Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the measured physiological factors that limit running performance with real marathon results from world-class distance runners,evaluating the compatibility between measu...Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the measured physiological factors that limit running performance with real marathon results from world-class distance runners,evaluating the compatibility between measured data and predicted results based on the previously suggested model.Methods:Four world-class East African marathon runners(three male,one female)underwent physiological running assessments to predict marathon performance times using a model based on˙V O_(2)peak,percentage of˙V O_(2)peak at the second ventilatory threshold,and running economy.Predictions were then compared to participants’best marathon times.Results:The measured˙V O_(2)peak of the world-class runners was 75.1±2.7 mL/kg/min.The second ventilatory threshold occurred at 85±3%of the peak,with a running economy of 63.7±2.4 mL/kg/min at 19.6±0.9 km/h.The predicted marathon performance time was 2:06:51±0:03:17 h:min:s for the males and 2:17:36 h:min:s for the female.Comparing these predictions to their personal best times,the average difference was 00:55±00:51 min:s(range:00:20-02:08).Conclusions:This research provides laboratory data on world-class road running athletes,reinforcing the link between marathon performance and˙V O_(2)peak,the percentage of˙VO_(2)peak at the second ventilatory threshold,and running economy.The examined athletes had lower˙V O_(2)peak compared to predicted values,highlighting the importance of running economy and fractional utilization of˙V O_(2)peak in achieving such performances.Future studies should continue to advance the field by including additional bioenergetic parameters measured during race conditions and expanding the participant cohort of elite marathoners,encompassing both sexes.展开更多
155⁃year⁃old Hilde Dosogne of Belgium recently set a new world record for most consecutive(连续的)marathons after running 366 full marathons(over 15,000 km)in 2024.2 On May 30,2024,Hilde Dosogne had already broken the...155⁃year⁃old Hilde Dosogne of Belgium recently set a new world record for most consecutive(连续的)marathons after running 366 full marathons(over 15,000 km)in 2024.2 On May 30,2024,Hilde Dosogne had already broken the women's world record for most consecutive marathons—150,set by Erchana Murray⁃Bartlett—but she didn't stop running until December 31st,when she recorded her 366th consecutive full marathon of the year.As you can imagine,running 42.195 km per day,every day,for a year is incredibly taxing for the body,but while Hilde had to overcome tiredness and bursitis(滑囊炎),she claimed that the mental stress of having to show up at the starting line every day was her most difficult challenge.展开更多
Laibo 2,a quadruped robot(四足机器人)developed in the Republic of Korea,has become the first robot to complete a full marathon on a single charge after running the 42.195⁃km Sangju Dried Persimmon Marathon.
Objectives The purpose was to directly assess in-competition thermoregulatory responses in recreational runners during a city marathon conducted in cool,ambient conditions using a two-pill ingestion strategy.Methods T...Objectives The purpose was to directly assess in-competition thermoregulatory responses in recreational runners during a city marathon conducted in cool,ambient conditions using a two-pill ingestion strategy.Methods Thirty-two recreational runners(age:38.7±10.2 years,mass:73.9±11.0 kg,height:177±8 cm)were invited to participate in this study.Core temperature was continuously assessed using telemetric ingestible pills.Each runner swallowed two pills:the first pill(Pill 1)11 h:47 min±1 h:01 min pre-race(before overnight sleep)and the second(Pill 2)2 h:35 min±0 h:54 min pre-race(on wakening).Results Pre-race core temperature for Pill 1 was significantly different from Pill 2,with values of 37.4±0.4℃and 37.1±0.6℃,respectively(p=0.006).The mean core temperature during the race was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(38.5±0.5℃and 37.8±1.0℃,respectively;p<0.001).Peak core temperature was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(39.1±0.5℃and 38.8±0.5℃,respectively;p=0.03).Post-race core temperature was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(38.8±0.7℃and 38.1±1.3℃,respectively;p=0.02).Conclusions The timing of pill ingestion significantly impacted core temperature and hence timing of pill ingestion should be standardised(5 h:30 min–7 h prior to measurement).Despite the relatively cool ambient conditions during the race,a significant number of runners achieved a high core body temperature(≥39℃),which was not accompanied by any signs of heat illness.展开更多
Fluctuations in autonomic cardiovascular regulation during exposure to high altitude may increase the risk of heart attack during waking and sleep. This study compared heart rate variability (HVR) and its components d...Fluctuations in autonomic cardiovascular regulation during exposure to high altitude may increase the risk of heart attack during waking and sleep. This study compared heart rate variability (HVR) and its components during sleep at low altitude and after 30 - 41 hours of acclimatization at high altitude (3480 m) in five mountain marathon runners controlled for diet, drugs, light-dark cycle and jet lag. In comparison to sea level, RR-intervals during sleep at high altitude decreased significantly (P 0.001). The significant increase in sympathetic autonomic cardiovascular modulation at high altitude protects against excessive oxygen deprivation during sleep. Increases in R-R intervals can require longer periods of acclimatization at3480 m to mitigate the effects of altitude/hypoxia on sympathetic tone, thus reducing cardiovascular distress at rest during waking and sleep and probably before during and after athletic performance at altitude.展开更多
Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（a...Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20–77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1–44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20-77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1-44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis（EFA） was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results：The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors：psychological coping-emotional-related coping,psychological coping-everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation-reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation-keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion：This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.展开更多
Objective: Increased number of runners in Japan has been one reason for increasing the risk of cardiac arrest during marathon races. The purpose of the study was to examine 1) the incidence of cardiac arrest during ma...Objective: Increased number of runners in Japan has been one reason for increasing the risk of cardiac arrest during marathon races. The purpose of the study was to examine 1) the incidence of cardiac arrest during marathon races held in the past in Japan, 2) the characteristics of runners with cardiac arrest, 3) the effectiveness of public access defibrillation (PAD) use for cardiac arrest cases. Methods: We examined the incidence of the cardiac arrest during marathon races in Japan from the medical records of marathon races that Kokushikan University provided in the past five years. Also, we analyzed cardiac arrests occurred in Japan in the past 15 years between 1999 and 2013. Results: The incidence rate of cardiac arrest was 2.18 per 100,000 participants. As shown in Table 1, the incidence rates were 2.00 per 100,000 participants in full marathon and 2.50 per 100,000 participants in half-marathon. A total of 63 cardiac arrests occurred in the past 15 years, and the number of incidents has been increasing every year. Among 63 cardiac arrest cases, the mean age was 45.3 ± 14.9 years old and 93.7% (59/63 cases) were in males. Eighty-three percentage of cardiac arrest cases applied AED (20/24 cases) were the shockable rhythm. In terms of the survival rate, there was a statistically significant difference between the cases where both bystander CPR and PAD were delivered and the cases where the only bystander CPR took place without PAD (95.0% vs. 47.1%;p Conclusions: Performing PAD on the scene during marathon races could be expected to be higher in the survival rate. Creating a medical support system is needed to handle sudden cardiac arrest rapidly in order to perform early bystander CPR and PAD.展开更多
Background: Measurement of haematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases in endurance sportsmen. The modifications of these parameters during endurance race have not yet bee...Background: Measurement of haematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases in endurance sportsmen. The modifications of these parameters during endurance race have not yet been evaluated in many African countries. Objectives: To determine haematological values before and immediately after a half-marathon event, as well as within 24 hours after the race and to analyze the changes observed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 to 21 August 2018 at Brazzaville, Congo. All measurements were confined to 76 male participants (39 specialists vs 37 no specialists of endurance race) in the Brazzaville half-marathon (21.1 km), aged between 19 - 39 years (mean age: 26.7 ± 2.6 years). Coulter profiles with differential white cell counts and haptoglobin levels were determined in venous sample before and after competitive half-marathon race. The same measurements were performed during the 24 hrs following the competition. Results: In the pre-race sample, mild anemia was detected in 12 subjects and mild thrombocytopenia in 7 subjects. Haptoglobin levels were reduced in 5 subjects. Haematological values, all post-race, varied significantly before and after race, particularly for RBC, Hb, Hct, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, monocyte counts, basophil counts, eosinophil counts and haptoglobin. These differences between specialists and no specialists were statistically (p Conclusion: Our data may help sport physicians, sport physiologists and trainers to better follow-up haematological reactions associated with the half-marathon race.展开更多
Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday part...Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday particularly developed these three main parameters, which are useful for characterizing the nature of the social transaction of the participants. In this essay, the method of tenor is used for analyzing Barack Obama's speech on Boston Marathon bombing event to explore how Obama trans fers his ideas to audience in order to achieve his goals.展开更多
