BACKGROUND：Live delivery limits the clinical application of maggot therapy. To date in China, there are no in vivo reports regarding wound healing mechanisms of maggot therapy or the effects of maggot homogenate on w...BACKGROUND：Live delivery limits the clinical application of maggot therapy. To date in China, there are no in vivo reports regarding wound healing mechanisms of maggot therapy or the effects of maggot homogenate on wound nerve regeneration.OBJECTIVE：To avoid complications due to the use of live maggots, an aseptic maggot homogenate was applied. Substance P （SP） and gene protein product 9.5 expression in a cutaneous wound was analyzed to explore possible mechanisms of neural regeneration and wound healing in the rat.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：A random grouping and controlled animal study was performed at the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University from August 2008 to April 2009.MATERIALS：Live maggots were cultured and provided by the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.METHODS：A total of 48 adult rats were selected and two acute, full-thickness wounds （round, 1.5 cm diameter） were created on the back of each rat. The two wounds were randomly assigned to homogenate product and control groups. Following two-step disinfection of maggots, a homogenate was produced from 10 maggots and applied to the wound area in the homogenate product group, while the wounds in the control group were treated with normal saline alone.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：On days 1,3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 following injury, the wound tissue was excised. Histological examination of the wound was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining or Masson＇s Trichrome staining. SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry to evaluate wound neural regeneration.RESULTS：On days 7, 10, and 14, the rate of wound healing was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, and homogenate healing was better than that seen in the control group. On days 3, 7, and 10, SP expression in cells and regenerative nerves was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. On days 7 and 10, protein gene product 9.5 expression was detected in the regenerative nerve, and expression level was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Maggot homogenate resulted in upregulated SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions, thereby promoting neural regeneration and wound healing.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli(E.coli) and the underlying mechanisms,and to separate and purifythe crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacter...AIM:To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli(E.coli) and the underlying mechanisms,and to separate and purifythe crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.METHODS:Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E.coli(O157:H7) and cultured.The optical density(OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200 HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots.The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis,and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.RESULTS:The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/m L were significant.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/m L did not differ significantly.Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/m L of the crude extract,and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E.coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.A low molecular weight protein band(about 15 k Da) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent,but not in eluant,from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant,with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots.Of 24 tubes offiltrates,the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control.The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 was about 15 k Da.CONCLUSION:The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious,dose-dependent antibacterial effects.The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication.The prote in that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 k Da.展开更多
The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectro...The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy(D_(2)O-Raman) was applied to detect the metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to different concentrations of combined colistin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. By incubating the samples with D_(2)O and antibiotics, metabolically active bacterial cells to antibiotics were distinguished from those inactive by the exhibition of C-D Raman band. Using the C-D band as a universal metabolic biomarker, 96% and 100% of cells in chicken faeces and maggots were revealed to be metabolically active to 1 × minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the aforementioned antibiotics. A noticeable decrease in the percentage of active cells from 96% to 76% in faeces and 100% to 93% in maggots was observed at 5 × MIC of antibiotics. However, these ratios were still far above that obtained from the same faeces(1.84%) and maggots(0.51%) samples using a cultivation method, indicating the wide presence of nongrowing but metabolically active bacterial cells under antibiotic treatment. Conclusively, the cultureindependent D_(2)O-Raman approach detected and quantified a large portion of metabolically active indigenous bacteria to multiple antibiotics in their native environments, illustrating the great potential risks of these active cells to spread antibiotic resistance via food chain.展开更多
