initial exsolved fluids.Vapor-rich and brine phases separated from the initial fluid following a continuous decrease in pressure and temperature,inducing molybdenite precipitation.FG-related initial fluids are characterized by high temperatures(>550℃)and salinities(>65 wt.%).The mixing of low-salinity fluids led to a rapid decrease in the salinity of FG-related fluid,promoting the deposit of the Mo element.The lead-zinc mineralization is closely related to the FG-related fluid,and the addition of meteoric fluid induced the formation of galena and sphalerite.The ore-forming fluid related to the PG is CO_(2)-rich and accompanied by the addition of mantle-derived He-Ar.The presence of CO_(2) did not contribute to the solubility of Mo,resulting in the absence of a considerable amount of molybdenite.展开更多
Earthquakes are critical triggers for slope instability.While extensive research has been conducted on slope failure modes under seismic loading,the identification of sliding surface propagation and coalescence remain...Earthquakes are critical triggers for slope instability.While extensive research has been conducted on slope failure modes under seismic loading,the identification of sliding surface propagation and coalescence remains insufficiently explored.This study investigates the dynamic response of a deposit slope containing a weak interlayer through large-scale shaking table tests.The propagation process of the sliding surface was identified using the Hilbert-Huang transform and marginal spectrum analysis.Under seismic excitation,sliding occurs along the interface between the overburden and the weak interlayer,leading to sudden landslide events.Differential vibrations at the overburden-weak interlayer-bedrock interfaces are identified as a primary mechanism driving landslide initiation.As input acceleration increases,these interfacial vibration contrasts intensify,and the acceleration amplification effect within the overburden becomes markedly pronounced.Following landslide occurrence,the vibration differences across interfaces decrease sharply.In the time-frequency domain,seismic waves transmitted through the weak interlayer exhibit amplified low-frequency components.Marginal spectrum analysis of seismic energy evolution within the slope reveals that energy attenuation in the 19-22 Hz frequency band correlates with landslide occurrence,while attenuation in the 9-11 Hz band serves as an indicator for sliding surface propagation and coalescence.For seismic design of deposit slopes with weak interlayers,particular attention should be given to the increased seismic inertial forces in the overburden layer and the detrimental effects of low-frequency wave components on sliding surface development.展开更多
Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we...Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we developed a pure data-driven DL model for predicting the Antarctic austral summer monthly-to-seasonal sea ice concentration(SIC)by incorporating a novel hybrid sea ice edge constraint loss function(HybridLoss).The model is referred to as ASICNet.Independent testing based on the last five years(2019–23)demonstrates that ASICNet with HybridLoss achieves significantly higher skill metrics than without,with a reduced mean absolute error of 0.021 from 0.022,a reduced integrated ice edge error of 1.714×10^(6)from 1.794×10^(6)km^(2),but an increased pattern correlation coefficient of 0.40 from 0.38,although both ASICNet versions outperform dynamical and statistical models.Furthermore,enhanced heat maps were developed to interpret the predictability sources of sea ice within DL-based models,and the results suggest that the predictability of Antarctic sea ice is attributable to factors like the Antarctic Dipole(ADP),Amundsen Sea Low(ASL),and Southern Ocean sea surface temperature(SST),as revealed in previous studies.Thus,ASICNet is an efficient tool for austral summer Antarctic SIC prediction.展开更多
The authors extend the marginal coordinate test for predictor contribution(Cook,2004)to the case with multivariate responses.Instead of explicitly specifying the link functions between the responses and the predictors...The authors extend the marginal coordinate test for predictor contribution(Cook,2004)to the case with multivariate responses.Instead of explicitly specifying the link functions between the responses and the predictors,an asymptotic test is proposed under the normality assumption of the predictors as well as an asymmetry assumption about the unknown regression mean function.When these assumptions are violated,the asymptotic test with elliptical trimming and clustering is still valid with desirable numerical performances.展开更多