Altered blood chemistry, acid-base and electrolyte are suggested determinants of sleep disturbance, with frequent arousal at high altitude even in well and long-trained altitude marathon runners. In this sample of exp...Altered blood chemistry, acid-base and electrolyte are suggested determinants of sleep disturbance, with frequent arousal at high altitude even in well and long-trained altitude marathon runners. In this sample of experienced altitude marathon runners with maximal aerobic power at sea level of 61.4 ± 2.7 ml/kg-1·min-1 we found that pO2 and percent of oxygen saturation (%SO2) were lower at2050 mand3480 mthan at sea level;pO2 was higher after 38 - 41 hours than after 30 - 31 hours of acclimatization at3480 m(P 2 decreased (P 2 and (P 2 at a sleeping altitude of3480 mwas lower (P Simple regression analysis disclosed a significant correlation between the changes in TST and the percent of REM sleep and the changes in %SpaO2 recorded during sleep (P 2 at higher altitude and the percent of W and of TST (P 2, tCO2 and [HCO3-] correlated negatively and significantly with the percent of REM sleep changes at high altitude (P 2 and pH and correlated negatively with the changes in %SO2, pCO2, tCO2, and [HCO3-] (P ++] and [BE] and negatively with the changes in buffered bases [BB] and [BEeffective] (P 2 and significantly and negatively with the changes in [K+] (P 2, tCO2, [HCO3-] and [K+]展开更多
Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac ...Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac arrests and sudden death has increased in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000. An evidence-based strategy for protecting susceptible runners from these acute cardiac events during races is considered based on identification of the underlying cause. Method: Review of articles in Pub Med on adverse cardiac events during marathons. Findings: Recent epidemiological studies have identified an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000 with atherosclerotic heart disease as the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Same-aged asymptomatic middle-aged male physician-runners showed a post-race polymorphonuclear leukocytosis with sequential increases in interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as a likely consequence of rhabdomyolysis after “hitting the wall”. Increased fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and D-dimer with in vivo platelet activation indicated a concurrent hemostatic imbalance with pro-coagulant effects. Cardiac troponins I and T and NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated after races as additionally predictive of acute cardiac events in asymptomatic persons. Conclusions: High short-term risk for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners is shown by stratification of validated biomarkers, which may render non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture during marathons. Pre-race aspirin usage is prudent to reduce these events mediated by atherothrombosis based on conclusive evidence for prevention of first acute myocardial infarctions in same-aged healthy male physicians. Prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of pre-race low-dose aspirin for curtailing the increasing frequency of race-related cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptible runners.展开更多
Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to athe...Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to atherosclerotic heart disease. Recent evidence related to this problem is reviewed herein including epidemiologic studies and findings related to acute cardiac risk in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners during races. Method: Literature review related to the above. Findings: The risks of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 1 in 171,005 respectively in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in marathons in the United States since 1980. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of cases in two retrospective studies and a greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged men in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry beginning in the year 2000. Asymptomatic middle-aged male runners showed elevated biomarkers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein together with procoagulant effects including in vivo platelet activation, indicating susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Conclusions: Antithrombotic prophylaxis is evidence-based by validated clinical paradigms to prevent cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptibile marathon runners at high risk for atherothrombosis during races.展开更多