Maggot meal was used to replace 0, 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% , 100% of the fish meal in the hasal feed, getting 6 kinds of feed with the same nitrogen content and equal energy （marked as group H0, H20, H40, H60, H80, H10...Maggot meal was used to replace 0, 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% , 100% of the fish meal in the hasal feed, getting 6 kinds of feed with the same nitrogen content and equal energy （marked as group H0, H20, H40, H60, H80, H100）, which were used to feed the Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （loach） for60 d. The effects of the fish meal replacement by maggot meal on the growth performance of M. anguiUicaudatus were studied by comparing the growth performances and body indica- tors of M. anguillicaudatus fed with different feed groups. The results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate of the M. anguillicaudatus in group H40 showed no significant difference with the control P 〉0.05 ）, but was significantly higher than that of other groups P 〈0.05 ）. Moreover, except group H40, the feed coefficients of all other groups were significantly higher than that in control group （P 〈0.05 ）. The M. anguillicaudatus in group 1-140 had the highest condition factor and COR and the lowest viscera index, all of which showed significant differences with the other replacement groups （P 〈0.05） but the difference with the control group was not significant （P 〉 0.05）. Thus, a proportion of 40% of the fish meal replaced with maggot meal in the mixed feed for the M. anguilli- caudatus could improve the growth performance and physique indexes of M. anguillicaudatus.展开更多
No or little information on the use fresh(wet)housefly maggots(Musca domestica)in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)fry feeding.Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding on fresh(wet)hou...No or little information on the use fresh(wet)housefly maggots(Musca domestica)in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)fry feeding.Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding on fresh(wet)housefly maggots with or without artificial diet on water quality,growth performance,survival percentage and feed utilization of African catfish fry under laboratory conditions.Housefly maggots produced from a mixture of poultry droppings and foods wastes,it was used to replace artificial feed at 0,50 and 100% levels.Catfish were fed artificial diet alone(Feed 1),fresh(wet)housefly maggots alone(Feed 2),and 50% fresh housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet(Feed 3)were prepared and tested on triplicate groups of African catfish fry(initial weight of 0.25±0.02 g)for 60 days.Results showed that final weight(g/fish)was significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3(6.03±0.08),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.62±0.27),followed by fish fed feed 1(3.15±0.68).Specific growth rate(%/day)was also significantly higher in fish fed on feed 3(5.31±0.10),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.86±0.03),followed by fish fed feed 1(4.18±0.24).The same trend was observed with total weight gain,percentage weight gain,daily growth rate and relative growth rate.Feed intake and protein intake were significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3 and fish fed on feed 2,followed by fish fed feed 1.While,feed conversion ratio(FCR)and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly(P>0.05),but the improvement in FCR recorded in catfish fry fed feed 3 and feed 2 under the experimental conditions.Survival percentage was within the range 55-75%,with insignificant differences(P>0.05)among treatments.The water quality parameters such as temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen,total ammonia,nitrite and nitrate were not significantly(P>0.05)between the treatments and were tolerable for Catfish culture.Accordingly,use of the 50% fresh(wet)housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet in African catfish fry feeding had positive effect on growth performance and reduce of the feed cost.展开更多
