Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a seve re complication of the central nervous system that occurs after anesthesia and surgery,and has received attention for its high incidence and effect on the quality of life ...Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a seve re complication of the central nervous system that occurs after anesthesia and surgery,and has received attention for its high incidence and effect on the quality of life of patients.To date,there are no viable treatment options for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.The identification of postoperative cognitive dysfunction hub genes could provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for future research.To identify the signaling mechanisms contributing to postoperative cognitive dysfunction,we first conducted Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE95426 dataset,which consists of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in mouse hippocampus3 days after tibial fracture.The dataset was enriched in genes associated with the biological process"regulation of immune cells,"of which Chill was identified as a hub gene.Therefore,we investigated the contribution of chitinase-3-like protein 1 protein expression changes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the mouse model of tibial fractu re surgery.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 124 hours post-surgery,and the injection groups were compared with untreated control mice for learning and memory capacities using the Y-maze and fear conditioning tests.In addition,protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors(interleukin-1βand inducible nitric oxide synthase),M2-type macrophage markers(CD206 and arginase-1),and cognition-related proteins(brain-derived neurotropic factor and phosphorylated NMDA receptor subunit NR2B)were measured in hippocampus by western blotting.Treatment with recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 prevented surgery-induced cognitive impairment,downregulated interleukin-1βand nducible nitric oxide synthase expression,and upregulated CD206,arginase-1,pNR2B,and brain-derived neurotropic factor expression compared with vehicle treatment.Intraperitoneal administration of the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059 diminished the effects of recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1.Collectively,our findings suggest that recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 ameliorates surgery-induced cognitive decline by attenuating neuroinflammation via M2 microglial polarization in the hippocampus.Therefore,recombinant chitinase-3-like protein1 may have therapeutic potential fo r postoperative cognitive dysfunction.展开更多
Lycium barbarum(LB)is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of biological functions,such as antioxidation,neuroprotection,and immune modulation.One of the main mechanisms ...Lycium barbarum(LB)is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of biological functions,such as antioxidation,neuroprotection,and immune modulation.One of the main mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease is that microglia activated by amyloid beta(Aβ)transform from the resting state to an M1 state and release pro-inflammatory cytokines to the surrounding environment.In the present study,immortalized microglial cells were pretreated with L.barbarum extract for 1 hour and then treated with oligomeric Aβfor 23 hours.The results showed that LB extract significantly increased the survival of oligomeric Aβ-induced microglial cells,downregulated the expression of M1 pro-inflammatory markers(inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1β),and upregulated the expression of M2 anti-inflammatory markers(arginase-1,chitinase-like protein 3,and interleukin-4).LB extract also inhibited the oligomeric Aβ-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βin microglial cells.The results of in vitro cytological experiments suggest that,in microglial cells,LB extract can inhibit oligomeric Aβ-induced M1 polarization and concomitant inflammatory reactions,and promote M2 polarization.展开更多
Microglial cells are important resident innate immune components in the central nervous system that are often activated during neuroinflammation.Activated microglia can display one of two phenotypes,M1 or M2,which eac...Microglial cells are important resident innate immune components in the central nervous system that are often activated during neuroinflammation.Activated microglia can display one of two phenotypes,M1 or M2,which each play distinct roles in neuroinflammation.Rutin,a dietary flavonoid,exhibits protective effects against neuroinflammation.However,whether rutin is able to influence the M1/M2 polarization of microglia remains unclear.In this study,in vitro BV-2 cell models of neuroinflammation were established using 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide to investigate the effects of 1-hour rutin pretreatment on microglial polarization.The results revealed that rutin pretreatment reduced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6 and increased the secretion of interleukin-10.Rutin pretreatment also downregulated the expression of the M1 microglial markers CD86 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and upregulated the expression of the M2 microglial markers arginase 1 and CD206.Rutin pretreatment inhibited the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 and blocked the phosphorylation of I kappa B kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B.These results showed that rutin pretreatment may promote the phenotypic switch of microglia M1 to M2 by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation.展开更多
Glaucoma results from irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)through an unclear mechanism.Microglial polarization and neuroinflammation play an important role in retinal degeneration.Our study aimed to explo...Glaucoma results from irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)through an unclear mechanism.Microglial polarization and neuroinflammation play an important role in retinal degeneration.Our study aimed to explore the function of microglial polarization during glaucoma progression and identify a strategy to alleviate retinal neuroinflammation.Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice.In a separate cohort of animals,interleukin(IL)-4(50 ng/mL,2μL per injection)or vehicle was intravitreally injected after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.RGC loss was assessed by counting cells that were positive for the RGC marker RNA binding protein,mRNA processing factor in retinal flat mounts.The expression of classically activated(M1)and alternatively activated(M2)microglial markers were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,immunofluorescence,and western blotting.The results showed that progressive RGC loss was accompanied by a continuous decrease in M2 microglia during the late phase of the 28-day period after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.IL-4 was undetectable in the retina at all time points,and intravitreal IL-4 administration markedly improved M2 microglial marker expression and ameliorated RGC loss in the late phase post-retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.In summary,we observed that IL-4 treatment maintained a high number of M2 microglia after RIR and promoted RGC survival.展开更多