Objective: To assess the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk factors among marathon runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014. Methods: A total of 325 marathon runners were divided into 42 km and ...Objective: To assess the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk factors among marathon runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014. Methods: A total of 325 marathon runners were divided into 42 km and 10 km groups. They were assessed for cardiovascular risk factors by measuring their BP and answering a questionnaire. The questionnaire composed of 22 questions related to demographic information, risk factors, medical history, family history, medical checkups, use of antihypertensive drugs and definition of hyponatremia. Results: There were 30 runners in the 42 km group and 295 in the 10 km group interviewed. The majority of 42 km runners were males 29 (96.7%) vs. 205 (69.5%) in the 10 km group, (P = 0.001). The 42 km group was older than 10 km group (47 ± 13.8 years vs. 38.5 ± 14.6 years;P = 0.0025). The prevalence of hypertension was 46.7% in the 42 km group as compared to 31.2% in the 10 km group (P = 0.08). Systolic BP (SBP) was higher in 42 km group vs. 10 km group (143 ± 22.4 mm Hg vs. 129.9 ± 17.8 mm Hg;P = 0.0004). The heart rate was lower among 42 km vs. 10 km group (71 ± 11.1 bpm vs. 84 ± 16 bpm;P Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of HTN among marathon runners but minorities were aware that they have hypertension. The 42 km runners tend to be older with higher systolic blood pressure as compared to the 10 km runners.展开更多
This paper studies and analyzes the basic situation of the marathon in Hubei Province in recent years by means of literature,field investigation and comparative analysis.It is concluded that:the number,scale and scope...This paper studies and analyzes the basic situation of the marathon in Hubei Province in recent years by means of literature,field investigation and comparative analysis.It is concluded that:the number,scale and scope of marathon events in Hubei Province are increasing year by year.Inadequacies:low overall cultural literacy of participants,poor quality of the event service,further upgrading for the coverage and project setting,and lack of marketization of the event.Suggestions:improve the cultural literacy of participants in the event;comprehensively improve the service quality of the event;rationally adjust the event items and coverage;deeply explore the level of event development and realize the sustainable development of the marathon in Hubei Province.展开更多
The week or ten days before competition is the time to cut down the amount of training,but the quality of the food must be improved, i.e.comprehensive nutrient must be supplied so as to increase the energy reserve and...The week or ten days before competition is the time to cut down the amount of training,but the quality of the food must be improved, i.e.comprehensive nutrient must be supplied so as to increase the energy reserve and speed up the recovery form the pre-competition training.Calories in the food supply should be reduced lest it causes the increase of body fat and weight.In pre-competition food, glycogen reserve Should be fully guaranteed, acid food of protein of fat must be replenished exceessively. Runners should eat fruit and vegetables as much as possible to fill up various vitamins and inorganic salts.展开更多
One of the most popular Chinese cities to visit is Xi'an,Northwest China's Shaanxi Province.Ifs known for many things,the most famous of which has to be the Terracotta Warriors.But tcxday we're not here to...One of the most popular Chinese cities to visit is Xi'an,Northwest China's Shaanxi Province.Ifs known for many things,the most famous of which has to be the Terracotta Warriors.But tcxday we're not here to talk about how Xi'an used to be the ancient capital of China or the accomplishments of Emperor Qin Shi Huang(who reigned from 221-210 BCE)and his massive mausoleum that is still being explored.展开更多
基金supported by adidas AG.MJ was not compensated for his contribution to this work.
文摘Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the measured physiological factors that limit running performance with real marathon results from world-class distance runners,evaluating the compatibility between measured data and predicted results based on the previously suggested model.Methods:Four world-class East African marathon runners(three male,one female)underwent physiological running assessments to predict marathon performance times using a model based on˙V O_(2)peak,percentage of˙V O_(2)peak at the second ventilatory threshold,and running economy.Predictions were then compared to participants’best marathon times.Results:The measured˙V O_(2)peak of the world-class runners was 75.1±2.7 mL/kg/min.The second ventilatory threshold occurred at 85±3%of the peak,with a running economy of 63.7±2.4 mL/kg/min at 19.6±0.9 km/h.The predicted marathon performance time was 2:06:51±0:03:17 h:min:s for the males and 2:17:36 h:min:s for the female.Comparing these predictions to their personal best times,the average difference was 00:55±00:51 min:s(range:00:20-02:08).Conclusions:This research provides laboratory data on world-class road running athletes,reinforcing the link between marathon performance and˙V O_(2)peak,the percentage of˙VO_(2)peak at the second ventilatory threshold,and running economy.The examined athletes had lower˙V O_(2)peak compared to predicted values,highlighting the importance of running economy and fractional utilization of˙V O_(2)peak in achieving such performances.Future studies should continue to advance the field by including additional bioenergetic parameters measured during race conditions and expanding the participant cohort of elite marathoners,encompassing both sexes.