Preservation of viable tissue is important in wound management. It is achieved by small, incremental removal of devitalised, necrotic and infected tissues. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is used in septic necrotic w...Preservation of viable tissue is important in wound management. It is achieved by small, incremental removal of devitalised, necrotic and infected tissues. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is used in septic necrotic wounds that fail to respond to conventional modalities. MDT has relied on Lucilia cuprina, which consumes only necrotic tissues, as opposed to Lucilia cuprina, which devours both flesh and necrotic tissues. Recent findings have shown that L. cuprina consumes mainly necrotic and very small amounts of viable tissues and may be used in MDT where L. sericata is very rare or absent. Here we describe wound healing in a patient from rural South Africa with cutaneous myiasis. Our findings agree with workers who indicated that L. cuprina could be used in MDT.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two ki...[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.展开更多
Poverty, inadequate dietary intake, and diseases are the major causes of malnutrition in Nigeria. Averagely, Nigerians consume about 5.5 g of animal protein per day which is low compared to the minimum of 30 g per per...Poverty, inadequate dietary intake, and diseases are the major causes of malnutrition in Nigeria. Averagely, Nigerians consume about 5.5 g of animal protein per day which is low compared to the minimum of 30 g per person per day as recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization. The concept of household food security ensures that adequate food can be obtained, either through home production or purchases. Snail production is one of the means through which these ills could be eliminated. Protein deficiency that is endemic in developing nations can be reduced through the domestication of micro-livestock like snail which is rich in protein and iron. Sixty Achatina achatina hatchlings were used in a 90 days feeding trial. The hatchlings were assigned to four treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates each. Maggot meal was incorporated at the levels of 0.6, 1.4, and 2 kg per 100 kg of feed in treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Treatment 1 had no maggot meal and served as the control. Results showed that snail weight, shell length and shell width increased with increase in the levels of maggot meal. Hatchlings on T3 and T4 had statistically similar values （P 〉 0.01） which were significantly （P 〈 0.01） higher than values obtained for hatchlings on T1 and T2 .Weight gain and feed conversion values of hatchlings on T3 and T4 were also significantly higher than values observed for hatchlings on T1 and T2. Therefore, maggot meal could effectively replace fishmeal in the diet of African giant snail hatchlings.展开更多
Amaranth is one of the most consumed vegetables in Niger Republic because of its nutritional values. However, the production of this plant requires nutrient-rich soils that are becoming scarce in most agricultural soi...Amaranth is one of the most consumed vegetables in Niger Republic because of its nutritional values. However, the production of this plant requires nutrient-rich soils that are becoming scarce in most agricultural soils in Niger. This study aims to evaluate the fertilizing potential of the maggot production residue of Musca domestica L. 1758 and bovine excrement on the agronomic parameters of Amaranthus cruentus L., 1759. To do this, four densities (50, 100, 150, 200 g) of maggot production residue and bovine excrement were tested. Stem length, neck diameter and leaf number were strongly influenced by the interaction of the type of treatment (maggot production residue and bovine excrement) and dose. Dose 50 and dose 150 gave the best performance in length and diameter respectively for residue (length = 42.24 ± 8.98 cm;diameter = 0.88 ± 0.17 cm) and bovine droppings (length = 39.29 ± 8.10;diameter = 0.98 ± 0.77). On the leaf number side, no significant differences were observed between the doses for the residue. For bovine excrement, this number was higher at the 150 g dose (28.12 ± 4.98). The effect of the residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for the stem length, only the 50 g dose was statistically influenced by the latter (P < 0.001). On the neck diameter side, only the 50 g and 100 g doses were statistically influenced by bovine residue and excrement (dose 50 g: P < 0.001;dose 100 g: P < 0.001). For each of these doses, the residue recorded the best performance both for the length of the rod and for the diameter at the collar. On the leaf number side, only the dose 50 g and 150 g varied statistically according to the type of fertilizer. At the 50 g dose, the residue recorded the largest number of leaves (27.10 ± 11.15), but the residue recorded the lowest number of leaves at the 100 g dose (21.01 ± 5.99). Foliar and root biomass varied statistically according to the dose within each fertilizer (foliar biomass: residue: P = 0.040;bovine excrement: P < 0.001;root biomass: residue: P < 0.001;bovine excrement: P < 0.001). The highest leaf biomass was obtained with doses 50 and 150 respectively for residue (155.00 ± 33.91 g) and bovine excrement (123.20 ± 20.57 g). The 150 g dose gave the best root biomass performance for the residue. For bovine excrement, the dose of 150 g and 200 g gave (without any significant difference between them) the best performance in root biomass with 21.80 ± 5.48 g and 21.50 ± 4.74 g respectively. The effect of residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for