Ecosystems along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(EQTP)are highly fragile and extremely sensitive to climate change and human disturbances.To quantitatively assess climate-induced ecosystem responses,th...Ecosystems along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(EQTP)are highly fragile and extremely sensitive to climate change and human disturbances.To quantitatively assess climate-induced ecosystem responses,this study proposes a Climate-Induced Productivity Index(CIPI)based on the Super Slack-Based Measure(Super-SBM)model using remote sensing data from 2001 to 2020.The results reveal persistently low CIPI values(0.47-0.53)across major ecosystem types,indicating widespread vulnerability to climatic variability.Among these ecosystems,forests exhibit the highest CIPI(0.55),followed by shrublands(0.54),croplands(0.53),grasslands(0.51),and barelands(0.43).The Theil index analysis further demonstrates significant intra-group disparities,suggesting that extreme climatic events amplify CIPI heterogeneity.Moreover,the dominant environmental drivers differ among ecosystem types:the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)primarily constrains grassland productivity,solar radiation(SRAD)strongly influences shrub and cropland systems,whereas subsurface factors exert greater control in forested regions.This study provides a quantitative framework for evaluating climate-ecosystem interactions and offers a scientific basis for long-term ecological monitoring and security planning across the EQTP.展开更多
As low and lower-middle social groups account for a great proportion of the total population in China and their status in society is special,it is of great social and practical significance to study their housing cond...As low and lower-middle social groups account for a great proportion of the total population in China and their status in society is special,it is of great social and practical significance to study their housing conditions and characteristics.Based on research at home and abroad,this paper defines the basic characteristics of low and lower-middle social groups in China,and elaborates the definition and connotation of housing marginalization,thereby proposing that these residents in the Chinese city are facing a problem of housing marginalization.According to data from the fifth and sixth population census and statistical yearbooks of Chengdu,it reveals changes in housing location,housing tenure structure,and housing quality of the study group between 2000 to 2010 by means of spatial and statistical analysis,which indicates that the low and lower-middle social groups are facing the three trends of"living in outskirts,""predicament in tenure selectivity of housing,"and"impoverishment of housing quality."In response to these trends,three planning suggestions are proposed:①to establish"housing policy areas"suitable for the group of residents to reside and work;②to innovate policy measures to support the low and lower-middle social groups to rent and purchase houses within these areas;③to guide the residents to integrate into the community life circle in these areas so as to avoid poverty concentration.展开更多
Based on the plate tectonics theory,the sedimentary environment of paleotectonics along the passive continental margins on both sides of the South Atlantic Ocean was reconstructed using the paleomagnetic,regional geol...Based on the plate tectonics theory,the sedimentary environment of paleotectonics along the passive continental margins on both sides of the South Atlantic Ocean was reconstructed using the paleomagnetic,regional geological,and seismic data,and the intrinsic relationships of hydrocarbon distribution in the passive continental margin basins and the differential hydrocarbon accumulation patterns were analyzed.Results show that basins on both sides of the South Atlantic experienced two major extensional phases—rift and depression—and four evolutionary stages:the Early Cretaceous Berriasian-Barremian intracontinental rift stage,the Early Cretaceous Aptian-Albian intercontinental rift to initial drift transition stage,the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene drift-related marine transgressive depression stage,and the Neogene-Quaternary drift-related marine regressive depression stage.According to basin architecture and superposition style,the passive-margin basins are classified into two principal types:rift-continental marginal depression composite and continental marginal depression-dominated.The basins in the study area were further divided into six types based on the development degree of salt tectonics and the type of dominant sand bodies,i.e.salt-free rift-continental marginal gravity-flow composite type,salt-free rift-continental marginal delta composite type,salt-bearing rift-continental marginal gravity flow composite type,delta-dominated salt-bearing rift-continental marginal delta composite type,gravity-flow-dominated continental marginal depression type,and delta-dominated continental marginal depression type.The salt-free rift-continental marginal gravity flow and delta composite basins are mainly distributed in the southern segment.The salt-bearing rift-continental marginal gravity flow and delta composite basins are mainly distributed in the central segment.The gravity-flow-dominated continental marginal depression basins are mainy distributed in the northern segment.The delta-dominated passive-margin depression basins are distributed in three segments from north to south.In different types of basins,distinctive depositional systems and source-reservoir-caprock assemblages were formed in each upper/lower structure layer.The superimposition and evolution of multi-phase prototype basins result in the orderly hydrocarbon accumulation vertically and laterally,which are“segmented along-strike,zoned across-strike,and layered vertically”.展开更多