文摘155⁃year⁃old Hilde Dosogne of Belgium recently set a new world record for most consecutive(连续的)marathons after running 366 full marathons(over 15,000 km)in 2024.2 On May 30,2024,Hilde Dosogne had already broken the women's world record for most consecutive marathons—150,set by Erchana Murray⁃Bartlett—but she didn't stop running until December 31st,when she recorded her 366th consecutive full marathon of the year.As you can imagine,running 42.195 km per day,every day,for a year is incredibly taxing for the body,but while Hilde had to overcome tiredness and bursitis(滑囊炎),she claimed that the mental stress of having to show up at the starting line every day was her most difficult challenge.
文摘Laibo 2,a quadruped robot(四足机器人)developed in the Republic of Korea,has become the first robot to complete a full marathon on a single charge after running the 42.195⁃km Sangju Dried Persimmon Marathon.
文摘Objectives The purpose was to directly assess in-competition thermoregulatory responses in recreational runners during a city marathon conducted in cool,ambient conditions using a two-pill ingestion strategy.Methods Thirty-two recreational runners(age:38.7±10.2 years,mass:73.9±11.0 kg,height:177±8 cm)were invited to participate in this study.Core temperature was continuously assessed using telemetric ingestible pills.Each runner swallowed two pills:the first pill(Pill 1)11 h:47 min±1 h:01 min pre-race(before overnight sleep)and the second(Pill 2)2 h:35 min±0 h:54 min pre-race(on wakening).Results Pre-race core temperature for Pill 1 was significantly different from Pill 2,with values of 37.4±0.4℃and 37.1±0.6℃,respectively(p=0.006).The mean core temperature during the race was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(38.5±0.5℃and 37.8±1.0℃,respectively;p<0.001).Peak core temperature was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(39.1±0.5℃and 38.8±0.5℃,respectively;p=0.03).Post-race core temperature was higher for Pill 1 compared to Pill 2(38.8±0.7℃and 38.1±1.3℃,respectively;p=0.02).Conclusions The timing of pill ingestion significantly impacted core temperature and hence timing of pill ingestion should be standardised(5 h:30 min–7 h prior to measurement).Despite the relatively cool ambient conditions during the race,a significant number of runners achieved a high core body temperature(≥39℃),which was not accompanied by any signs of heat illness.
文摘Fluctuations in autonomic cardiovascular regulation during exposure to high altitude may increase the risk of heart attack during waking and sleep. This study compared heart rate variability (HVR) and its components during sleep at low altitude and after 30 - 41 hours of acclimatization at high altitude (3480 m) in five mountain marathon runners controlled for diet, drugs, light-dark cycle and jet lag. In comparison to sea level, RR-intervals during sleep at high altitude decreased significantly (P 0.001). The significant increase in sympathetic autonomic cardiovascular modulation at high altitude protects against excessive oxygen deprivation during sleep. Increases in R-R intervals can require longer periods of acclimatization at3480 m to mitigate the effects of altitude/hypoxia on sympathetic tone, thus reducing cardiovascular distress at rest during waking and sleep and probably before during and after athletic performance at altitude.
文摘Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20–77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1–44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20-77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1-44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis（EFA） was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results：The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors：psychological coping-emotional-related coping,psychological coping-everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation-reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation-keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion：This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.