foliar biomass, dose 50 and 100 g were statistically influenced by the latter (dose 50: P < 0.001;dose 100: P < 0.001). At each of these doses, the residue recorded the highest leaf biomass. For root biomass, each dose was statistically influenced by the type of fertilizer except dose 200 (P = 0.616). For each of these doses, maggot production residue gave better root biomass performance than bovine excrement except for dose 200 where no difference between the two fertilizers was observed (residue = 20.50 ± 3.97 g and dung = 21.50 ± 4.74 g). It appeared from this that the 50 g dose was to be the optimal dose of maggot production residue to bring for a better growth of amaranth plants. Whereas, this optimal dose is 150 g for the bovine droppings used in the present study.展开更多
The main animal protein ingredient in fish diets is most often fishmeal because of its nutritional quality.However,the limited availability and increasingly cost of fishmeal has lead to investigations of either loweri...The main animal protein ingredient in fish diets is most often fishmeal because of its nutritional quality.However,the limited availability and increasingly cost of fishmeal has lead to investigations of either lowering or replacing the fishmeal content with more economic protein sources of animal and/or plant origin.The research for appropriate and cheap cost alternative sources of protein to use in commercial fish diets will be the most important factor in intensive fish culture development.Insect meals are healthy and nutritious alternatives to fish meal due to their rich nutritional values,particularly protein,fat and minerals.Housefly maggots(Musca domestica)meal is also rich in B complex vitamins,trace elements and phosphorus.From the results of previous studies,Housefly maggots meal can be used successfully to replace the fish meal portion partially or completely in the fish diets.Also,the results observed that not physiological stressful was introduced in the fish by feeding Housefly maggots meal diets.This indicates that Housefly maggots meal were well utilized by the fish thus resulting in good growth of fish.In other study,observed a best growth performance with fish feeding on diets containing maggot’s meal compared with fish feeding on fishmeal diet.This indicates the high nutritional quality and fish acceptance of maggot’s meal.展开更多
Sugar beet root maggot （SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von R6der） is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）. The molecular mecha- nisms underlying plant defense responses are well ...Sugar beet root maggot （SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von R6der） is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）. The molecular mecha- nisms underlying plant defense responses are well documented, however, little information is available about complementary mechanisms for insect adaptive responses to overcome host resistance. To date, no studies have been published on SBRM gene expression pro- filing. Suppressive subtractive hybridization （SSH） generated more than 300 SBRM ESTs differentially expressed in the interaction of the pest with a moderately resistant （F1016） and a susceptible （F1010） sugar beet line. Blast2GO v. 3.2 search indicated that over 40% of the differentially expressed genes had known functions, primarily driven by fruit fly D. melanogaster genes. Expression patterns of 18 selected EST clones were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Gene Ontology （GO） analysis predicted a dominance of metabolic and catalytic genes involved in the interaction of SBRM with its host. SBRM genes function- ing during development, regulation, cellular process, signaling and under stress conditions were annotated. SBRM genes that were common or unique in response to resistant or susceptible interactions with the host were identified and their possible roles in insect responses to the host are discussed.展开更多
针对我国根蛆类害虫严重危害葱蒜类蔬菜作物，特别在韭菜上问题突出的现状，项目开展了根蛆的生物学和生态学、种群规律、单项防治技术及综合防治技术的研究与示范工作。明确了我国大部分地区韭菜上的根蛆主要是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodo...针对我国根蛆类害虫严重危害葱蒜类蔬菜作物，特别在韭菜上问题突出的现状，项目开展了根蛆的生物学和生态学、种群规律、单项防治技术及综合防治技术的研究与示范工作。明确了我国大部分地区韭菜上的根蛆主要是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga Yang et Zhang，在甘肃和辽宁地区的优势种为异迟眼蕈蚊B. difformis Frey。采用黄板诱集成虫结合挖根查幼虫的方法，明确了华北、东北、西北和华东地区根蛆在田间的发生规律。根蛆不耐高温耐低温，春、秋和冬季发生严重，在夏季有转主危害的趋势，冬季以老熟幼虫在0-5 cm土层中越冬。蕈蚊成虫对黑色和棕色趋性最强，研发出特异性的黑色粘虫板。覆盖50-60目防虫网对根蛆的防效最佳，且对韭菜生长有促进作用。建立了蕈蚊成虫的优势捕食性天敌——瘦弱秽蝇 Coenosia attenuata的饲养技术和田间应用技术，筛选出了对蕈蚊幼虫高致病力的昆虫病原线虫和Bt 菌株，田间防效达60%以上。研发出保护地灌溉臭氧水、减量施药和喷淋施药等轻简化的根蛆防治技术10项。根据不同地区韭菜的种植习惯和根蛆的发生特点，在辽宁、河北、山东、甘肃等地建立了区域性的根蛆类害虫综合防治技术，建立核心示范区10个，进行技术培训5000人次，取得了一定的经济、社会和生态效益。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30873336