Vaccination is the preferred strategy for preventing infections such as influenza in elderly individuals;however,its efficacy is often suboptimal due in part to age-related declines in immune function.In this study,we...Vaccination is the preferred strategy for preventing infections such as influenza in elderly individuals;however,its efficacy is often suboptimal due in part to age-related declines in immune function.In this study,we discovered that the infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)restored defects in the splenic stromal cell network and lymphocyte architecture in aged mice while also increasing specific antibody levels following vaccine immunization.This significantly protected aging mice from influenza infection.Mechanistically,the delivered MSCs localized in the splenic marginal zones,where they positioned themselves near marginal reticular cells(MRCs)and stimulated MRC proliferation,partially through the action of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA).This MSC‒MRC interaction orchestrated the reconstruction of the stromal network,thereby restoring lymphocyte homeostasis and germinal center reactions.Importantly,the MSC-mediated enhancement of the vaccine response was further validated in aged cynomolgus monkeys.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into the application of MSCs in addressing age-related immune decline and highlight splenic MRCs as critical therapeutic targets.展开更多
基金The NSFC-IIASA Major International Joint Research Project, No.41161140352 Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, No.2010JJ0069 Science and Technology Great Special Project on Controlling and Fathering Water Pollution during the National 12th Five-year Plan, No.2012ZX07104-003
文摘Based on SPOT-5 images, 1：1 million topographic maps, the maps of the returning farmland to forest project and the Chongqing forest project, social and economic statistics, etc., this paper identifies the features and factors influencing farmland marginalization. The results showed： （1） During 2002-2012, the rate of farmland marginalization was 16.18%, which was mainly found in the high areas of northern Qiyao mountains and the medium-altitude areas of southern Qiyao mountains. And this farmland marginalization will increase, associated with non-agriculturalization of rural labourers and aging of the remaining labourers. （2） Elevation, distance radius from villages and road connections had a great in- fluence on farmland marginalization. Farmland marginalization rates showed an increasing trend with the increase of elevation, and 60.88% of the total farmland marginalization area is found at an altitude greater than 1000 m above sea level. The marginalization trend also increases with slope and distance from the distribution network. （3） Farmland area per labourer and the average age of farm labourers were major factors driving farmland marginalization. Farmland transfer and small agricultural machinery sets affect farmland marginalization with respect to management and productivity efficiency. （4） Farmland with ＂comparative-disadvantage-dominated marginalization＂ accounted for 55.32% of the total farmland marginalization area, followed by ＂location-dominated marginalization＂ （33.80%）. （5） According to the specifics of each real situation, different policies are suggested to mitigate the margin- alization. A ＂continuous marginalization＂ policy will encourage the return of farmland to forest in ＂terrain-dominated marginalization＂. An ＂anti-marginalization＂ policy is suggested to create new rural accommodation and improve the rural road system to counteract ＂terrain-dominated marginalization＂. And another ＂anti-marginalization＂ policy is planned to improve management and micro-mechanization for ＂comparative-disadvantage-dominated marginalization＂. A new idea was developed to integrate high resolution remote sensing and statistical data with survey information to identify land marginalization and its driving forces in mountainous areas.
基金GDAS'Project of Science and Technology Development,No.2018GDASCX-0903,No.2017GDASCX-0101,No.2018GDASCX-0101National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),No.2015CB452706National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41801101,No.41161140352.