文摘Objective: Increased number of runners in Japan has been one reason for increasing the risk of cardiac arrest during marathon races. The purpose of the study was to examine 1) the incidence of cardiac arrest during marathon races held in the past in Japan, 2) the characteristics of runners with cardiac arrest, 3) the effectiveness of public access defibrillation (PAD) use for cardiac arrest cases. Methods: We examined the incidence of the cardiac arrest during marathon races in Japan from the medical records of marathon races that Kokushikan University provided in the past five years. Also, we analyzed cardiac arrests occurred in Japan in the past 15 years between 1999 and 2013. Results: The incidence rate of cardiac arrest was 2.18 per 100,000 participants. As shown in Table 1, the incidence rates were 2.00 per 100,000 participants in full marathon and 2.50 per 100,000 participants in half-marathon. A total of 63 cardiac arrests occurred in the past 15 years, and the number of incidents has been increasing every year. Among 63 cardiac arrest cases, the mean age was 45.3 ± 14.9 years old and 93.7% (59/63 cases) were in males. Eighty-three percentage of cardiac arrest cases applied AED (20/24 cases) were the shockable rhythm. In terms of the survival rate, there was a statistically significant difference between the cases where both bystander CPR and PAD were delivered and the cases where the only bystander CPR took place without PAD (95.0% vs. 47.1%;p Conclusions: Performing PAD on the scene during marathon races could be expected to be higher in the survival rate. Creating a medical support system is needed to handle sudden cardiac arrest rapidly in order to perform early bystander CPR and PAD.
文摘Background: Measurement of haematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases in endurance sportsmen. The modifications of these parameters during endurance race have not yet been evaluated in many African countries. Objectives: To determine haematological values before and immediately after a half-marathon event, as well as within 24 hours after the race and to analyze the changes observed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 to 21 August 2018 at Brazzaville, Congo. All measurements were confined to 76 male participants (39 specialists vs 37 no specialists of endurance race) in the Brazzaville half-marathon (21.1 km), aged between 19 - 39 years (mean age: 26.7 ± 2.6 years). Coulter profiles with differential white cell counts and haptoglobin levels were determined in venous sample before and after competitive half-marathon race. The same measurements were performed during the 24 hrs following the competition. Results: In the pre-race sample, mild anemia was detected in 12 subjects and mild thrombocytopenia in 7 subjects. Haptoglobin levels were reduced in 5 subjects. Haematological values, all post-race, varied significantly before and after race, particularly for RBC, Hb, Hct, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, monocyte counts, basophil counts, eosinophil counts and haptoglobin. These differences between specialists and no specialists were statistically (p Conclusion: Our data may help sport physicians, sport physiologists and trainers to better follow-up haematological reactions associated with the half-marathon race.
文摘Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday particularly developed these three main parameters, which are useful for characterizing the nature of the social transaction of the participants. In this essay, the method of tenor is used for analyzing Barack Obama's speech on Boston Marathon bombing event to explore how Obama trans fers his ideas to audience in order to achieve his goals.
文摘Altered blood chemistry, acid-base and electrolyte are suggested determinants of sleep disturbance, with frequent arousal at high altitude even in well and long-trained altitude marathon runners. In this sample of experienced altitude marathon runners with maximal aerobic power at sea level of 61.4 ± 2.7 ml/kg-1·min-1 we found that pO2 and percent of oxygen saturation (%SO2) were lower at2050 mand3480 mthan at sea level;pO2 was higher after 38 - 41 hours than after 30 - 31 hours of acclimatization at3480 m(P 2 decreased (P 2 and (P 2 at a sleeping altitude of3480 mwas lower (P Simple regression analysis disclosed a significant correlation between the changes in TST and the percent of REM sleep and the changes in %SpaO2 recorded during sleep (P 2 at higher altitude and the percent of W and of TST (P 2, tCO2 and [HCO3-] correlated negatively and significantly with the percent of REM sleep changes at high altitude (P 2 and pH and correlated negatively with the changes in %SO2, pCO2, tCO2, and [HCO3-] (P ++] and [BE] and negatively with the changes in buffered bases [BB] and [BEeffective] (P 2 and significantly and negatively with the changes in [K+] (P 2, tCO2, [HCO3-] and [K+]
文摘Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac arrests and sudden death has increased in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000. An evidence-based strategy for protecting susceptible runners from these acute cardiac events during races is considered based on identification of the underlying cause. Method: Review of articles in Pub Med on adverse cardiac events during marathons. Findings: Recent epidemiological studies have identified an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000 with atherosclerotic heart disease as the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Same-aged asymptomatic middle-aged male physician-runners showed a post-race polymorphonuclear leukocytosis with sequential increases in interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as a likely consequence of rhabdomyolysis after “hitting the wall”. Increased fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and D-dimer with in vivo platelet activation indicated a concurrent hemostatic imbalance with pro-coagulant effects. Cardiac troponins I and T and NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated after races as additionally predictive of acute cardiac events in asymptomatic persons. Conclusions: High short-term risk for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners is shown by stratification of validated biomarkers, which may render non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture during marathons. Pre-race aspirin usage is prudent to reduce these events mediated by atherothrombosis based on conclusive evidence for prevention of first acute myocardial infarctions in same-aged healthy male physicians. Prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of pre-race low-dose aspirin for curtailing the increasing frequency of race-related cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptible runners.