文摘BACKGROUND：Live delivery limits the clinical application of maggot therapy. To date in China, there are no in vivo reports regarding wound healing mechanisms of maggot therapy or the effects of maggot homogenate on wound nerve regeneration.OBJECTIVE：To avoid complications due to the use of live maggots, an aseptic maggot homogenate was applied. Substance P （SP） and gene protein product 9.5 expression in a cutaneous wound was analyzed to explore possible mechanisms of neural regeneration and wound healing in the rat.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：A random grouping and controlled animal study was performed at the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University from August 2008 to April 2009.MATERIALS：Live maggots were cultured and provided by the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.METHODS：A total of 48 adult rats were selected and two acute, full-thickness wounds （round, 1.5 cm diameter） were created on the back of each rat. The two wounds were randomly assigned to homogenate product and control groups. Following two-step disinfection of maggots, a homogenate was produced from 10 maggots and applied to the wound area in the homogenate product group, while the wounds in the control group were treated with normal saline alone.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：On days 1,3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 following injury, the wound tissue was excised. Histological examination of the wound was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining or Masson＇s Trichrome staining. SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry to evaluate wound neural regeneration.RESULTS：On days 7, 10, and 14, the rate of wound healing was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, and homogenate healing was better than that seen in the control group. On days 3, 7, and 10, SP expression in cells and regenerative nerves was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. On days 7 and 10, protein gene product 9.5 expression was detected in the regenerative nerve, and expression level was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Maggot homogenate resulted in upregulated SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions, thereby promoting neural regeneration and wound healing.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81270052
文摘AIM:To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli(E.coli) and the underlying mechanisms,and to separate and purifythe crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.METHODS:Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E.coli(O157:H7) and cultured.The optical density(OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200 HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots.The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis,and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.RESULTS:The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/m L were significant.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/m L did not differ significantly.Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/m L of the crude extract,and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E.coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.A low molecular weight protein band(about 15 k Da) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent,but not in eluant,from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant,with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots.Of 24 tubes offiltrates,the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control.The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 was about 15 k Da.CONCLUSION:The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious,dose-dependent antibacterial effects.The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication.The prote in that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 k Da.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21777154,21922608)the Alliance of International Science Organizations(No.ANSO-CR-KP-2020-03)+1 种基金the Original Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.ZDBS-LY-DQC027)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for 2017.
文摘The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy(D_(2)O-Raman) was applied to detect the metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to different concentrations of combined colistin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. By incubating the samples with D_(2)O and antibiotics, metabolically active bacterial cells to antibiotics were distinguished from those inactive by the exhibition of C-D Raman band. Using the C-D band as a universal metabolic biomarker, 96% and 100% of cells in chicken faeces and maggots were revealed to be metabolically active to 1 × minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the aforementioned antibiotics. A noticeable decrease in the percentage of active cells from 96% to 76% in faeces and 100% to 93% in maggots was observed at 5 × MIC of antibiotics. However, these ratios were still far above that obtained from the same faeces(1.84%) and maggots(0.51%) samples using a cultivation method, indicating the wide presence of nongrowing but metabolically active bacterial cells under antibiotic treatment. Conclusively, the cultureindependent D_(2)O-Raman approach detected and quantified a large portion of metabolically active indigenous bacteria to multiple antibiotics in their native environments, illustrating the great potential risks of these active cells to spread antibiotic resistance via food chain.
