Lower-grade gliomas(including low-and intermediate-grade gliomas,World Health Organization grades II and III)are diffusely infiltrative neoplasms that arise most often in the cerebral hemispheres of adults and have tr...Lower-grade gliomas(including low-and intermediate-grade gliomas,World Health Organization grades II and III)are diffusely infiltrative neoplasms that arise most often in the cerebral hemispheres of adults and have traditionally been classified based on their presumed histogenesis as astrocytomas,oligodendrogliomas,or oligoastrocytomas.Although the histopathologic classification of lower-grade glioma has been the accepted standard for nearly a century,it suffers from high intra-and inter-observer variability and does not adequately predict clinical outcomes.Based on integrated analysis of multiplatform genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas,lower-grade gliomas have been found to segregate into three cohesive,clinically relevant molecular classes.Molecular classes were closely aligned with the status of isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)mutations,tumor protein 53 mutations and the co-deletion of chromosome arms 1 p and 19q,but were not closely aligned with histologic classes.These findings emphasize the potential for improved definition of clinically relevant disease subsets using integrated molecular approaches and highlight the importance of biomarkers for brain tumor classification.展开更多
This article, the purpose of which is to deal with some problems in studying and teaching English, is merely for the students of English to read, who have just entered the second year at a foreign languages institute....This article, the purpose of which is to deal with some problems in studying and teaching English, is merely for the students of English to read, who have just entered the second year at a foreign languages institute. When teaching the second-year students, I have often been asked this awkward question: "What do you think is the correct way to study English?" It took me quite a time to answer it. Now after many years of teaching I think I have some ideas on this subject.展开更多
文摘Lower-grade gliomas(including low-and intermediate-grade gliomas,World Health Organization grades II and III)are diffusely infiltrative neoplasms that arise most often in the cerebral hemispheres of adults and have traditionally been classified based on their presumed histogenesis as astrocytomas,oligodendrogliomas,or oligoastrocytomas.Although the histopathologic classification of lower-grade glioma has been the accepted standard for nearly a century,it suffers from high intra-and inter-observer variability and does not adequately predict clinical outcomes.Based on integrated analysis of multiplatform genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas,lower-grade gliomas have been found to segregate into three cohesive,clinically relevant molecular classes.Molecular classes were closely aligned with the status of isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)mutations,tumor protein 53 mutations and the co-deletion of chromosome arms 1 p and 19q,but were not closely aligned with histologic classes.These findings emphasize the potential for improved definition of clinically relevant disease subsets using integrated molecular approaches and highlight the importance of biomarkers for brain tumor classification.
文摘This article, the purpose of which is to deal with some problems in studying and teaching English, is merely for the students of English to read, who have just entered the second year at a foreign languages institute. When teaching the second-year students, I have often been asked this awkward question: "What do you think is the correct way to study English?" It took me quite a time to answer it. Now after many years of teaching I think I have some ideas on this subject.