文摘Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to atherosclerotic heart disease. Recent evidence related to this problem is reviewed herein including epidemiologic studies and findings related to acute cardiac risk in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners during races. Method: Literature review related to the above. Findings: The risks of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 1 in 171,005 respectively in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in marathons in the United States since 1980. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of cases in two retrospective studies and a greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged men in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry beginning in the year 2000. Asymptomatic middle-aged male runners showed elevated biomarkers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein together with procoagulant effects including in vivo platelet activation, indicating susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Conclusions: Antithrombotic prophylaxis is evidence-based by validated clinical paradigms to prevent cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptibile marathon runners at high risk for atherothrombosis during races.
文摘Objective: To assess the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk factors among marathon runners during Beirut-Marathon 2014. Methods: A total of 325 marathon runners were divided into 42 km and 10 km groups. They were assessed for cardiovascular risk factors by measuring their BP and answering a questionnaire. The questionnaire composed of 22 questions related to demographic information, risk factors, medical history, family history, medical checkups, use of antihypertensive drugs and definition of hyponatremia. Results: There were 30 runners in the 42 km group and 295 in the 10 km group interviewed. The majority of 42 km runners were males 29 (96.7%) vs. 205 (69.5%) in the 10 km group, (P = 0.001). The 42 km group was older than 10 km group (47 ± 13.8 years vs. 38.5 ± 14.6 years;P = 0.0025). The prevalence of hypertension was 46.7% in the 42 km group as compared to 31.2% in the 10 km group (P = 0.08). Systolic BP (SBP) was higher in 42 km group vs. 10 km group (143 ± 22.4 mm Hg vs. 129.9 ± 17.8 mm Hg;P = 0.0004). The heart rate was lower among 42 km vs. 10 km group (71 ± 11.1 bpm vs. 84 ± 16 bpm;P Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of HTN among marathon runners but minorities were aware that they have hypertension. The 42 km runners tend to be older with higher systolic blood pressure as compared to the 10 km runners.
文摘This paper studies and analyzes the basic situation of the marathon in Hubei Province in recent years by means of literature,field investigation and comparative analysis.It is concluded that:the number,scale and scope of marathon events in Hubei Province are increasing year by year.Inadequacies:low overall cultural literacy of participants,poor quality of the event service,further upgrading for the coverage and project setting,and lack of marketization of the event.Suggestions:improve the cultural literacy of participants in the event;comprehensively improve the service quality of the event;rationally adjust the event items and coverage;deeply explore the level of event development and realize the sustainable development of the marathon in Hubei Province.
文摘The week or ten days before competition is the time to cut down the amount of training,but the quality of the food must be improved, i.e.comprehensive nutrient must be supplied so as to increase the energy reserve and speed up the recovery form the pre-competition training.Calories in the food supply should be reduced lest it causes the increase of body fat and weight.In pre-competition food, glycogen reserve Should be fully guaranteed, acid food of protein of fat must be replenished exceessively. Runners should eat fruit and vegetables as much as possible to fill up various vitamins and inorganic salts.
文摘One of the most popular Chinese cities to visit is Xi'an,Northwest China's Shaanxi Province.Ifs known for many things,the most famous of which has to be the Terracotta Warriors.But tcxday we're not here to talk about how Xi'an used to be the ancient capital of China or the accomplishments of Emperor Qin Shi Huang(who reigned from 221-210 BCE)and his massive mausoleum that is still being explored.