基金Supported by the College Project of Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering(2014B07)
文摘Maggot meal was used to replace 0, 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% , 100% of the fish meal in the hasal feed, getting 6 kinds of feed with the same nitrogen content and equal energy （marked as group H0, H20, H40, H60, H80, H100）, which were used to feed the Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （loach） for60 d. The effects of the fish meal replacement by maggot meal on the growth performance of M. anguiUicaudatus were studied by comparing the growth performances and body indica- tors of M. anguillicaudatus fed with different feed groups. The results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate of the M. anguillicaudatus in group H40 showed no significant difference with the control P 〉0.05 ）, but was significantly higher than that of other groups P 〈0.05 ）. Moreover, except group H40, the feed coefficients of all other groups were significantly higher than that in control group （P 〈0.05 ）. The M. anguillicaudatus in group 1-140 had the highest condition factor and COR and the lowest viscera index, all of which showed significant differences with the other replacement groups （P 〈0.05） but the difference with the control group was not significant （P 〉 0.05）. Thus, a proportion of 40% of the fish meal replaced with maggot meal in the mixed feed for the M. anguilli- caudatus could improve the growth performance and physique indexes of M. anguillicaudatus.
文摘No or little information on the use fresh(wet)housefly maggots(Musca domestica)in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)fry feeding.Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding on fresh(wet)housefly maggots with or without artificial diet on water quality,growth performance,survival percentage and feed utilization of African catfish fry under laboratory conditions.Housefly maggots produced from a mixture of poultry droppings and foods wastes,it was used to replace artificial feed at 0,50 and 100% levels.Catfish were fed artificial diet alone(Feed 1),fresh(wet)housefly maggots alone(Feed 2),and 50% fresh housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet(Feed 3)were prepared and tested on triplicate groups of African catfish fry(initial weight of 0.25±0.02 g)for 60 days.Results showed that final weight(g/fish)was significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3(6.03±0.08),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.62±0.27),followed by fish fed feed 1(3.15±0.68).Specific growth rate(%/day)was also significantly higher in fish fed on feed 3(5.31±0.10),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.86±0.03),followed by fish fed feed 1(4.18±0.24).The same trend was observed with total weight gain,percentage weight gain,daily growth rate and relative growth rate.Feed intake and protein intake were significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3 and fish fed on feed 2,followed by fish fed feed 1.While,feed conversion ratio(FCR)and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly(P>0.05),but the improvement in FCR recorded in catfish fry fed feed 3 and feed 2 under the experimental conditions.Survival percentage was within the range 55-75%,with insignificant differences(P>0.05)among treatments.The water quality parameters such as temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen,total ammonia,nitrite and nitrate were not significantly(P>0.05)between the treatments and were tolerable for Catfish culture.Accordingly,use of the 50% fresh(wet)housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet in African catfish fry feeding had positive effect on growth performance and reduce of the feed cost.
文摘Preservation of viable tissue is important in wound management. It is achieved by small, incremental removal of devitalised, necrotic and infected tissues. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is used in septic necrotic wounds that fail to respond to conventional modalities. MDT has relied on Lucilia cuprina, which consumes only necrotic tissues, as opposed to Lucilia cuprina, which devours both flesh and necrotic tissues. Recent findings have shown that L. cuprina consumes mainly necrotic and very small amounts of viable tissues and may be used in MDT where L. sericata is very rare or absent. Here we describe wound healing in a patient from rural South Africa with cutaneous myiasis. Our findings agree with workers who indicated that L. cuprina could be used in MDT.
基金Supported by General Project of Natural Science Research in Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu Province(18KJD240001)Xuzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(KC19200)2018“Qinglan Project”of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.