文摘Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production costs and earnings at national and provincial levels in China, this study aims to analyze the reasons and mechanism behind farmland marginalization in mountainous areas. We find that farmers on plains are able to reduce their per mu labor input effectively through intensive use of agricultural machinery, which has minimized the impact of the increase in labor price. However, it is extremely challenging for farmers in mountainous areas to use the same method owing to the rough terrain. Thus, per laborer farming area in these areas has increased relatively slowly, causing a widening gap in agricultural labor productivity between the two regions. With the rapid rise in labor costs since 2003, the marginalization of cultivated land in mountainous areas is evident. In 2013, the net profit of agricultural production in mountainous China fell below zero. Since 2000, the land-use and land-cover change in these areas was characterized by the reduction of farmland area, reforestation, and the enhancement of the NDVI value. The high correlation between the NDVI change rate and the ratio of change in farmland(r = –0.70) and forest(r = 0.91) in mountainous areas at provincial level further attests to the trend of farmland marginalization there. Finally, we summarize the mechanism of such marginalization against the backdrop of the rapid increase in the opportunity cost of farming and the rapid fall of agricultural labor forces in mountainous areas. This study contributes to a deep understanding of the development process of farmland marginalization and abandonment as well as forest transition in Chinese mountainous areas.
基金Supported by the Project of Excellent Middle-aged People and Young People Team in Colleges and Universities of Hubei Province(T200708)the Humanity and Social Science Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(2009y149)
文摘Based on the introduction of the connotation of marginalization,the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward.According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County of Hubei Province and the statistical data of local government,marginalization of arable land and its correlation with rural labor migration in Tongcheng County are studied by using aggregative indicator method,clustering analysis method and correlation analysis method.Result shows that marginalization of arable land has happened two times in Tongcheng County since 1985.Dry land has severer marginalization degree than paddy field.There is significant correlation between marginalization degree of arable land and rural labor migration;and the correlation between marginalization degree and rural labor migration in paddy field is greater than that in dry land.Marginalization of arable land will advance the rural labor migration,while in response to the poor current circulation of lands;the rural labor migration will further deepen the marginalization degree.Marginalization of arable land is one of the important factors affecting the labor migration in rural areas.
文摘Chinese American writer Celeste Ng has portrayed images of ＂marginal man＂ in her novel Everything I Never Told You. Centering the narration on the death of Lydia, with her own immigrant identity and cross-ethnical marriage, Celeste Ng has penetrated into the marginal culture in American society 1970s, exposing characters＇ marginal condition caused by ethnical identity, gender and sexual orientation.
基金Supported by Research Projects of Guangxi Provincial Education Department(200911LX465)
文摘Status quo of urban and rural public goods supply in China is analyzed.Firstly,public goods supply in rural areas is inadequate,for example,inadequate supply of agricultural infrastructure,lack of expenditure in agricultural science and technology,problems of rural drinking water safety,problems of rural roads and transportation,low levels of health care,weak rural public culture,short supply of farmers'education.Secondly,the system and level of urban public goods provision can't meet migrant workers'demand,for example,less migrant workers are employed by the governments'direction;migrant workers are isolated by urban housing project and these workers have difficulty in receiving city social security.One reason of new generation migrant workers facing the double marginalization of rural and urban crisis is that urban and rural public goods supply are different in particular the inadequate supply of public goods in rural areas.Three countermeasures are put forward in order to relieve new generation migrant workers'double marginalization of urban and rural,which include increasing financial input in rural areas in order to achieve equalization of urban and rural public goods,perfecting the preferential agricultural policy to increase rural public goods supply,making urban public goods supply as a guide to promote the new generation migrant workers into the city.
