LysM proteins contain the lysin domain(LysM),bind chitin and are found in various organisms including fungi.In phytopathogenic fungi,certain LysM proteins act as effectors to inhibit host immunity,thus increasing fung...LysM proteins contain the lysin domain(LysM),bind chitin and are found in various organisms including fungi.In phytopathogenic fungi,certain LysM proteins act as effectors to inhibit host immunity,thus increasing fungal virulence.However,our understanding of the LysM protein family in Setosphaeria turcica is limited.In this study,eight StLysM genes are identified and designated as StLysM1 to StLysM8.The analysis of sequence features indicates that five proteins(StLysM1,StLysM2,StLysM5,StLysM6,and StLysM7)are potential effectors.Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the StLysMs are divided into fungal/bacterial and fungus-specific subclasses.Domain architecture analysis reveals that the five StLysM effectors exclusively harbor the LysM domain,whereas the other three StLysM proteins contain additional functional domains.Sequence conservation analysis shows that the fungal-specific LysM domain sequences share the ^(8)GDxTC^(12) and ^(29)WNP^(31) motifs as well as three highly conserved cysteine residues.Conversely,the LysM domain sequences from the bacterial/fungal branch have few conserved sites.Moreover,expression profiling analysis shows that the StLysM1 gene is significantly upregulated during the infection of maize.Yeast secretion assays and transient expression experiments demonstrate that StLysM1 is a secreted protein that can suppress BAX/INF1-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.Further functional analysis suggests that St Lys M1 cannot interact with itself but it can bind chitin.The transient expression of StLysM1 inhibits the chitin-triggered plant immune response,increasing susceptibility to the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in N.benthamiana.This study reveals that the S.turcica LySM protein family consists of eight members,highlighting the significance of StLysM1 as a vital effector in regulating plant immunity.The results provide insight into StLysMs and establish a foundation for understanding the roles of StLysM proteins in the pathogenic process of S.turcica.展开更多
溶解素基序(LysM)是在多种蛋白质中普遍存在的结构域.植物LysM蛋白能够感知几丁质及其寡糖等分子配体,从而启动植物对病原菌的免疫反应.在水稻、拟南芥等植物免疫应答过程中,LysM蛋白作为一种重要的模式识别受体,通过不同形式的寡聚化,...溶解素基序(LysM)是在多种蛋白质中普遍存在的结构域.植物LysM蛋白能够感知几丁质及其寡糖等分子配体,从而启动植物对病原菌的免疫反应.在水稻、拟南芥等植物免疫应答过程中,LysM蛋白作为一种重要的模式识别受体,通过不同形式的寡聚化,激活多种类受体胞质激酶及其下游的MAPK(mitogen activated protein kinase)级联反应传递信号.同时,蛋白质可逆磷酸化和蛋白质降解途径可以负调节LysM蛋白介导的防御信号转导.文章综述了植物免疫过程中LysM蛋白介导的信号转导分子机制.展开更多
基金supported by the S&T Program of Hebei,China(23567601H)the Hebei Provincial Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project,China(236Z6508G)+1 种基金the Basic Research Funds for Provincial Universities in Hebei Province,China(KY2022037 and KY2021042)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(C2023204100 and C2021204136)。
文摘LysM proteins contain the lysin domain(LysM),bind chitin and are found in various organisms including fungi.In phytopathogenic fungi,certain LysM proteins act as effectors to inhibit host immunity,thus increasing fungal virulence.However,our understanding of the LysM protein family in Setosphaeria turcica is limited.In this study,eight StLysM genes are identified and designated as StLysM1 to StLysM8.The analysis of sequence features indicates that five proteins(StLysM1,StLysM2,StLysM5,StLysM6,and StLysM7)are potential effectors.Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the StLysMs are divided into fungal/bacterial and fungus-specific subclasses.Domain architecture analysis reveals that the five StLysM effectors exclusively harbor the LysM domain,whereas the other three StLysM proteins contain additional functional domains.Sequence conservation analysis shows that the fungal-specific LysM domain sequences share the ^(8)GDxTC^(12) and ^(29)WNP^(31) motifs as well as three highly conserved cysteine residues.Conversely,the LysM domain sequences from the bacterial/fungal branch have few conserved sites.Moreover,expression profiling analysis shows that the StLysM1 gene is significantly upregulated during the infection of maize.Yeast secretion assays and transient expression experiments demonstrate that StLysM1 is a secreted protein that can suppress BAX/INF1-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.Further functional analysis suggests that St Lys M1 cannot interact with itself but it can bind chitin.The transient expression of StLysM1 inhibits the chitin-triggered plant immune response,increasing susceptibility to the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in N.benthamiana.This study reveals that the S.turcica LySM protein family consists of eight members,highlighting the significance of StLysM1 as a vital effector in regulating plant immunity.The results provide insight into StLysMs and establish a foundation for understanding the roles of StLysM proteins in the pathogenic process of S.turcica.
文摘溶解素基序(LysM)是在多种蛋白质中普遍存在的结构域.植物LysM蛋白能够感知几丁质及其寡糖等分子配体,从而启动植物对病原菌的免疫反应.在水稻、拟南芥等植物免疫应答过程中,LysM蛋白作为一种重要的模式识别受体,通过不同形式的寡聚化,激活多种类受体胞质激酶及其下游的MAPK(mitogen activated protein kinase)级联反应传递信号.同时,蛋白质可逆磷酸化和蛋白质降解途径可以负调节LysM蛋白介导的防御信号转导.文章综述了植物免疫过程中LysM蛋白介导的信号转导分子机制.