文摘Poverty, inadequate dietary intake, and diseases are the major causes of malnutrition in Nigeria. Averagely, Nigerians consume about 5.5 g of animal protein per day which is low compared to the minimum of 30 g per person per day as recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization. The concept of household food security ensures that adequate food can be obtained, either through home production or purchases. Snail production is one of the means through which these ills could be eliminated. Protein deficiency that is endemic in developing nations can be reduced through the domestication of micro-livestock like snail which is rich in protein and iron. Sixty Achatina achatina hatchlings were used in a 90 days feeding trial. The hatchlings were assigned to four treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates each. Maggot meal was incorporated at the levels of 0.6, 1.4, and 2 kg per 100 kg of feed in treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Treatment 1 had no maggot meal and served as the control. Results showed that snail weight, shell length and shell width increased with increase in the levels of maggot meal. Hatchlings on T3 and T4 had statistically similar values （P 〉 0.01） which were significantly （P 〈 0.01） higher than values obtained for hatchlings on T1 and T2 .Weight gain and feed conversion values of hatchlings on T3 and T4 were also significantly higher than values observed for hatchlings on T1 and T2. Therefore, maggot meal could effectively replace fishmeal in the diet of African giant snail hatchlings.
文摘Amaranth is one of the most consumed vegetables in Niger Republic because of its nutritional values. However, the production of this plant requires nutrient-rich soils that are becoming scarce in most agricultural soils in Niger. This study aims to evaluate the fertilizing potential of the maggot production residue of Musca domestica L. 1758 and bovine excrement on the agronomic parameters of Amaranthus cruentus L., 1759. To do this, four densities (50, 100, 150, 200 g) of maggot production residue and bovine excrement were tested. Stem length, neck diameter and leaf number were strongly influenced by the interaction of the type of treatment (maggot production residue and bovine excrement) and dose. Dose 50 and dose 150 gave the best performance in length and diameter respectively for residue (length = 42.24 ± 8.98 cm;diameter = 0.88 ± 0.17 cm) and bovine droppings (length = 39.29 ± 8.10;diameter = 0.98 ± 0.77). On the leaf number side, no significant differences were observed between the doses for the residue. For bovine excrement, this number was higher at the 150 g dose (28.12 ± 4.98). The effect of the residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for the stem length, only the 50 g dose was statistically influenced by the latter (P < 0.001). On the neck diameter side, only the 50 g and 100 g doses were statistically influenced by bovine residue and excrement (dose 50 g: P < 0.001;dose 100 g: P < 0.001). For each of these doses, the residue recorded the best performance both for the length of the rod and for the diameter at the collar. On the leaf number side, only the dose 50 g and 150 g varied statistically according to the type of fertilizer. At the 50 g dose, the residue recorded the largest number of leaves (27.10 ± 11.15), but the residue recorded the lowest number of leaves at the 100 g dose (21.01 ± 5.99). Foliar and root biomass varied statistically according to the dose within each fertilizer (foliar biomass: residue: P = 0.040;bovine excrement: P < 0.001;root biomass: residue: P < 0.001;bovine excrement: P < 0.001). The highest leaf biomass was obtained with doses 50 and 150 respectively for residue (155.00 ± 33.91 g) and bovine excrement (123.20 ± 20.57 g). The 150 g dose gave the best root biomass performance for the residue. For bovine excrement, the dose of 150 g and 200 g gave (without any significant difference between them) the best performance in root biomass with 21.80 ± 5.48 g and 21.50 ± 4.74 g respectively. The effect of residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for foliar biomass, dose 50 and 100 g were statistically influenced by the latter (dose 50: P < 0.001;dose 100: P < 0.001). At each of these doses, the residue recorded the highest leaf biomass. For root biomass, each dose was statistically influenced by the type of fertilizer except dose 200 (P = 0.616). For each of these doses, maggot production residue gave better root biomass performance than bovine excrement except for dose 200 where no difference between the two fertilizers was observed (residue = 20.50 ± 3.97 g and dung = 21.50 ± 4.74 g). It appeared from this that the 50 g dose was to be the optimal dose of maggot production residue to bring for a better growth of amaranth plants. Whereas, this optimal dose is 150 g for the bovine droppings used in the present study.