文摘Ethnic sentiments are usually dictated by political and socio-economic factors and they derive from manipulation of minority interests and groups who are in the face of discrimination and marginalization jostle for attention and relevance within a geopolitical setting in a society.Most often,such political situation which promotes domination by one group and socio-economic subordination of another,usually results in ethnic crisis which arises from,and also leads to serious suspicion,anger,civil unrest,and sometimes war.It is not in doubt,that in times of ethno-political crisis and war,women and children are the main victims as they account for an estimated 80%of refugees and displaced persons worldwide.It is in view of this that this paper examines the politics of ethnic conflicts and discusses some of its painful outcomes,such as marginalization and dehumanization of women and children.The essay uses J.P.Clark's The Wives Revolt(1991)and Ahmed Yerima's Little Drops(2009)for illustration to point out the importance of democratic principles and increased representation of woman in governance and advocating against discriminatory policies in respect of women and children.
文摘The city government of Solo has made a decision that street vendors operating in the city＇s Revolution Monument in Banjarsari Square for years must be relocated to the new built traditional market, called Pasar Notoharjo. This study utilized ethnographic methods, a combination of methods including observation, in-depth interview, focus group and the unobtrusive method including collecting written information. The study showed that the decision of Solo city government which tended to privilege street vendors＇ interests resulted in the life chance of prostitution was deteriorated and marginalized. The city government has accommodated street vendors＇ demand to remove ,the organized prostitution community operating in Silir-Semanggi of Solo since 1960s as one of requirements for their relocation to this area, where the new built traditional market with more than one thousand kiosks was provided for street vendors. The procuresses＇ demand to obtain their rights of the land they occupied for more than 20 years on behalf of their legal ownership failed due to administrative, bureaucratic and legal obstacles. Prostitutes were inhumanly chased away by the city government apparatuses in collaboration with the police from the site of operation in 2006 and it resulted that the social and economic lives of procuresses and prostitutes got worse since their prostitution activities in this location were totally forbidden and unfinished. Both procuresses and prostitutes were marginalized because they did not have links to the powerful stakeholder who were able to protect their rights. Their health was in danger because the city government＇s concern to their activities was limited in particularly since 1998 when the location was formally closed by Solo mayor of the new order.
文摘With migrant workers pouring out into cities together with their family,their problems become more and more prominent.By means of field study,the paper investigated the language problems and social problems of migrant workers,and confirmed the hypothesis that language problems cause migrant workers marginalized in the mainstream of the society.
文摘Diamonds were formed in the mantle lithosphere,mostly at depths of 150~200km in the centres of Precambrian cratons,the buoyant ancient cores of continents.From there they were normally transported into the upper crust in kimberlite pipes whose diamonds are largely colourless and light yellow related to trace element N(Ia type),although brown,green,and more rarely blue-coloured diamonds are related to lattice defect and trace amounts of H,more rarely B and Ni.Pink diamonds are extremely rare in the approximately 90 diamondiferous pipes mined globally.Although small quantities have been discovered elsewhere,about 90%have been mined from the ca.1.3Ga Argyle diamond pipe in Western Australia,with the Arkhangelskaya diamond pipe in Russia the only other significant source.The pink colour at both Argyle and Arkhangelskaya is unrelated to trace elements and instead results from absorption of light from nanoscale(550nm)defects related to shear stress and plastic deformation.Macroscopically,defects are shown by glide planes,lamellae,and grain lines imposed on the originally colourless diamonds derived from their mantle source.The key question is why these defects were uniquely acquired in diamonds in the Argyle and Arkhangelskaya pipes.Unlike most diamondiferous pipes,Argyle is a rare diamondiferous volatile-rich lamproite pipe that was emplaced into the multiply deformed and rifted NNE-trending Halls Creek Orogen on the margin of the Kimberley Craton.Similarly,Arkhangelskaya in the Devonian Lomonosov kimberlite cluster is a volatile-rich low-Ti type kimberlite,a close relative to lamproite,that was emplaced into the multiply deformed Lapland-Kola Orogen on the rifted margin of the Kola Craton.These craton margins are underlain by subduction-induced volatile-enriched metasomatized mantle lithosphere in contrast to the more primeval mantle under craton centres.It is thus likely that shear stresses were exacerbated at Argyle and Arkangelskaya by rapid vertical emplacement of the anomalous volatile-enriched magmas at supercritical pressures and temperatures,that induced catastrophic phase separation of these volatiles and'mini seismic events'during rapid pressure drops during ascent from 200km depth to the surface.Such a mechanism is consistent with the presence of strongly resorbed and plastically deformed small brown industrial diamonds in the Argyle pipe.From a China perspective,it is potentially important that at 1.3Ga the alkaline Argyle pipe in northern Australia is placed adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC),with numerous world-class mineral deposits including the giant ca.1.4~1.2Ga alkaline Bayan Obo REE system on its margin.However,it is the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton and the Jiangnan Orogen with their lamproite pipes derived from metasomatized mantle lithosphere that present the most prospective regions for pink diamond occurrences.