目的:探究牡荆素(Vitexin)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)后的小胶质细胞巨噬细胞M2极化的影响。方法:采用改良的Longa法建立大鼠右侧中动脉阻塞/再灌注(MCAO/R)模型。建模后,将大鼠分为假手术组(Sham,n=10)、MCAO/R组(n=12)、Vitexin组(...目的:探究牡荆素(Vitexin)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)后的小胶质细胞巨噬细胞M2极化的影响。方法:采用改良的Longa法建立大鼠右侧中动脉阻塞/再灌注(MCAO/R)模型。建模后,将大鼠分为假手术组(Sham,n=10)、MCAO/R组(n=12)、Vitexin组(n=12)和Vitexin+脂多糖(LPS)组(n=12)。Sham组和MCAO/R组腹腔注射2 m L 0.9%生理盐水,Vitexin组腹腔注射2 m L牡荆素溶液(3 mg/kg),Vitexin+LPS组腹腔注射1 m L牡荆素溶液(3 mg/kg)和1 m L LPS溶液(0.5 mg/kg)。1次/d,连续14 d。给药14 d后,根据Zea Longa 5分法对大鼠进行神经功能评分。通过2,3,5-三苯基四唑氯化物(TTC)法检测脑梗死体积。采用双重免疫荧光染色方法检测大脑缺血半影区CD16/32+/Iba1+、CD206+/Iba1+的共表达。通过qRT-PCR或Western blot检测大脑缺血半影区Toll样受体4(TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10、核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65的mRNA或蛋白表达。使用商用试剂盒检测大脑缺血半影区丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量。结果:与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组神经功能评分降低,脑梗死体积降低,MDA水平降低,SOD和GSH-Px水平升高(P<0.05)。与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组CD16/32+/Iba1+的阳性细胞数量降低,CD206+/Iba1+的阳性细胞数量升高,TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA水平降低,而IL-4和IL-10的mRNA水平升高(P<0.05)。与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组TLR4 mRNA和蛋白水平降低,细胞核NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。然而,LPS给药逆转了牡荆素对上述指标的影响(P<0.05)。结论:牡荆素部分通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路促进大鼠CIRI后小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞向M2表型极化,从而促进神经功能恢复。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81730033,82171193(to XG)the Key Talent Project for Strengthening Health during the 13^(th)Five-Year Plan Period,No.ZDRCA2016069(to XG)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2018YFC2001901(to XG)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline,No.ZDXK202232(to XG)。
文摘Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a seve re complication of the central nervous system that occurs after anesthesia and surgery,and has received attention for its high incidence and effect on the quality of life of patients.To date,there are no viable treatment options for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.The identification of postoperative cognitive dysfunction hub genes could provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for future research.To identify the signaling mechanisms contributing to postoperative cognitive dysfunction,we first conducted Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE95426 dataset,which consists of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in mouse hippocampus3 days after tibial fracture.The dataset was enriched in genes associated with the biological process"regulation of immune cells,"of which Chill was identified as a hub gene.Therefore,we investigated the contribution of chitinase-3-like protein 1 protein expression changes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the mouse model of tibial fractu re surgery.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 124 hours post-surgery,and the injection groups were compared with untreated control mice for learning and memory capacities using the Y-maze and fear conditioning tests.In addition,protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors(interleukin-1βand inducible nitric oxide synthase),M2-type macrophage markers(CD206 and arginase-1),and cognition-related proteins(brain-derived neurotropic factor and phosphorylated NMDA receptor subunit NR2B)were measured in hippocampus by western blotting.Treatment with recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 prevented surgery-induced cognitive impairment,downregulated interleukin-1βand nducible nitric oxide synthase expression,and upregulated CD206,arginase-1,pNR2B,and brain-derived neurotropic factor expression compared with vehicle treatment.Intraperitoneal administration of the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059 diminished the effects of recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1.Collectively,our findings suggest that recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 ameliorates surgery-induced cognitive decline by attenuating neuroinflammation via M2 microglial polarization in the hippocampus.Therefore,recombinant chitinase-3-like protein1 may have therapeutic potential fo r postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
基金supported by Midstream Research Program for UniversitiesHong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,No.MRP-092-17X。
文摘Lycium barbarum(LB)is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of biological functions,such as antioxidation,neuroprotection,and immune modulation.One of the main mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease is that microglia activated by amyloid beta(Aβ)transform from the resting state to an M1 state and release pro-inflammatory cytokines to the surrounding environment.In the present study,immortalized microglial cells were pretreated with L.barbarum extract for 1 hour and then treated with oligomeric Aβfor 23 hours.The results showed that LB extract significantly increased the survival of oligomeric Aβ-induced microglial cells,downregulated the expression of M1 pro-inflammatory markers(inducible nitric oxide synthase,tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1β),and upregulated the expression of M2 anti-inflammatory markers(arginase-1,chitinase-like protein 3,and interleukin-4).LB extract also inhibited the oligomeric Aβ-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βin microglial cells.The results of in vitro cytological experiments suggest that,in microglial cells,LB extract can inhibit oligomeric Aβ-induced M1 polarization and concomitant inflammatory reactions,and promote M2 polarization.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science and Technology Foundation of Zunyi City,China,No.201915(to GPL)Doctor Startup Foundation of Zunyi Medical University,Nos.[2017]5733-045(to GPL),[2017]5733-044(to YYH)Natural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province,China,No.[2020]1Y292(to YYH).