文摘The main animal protein ingredient in fish diets is most often fishmeal because of its nutritional quality.However,the limited availability and increasingly cost of fishmeal has lead to investigations of either lowering or replacing the fishmeal content with more economic protein sources of animal and/or plant origin.The research for appropriate and cheap cost alternative sources of protein to use in commercial fish diets will be the most important factor in intensive fish culture development.Insect meals are healthy and nutritious alternatives to fish meal due to their rich nutritional values,particularly protein,fat and minerals.Housefly maggots(Musca domestica)meal is also rich in B complex vitamins,trace elements and phosphorus.From the results of previous studies,Housefly maggots meal can be used successfully to replace the fish meal portion partially or completely in the fish diets.Also,the results observed that not physiological stressful was introduced in the fish by feeding Housefly maggots meal diets.This indicates that Housefly maggots meal were well utilized by the fish thus resulting in good growth of fish.In other study,observed a best growth performance with fish feeding on diets containing maggot’s meal compared with fish feeding on fishmeal diet.This indicates the high nutritional quality and fish acceptance of maggot’s meal.
文摘Sugar beet root maggot （SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von R6der） is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）. The molecular mecha- nisms underlying plant defense responses are well documented, however, little information is available about complementary mechanisms for insect adaptive responses to overcome host resistance. To date, no studies have been published on SBRM gene expression pro- filing. Suppressive subtractive hybridization （SSH） generated more than 300 SBRM ESTs differentially expressed in the interaction of the pest with a moderately resistant （F1016） and a susceptible （F1010） sugar beet line. Blast2GO v. 3.2 search indicated that over 40% of the differentially expressed genes had known functions, primarily driven by fruit fly D. melanogaster genes. Expression patterns of 18 selected EST clones were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Gene Ontology （GO） analysis predicted a dominance of metabolic and catalytic genes involved in the interaction of SBRM with its host. SBRM genes function- ing during development, regulation, cellular process, signaling and under stress conditions were annotated. SBRM genes that were common or unique in response to resistant or susceptible interactions with the host were identified and their possible roles in insect responses to the host are discussed.
文摘针对我国根蛆类害虫严重危害葱蒜类蔬菜作物，特别在韭菜上问题突出的现状，项目开展了根蛆的生物学和生态学、种群规律、单项防治技术及综合防治技术的研究与示范工作。明确了我国大部分地区韭菜上的根蛆主要是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga Yang et Zhang，在甘肃和辽宁地区的优势种为异迟眼蕈蚊B. difformis Frey。采用黄板诱集成虫结合挖根查幼虫的方法，明确了华北、东北、西北和华东地区根蛆在田间的发生规律。根蛆不耐高温耐低温，春、秋和冬季发生严重，在夏季有转主危害的趋势，冬季以老熟幼虫在0-5 cm土层中越冬。蕈蚊成虫对黑色和棕色趋性最强，研发出特异性的黑色粘虫板。覆盖50-60目防虫网对根蛆的防效最佳，且对韭菜生长有促进作用。建立了蕈蚊成虫的优势捕食性天敌——瘦弱秽蝇 Coenosia attenuata的饲养技术和田间应用技术，筛选出了对蕈蚊幼虫高致病力的昆虫病原线虫和Bt 菌株，田间防效达60%以上。研发出保护地灌溉臭氧水、减量施药和喷淋施药等轻简化的根蛆防治技术10项。根据不同地区韭菜的种植习惯和根蛆的发生特点，在辽宁、河北、山东、甘肃等地建立了区域性的根蛆类害虫综合防治技术，建立核心示范区10个，进行技术培训5000人次，取得了一定的经济、社会和生态效益。