文摘The design and construction of houses normally require an architect＇s input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42102084)the Special Research Fund of Natural Science(Special Post)of Guizhou University(No.2020[27])Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(No.ZK[2022]041)。
文摘The formation of Caosiyao giant porphyry Mo deposit is related to three granitic porphyries:coarse-grained granite porphyry(CG),fine-grained granite porphyry(FG),and giant plagioclase phenocryst bearing granite porphyry(PG).To investigate the mineralization significance of three porphyries,Microthermometry,Laser micro-Raman Spectra,and H-O-He-Ar isotope analyses of fluid inclusions were conducted.Intermediate density with high temperatures(>550℃)and moderate-low salinities(~10 wt.%)characterizes CG-related initial exsolved fluids.Vapor-rich and brine phases separated from the initial fluid following a continuous decrease in pressure and temperature,inducing molybdenite precipitation.FG-related initial fluids are characterized by high temperatures(>550℃)and salinities(>65 wt.%).The mixing of low-salinity fluids led to a rapid decrease in the salinity of FG-related fluid,promoting the deposit of the Mo element.The lead-zinc mineralization is closely related to the FG-related fluid,and the addition of meteoric fluid induced the formation of galena and sphalerite.The ore-forming fluid related to the PG is CO_(2)-rich and accompanied by the addition of mantle-derived He-Ar.The presence of CO_(2) did not contribute to the solubility of Mo,resulting in the absence of a considerable amount of molybdenite.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2025YFE0123800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52372343)+4 种基金Sichuan Transportation Science and Technology Project(2023-A-03)Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Department in Sichuan Province,China(2022NSFSC1086)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024YFHZ0121)the R&D Fund Project of China Academy of Railway Science Corporation Limited(K2024G008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52502430).
文摘Earthquakes are critical triggers for slope instability.While extensive research has been conducted on slope failure modes under seismic loading,the identification of sliding surface propagation and coalescence remains insufficiently explored.This study investigates the dynamic response of a deposit slope containing a weak interlayer through large-scale shaking table tests.The propagation process of the sliding surface was identified using the Hilbert-Huang transform and marginal spectrum analysis.Under seismic excitation,sliding occurs along the interface between the overburden and the weak interlayer,leading to sudden landslide events.Differential vibrations at the overburden-weak interlayer-bedrock interfaces are identified as a primary mechanism driving landslide initiation.As input acceleration increases,these interfacial vibration contrasts intensify,and the acceleration amplification effect within the overburden becomes markedly pronounced.Following landslide occurrence,the vibration differences across interfaces decrease sharply.In the time-frequency domain,seismic waves transmitted through the weak interlayer exhibit amplified low-frequency components.Marginal spectrum analysis of seismic energy evolution within the slope reveals that energy attenuation in the 19-22 Hz frequency band correlates with landslide occurrence,while attenuation in the 9-11 Hz band serves as an indicator for sliding surface propagation and coalescence.For seismic design of deposit slopes with weak interlayers,particular attention should be given to the increased seismic inertial forces in the overburden layer and the detrimental effects of low-frequency wave components on sliding surface development.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42376250)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA19070402).