文摘Microglial cells are important resident innate immune components in the central nervous system that are often activated during neuroinflammation.Activated microglia can display one of two phenotypes,M1 or M2,which each play distinct roles in neuroinflammation.Rutin,a dietary flavonoid,exhibits protective effects against neuroinflammation.However,whether rutin is able to influence the M1/M2 polarization of microglia remains unclear.In this study,in vitro BV-2 cell models of neuroinflammation were established using 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide to investigate the effects of 1-hour rutin pretreatment on microglial polarization.The results revealed that rutin pretreatment reduced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6 and increased the secretion of interleukin-10.Rutin pretreatment also downregulated the expression of the M1 microglial markers CD86 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and upregulated the expression of the M2 microglial markers arginase 1 and CD206.Rutin pretreatment inhibited the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 and blocked the phosphorylation of I kappa B kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B.These results showed that rutin pretreatment may promote the phenotypic switch of microglia M1 to M2 by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.81970796(to WYG)Clinical Research Program of the Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.JYLJ201905(to WYG)Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.YG2019QNA18(to YW)
文摘Glaucoma results from irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)through an unclear mechanism.Microglial polarization and neuroinflammation play an important role in retinal degeneration.Our study aimed to explore the function of microglial polarization during glaucoma progression and identify a strategy to alleviate retinal neuroinflammation.Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice.In a separate cohort of animals,interleukin(IL)-4(50 ng/mL,2μL per injection)or vehicle was intravitreally injected after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.RGC loss was assessed by counting cells that were positive for the RGC marker RNA binding protein,mRNA processing factor in retinal flat mounts.The expression of classically activated(M1)and alternatively activated(M2)microglial markers were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,immunofluorescence,and western blotting.The results showed that progressive RGC loss was accompanied by a continuous decrease in M2 microglia during the late phase of the 28-day period after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.IL-4 was undetectable in the retina at all time points,and intravitreal IL-4 administration markedly improved M2 microglial marker expression and ameliorated RGC loss in the late phase post-retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.In summary,we observed that IL-4 treatment maintained a high number of M2 microglia after RIR and promoted RGC survival.
文摘目的:探究牡荆素(Vitexin)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)后的小胶质细胞巨噬细胞M2极化的影响。方法:采用改良的Longa法建立大鼠右侧中动脉阻塞/再灌注(MCAO/R)模型。建模后,将大鼠分为假手术组(Sham,n=10)、MCAO/R组(n=12)、Vitexin组(n=12)和Vitexin+脂多糖(LPS)组(n=12)。Sham组和MCAO/R组腹腔注射2 m L 0.9%生理盐水,Vitexin组腹腔注射2 m L牡荆素溶液(3 mg/kg),Vitexin+LPS组腹腔注射1 m L牡荆素溶液(3 mg/kg)和1 m L LPS溶液(0.5 mg/kg)。1次/d,连续14 d。给药14 d后,根据Zea Longa 5分法对大鼠进行神经功能评分。通过2,3,5-三苯基四唑氯化物(TTC)法检测脑梗死体积。采用双重免疫荧光染色方法检测大脑缺血半影区CD16/32+/Iba1+、CD206+/Iba1+的共表达。通过qRT-PCR或Western blot检测大脑缺血半影区Toll样受体4(TLR4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10、核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65的mRNA或蛋白表达。使用商用试剂盒检测大脑缺血半影区丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量。结果:与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组神经功能评分降低,脑梗死体积降低,MDA水平降低,SOD和GSH-Px水平升高(P<0.05)。与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组CD16/32+/Iba1+的阳性细胞数量降低,CD206+/Iba1+的阳性细胞数量升高,TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA水平降低,而IL-4和IL-10的mRNA水平升高(P<0.05)。与MCAO/R组相比,Vitexin组TLR4 mRNA和蛋白水平降低,细胞核NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。然而,LPS给药逆转了牡荆素对上述指标的影响(P<0.05)。结论:牡荆素部分通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路促进大鼠CIRI后小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞向M2表型极化,从而促进神经功能恢复。