文摘Predicting Antarctic sea ice is of substantial academic and practical significance.However,current prediction models,including deep learning(DL)-based models,show notable bias in the marginal ice zone.In this study,we developed a pure data-driven DL model for predicting the Antarctic austral summer monthly-to-seasonal sea ice concentration(SIC)by incorporating a novel hybrid sea ice edge constraint loss function(HybridLoss).The model is referred to as ASICNet.Independent testing based on the last five years(2019–23)demonstrates that ASICNet with HybridLoss achieves significantly higher skill metrics than without,with a reduced mean absolute error of 0.021 from 0.022,a reduced integrated ice edge error of 1.714×10^(6)from 1.794×10^(6)km^(2),but an increased pattern correlation coefficient of 0.40 from 0.38,although both ASICNet versions outperform dynamical and statistical models.Furthermore,enhanced heat maps were developed to interpret the predictability sources of sea ice within DL-based models,and the results suggest that the predictability of Antarctic sea ice is attributable to factors like the Antarctic Dipole(ADP),Amundsen Sea Low(ASL),and Southern Ocean sea surface temperature(SST),as revealed in previous studies.Thus,ASICNet is an efficient tool for austral summer Antarctic SIC prediction.
文摘The authors extend the marginal coordinate test for predictor contribution(Cook,2004)to the case with multivariate responses.Instead of explicitly specifying the link functions between the responses and the predictors,an asymptotic test is proposed under the normality assumption of the predictors as well as an asymmetry assumption about the unknown regression mean function.When these assumptions are violated,the asymptotic test with elliptical trimming and clustering is still valid with desirable numerical performances.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,No.2022YFF1302401National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42271007。
文摘Ecosystems along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(EQTP)are highly fragile and extremely sensitive to climate change and human disturbances.To quantitatively assess climate-induced ecosystem responses,this study proposes a Climate-Induced Productivity Index(CIPI)based on the Super Slack-Based Measure(Super-SBM)model using remote sensing data from 2001 to 2020.The results reveal persistently low CIPI values(0.47-0.53)across major ecosystem types,indicating widespread vulnerability to climatic variability.Among these ecosystems,forests exhibit the highest CIPI(0.55),followed by shrublands(0.54),croplands(0.53),grasslands(0.51),and barelands(0.43).The Theil index analysis further demonstrates significant intra-group disparities,suggesting that extreme climatic events amplify CIPI heterogeneity.Moreover,the dominant environmental drivers differ among ecosystem types:the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)primarily constrains grassland productivity,solar radiation(SRAD)strongly influences shrub and cropland systems,whereas subsurface factors exert greater control in forested regions.This study provides a quantitative framework for evaluating climate-ecosystem interactions and offers a scientific basis for long-term ecological monitoring and security planning across the EQTP.
基金supported by the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China“Influencing Mechanism of Spatial Pattern of Resettlement Areas on the Reconstruction of Neighborhood Social Network of Relocated Residents:The Example of Caojiaxiang Project in Chengdu”(51808452)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682019CX54)。
文摘As low and lower-middle social groups account for a great proportion of the total population in China and their status in society is special,it is of great social and practical significance to study their housing conditions and characteristics.Based on research at home and abroad,this paper defines the basic characteristics of low and lower-middle social groups in China,and elaborates the definition and connotation of housing marginalization,thereby proposing that these residents in the Chinese city are facing a problem of housing marginalization.According to data from the fifth and sixth population census and statistical yearbooks of Chengdu,it reveals changes in housing location,housing tenure structure,and housing quality of the study group between 2000 to 2010 by means of spatial and statistical analysis,which indicates that the low and lower-middle social groups are facing the three trends of"living in outskirts,""predicament in tenure selectivity of housing,"and"impoverishment of housing quality."In response to these trends,three planning suggestions are proposed:①to establish"housing policy areas"suitable for the group of residents to reside and work;②to innovate policy measures to support the low and lower-middle social groups to rent and purchase houses within these areas;③to guide the residents to integrate into the community life circle in these areas so as to avoid poverty concentration.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2025ZD400801)CNPC Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZZ07-01)。
文摘Based on the plate tectonics theory,the sedimentary environment of paleotectonics along the passive continental margins on both sides of the South Atlantic Ocean was reconstructed using the paleomagnetic,regional geological,and seismic data,and the intrinsic relationships of hydrocarbon distribution in the passive continental margin basins and the differential hydrocarbon accumulation patterns were analyzed.Results show that basins on both sides of the South Atlantic experienced two major extensional phases—rift and depression—and four evolutionary stages:the Early Cretaceous Berriasian-Barremian intracontinental rift stage,the Early Cretaceous Aptian-Albian intercontinental rift to initial drift transition stage,the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene drift-related marine transgressive depression stage,and the Neogene-Quaternary drift-related marine regressive depression stage.According to basin architecture and superposition style,the passive-margin basins are classified into two principal types:rift-continental marginal depression composite and continental marginal depression-dominated.The basins in the study area were further divided into six types based on the development degree of salt tectonics and the type of dominant sand bodies,i.e.salt-free rift-continental marginal gravity-flow composite type,salt-free rift-continental marginal delta composite type,salt-bearing rift-continental marginal gravity flow composite type,delta-dominated salt-bearing rift-continental marginal delta composite type,gravity-flow-dominated continental marginal depression type,and delta-dominated continental marginal depression type.The salt-free rift-continental marginal gravity flow and delta composite basins are mainly distributed in the southern segment.The salt-bearing rift-continental marginal gravity flow and delta composite basins are mainly distributed in the central segment.The gravity-flow-dominated continental marginal depression basins are mainy distributed in the northern segment.The delta-dominated passive-margin depression basins are distributed in three segments from north to south.In different types of basins,distinctive depositional systems and source-reservoir-caprock assemblages were formed in each upper/lower structure layer.The superimposition and evolution of multi-phase prototype basins result in the orderly hydrocarbon accumulation vertically and laterally,which are“segmented along-strike,zoned across-strike,and layered vertically”.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China,Stem Cell and Translational Research(2022YFA1104100,2022YFA1105000,2018YFA0801404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82570270,82270230,32130046,82171617,82471689,82170540,82471462,82270566)+8 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515020119)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2023B1111050006)the Key Scientific and Technological Program of Guangzhou City(2023B01J1002,202206080002)the Pioneering Talents Project of the Guangzhou Development Zone(2021-L029)the Guangdong Special Support Program(2019BT02Y276)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KJZD20230923114504008)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Nanshan(SZSM2021034008)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Gaozhou(20240619111622)the Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students'Scientific and Technological Innovation(pdjh2025ak003).
文摘Vaccination is the preferred strategy for preventing infections such as influenza in elderly individuals;however,its efficacy is often suboptimal due in part to age-related declines in immune function.In this study,we discovered that the infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs)restored defects in the splenic stromal cell network and lymphocyte architecture in aged mice while also increasing specific antibody levels following vaccine immunization.This significantly protected aging mice from influenza infection.Mechanistically,the delivered MSCs localized in the splenic marginal zones,where they positioned themselves near marginal reticular cells(MRCs)and stimulated MRC proliferation,partially through the action of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA).This MSC‒MRC interaction orchestrated the reconstruction of the stromal network,thereby restoring lymphocyte homeostasis and germinal center reactions.Importantly,the MSC-mediated enhancement of the vaccine response was further validated in aged cynomolgus monkeys.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into the application of MSCs in addressing age-related immune decline and highlight splenic MRCs as critical therapeutic targets.
