BACKGROUND Peripheral artery disease(PAD)affects millions globally,with a 5.6%prevalence in 2015 impacting 236 million adults,rising above 10%in those over 60 due to factors like diabetes and smoking.Post-revasculariz...BACKGROUND Peripheral artery disease(PAD)affects millions globally,with a 5.6%prevalence in 2015 impacting 236 million adults,rising above 10%in those over 60 due to factors like diabetes and smoking.Post-revascularization,single antiplatelet therapy(SAPT)is standard,but dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)may improve outcomes,though duration and bleeding risks are unclear.The 2024 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines endorse short-term DAPT,yet evidence gaps remain in comparative efficacy and safety.We hypothesized that DAPT reduces cardiovascular events and reinterventions vs SAPT without significantly elevating bleeding in PAD patients’post-lower extremity revascularization.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of DAPT vs SAPT in PAD patients’post-revascularization.METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,searching PubMed,EMBASE,and ScienceDirect up to July 2025.Included were randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies from various global settings(e.g.,hospitals,tertiary care)comparing DAPT(aspirin plus P2Y12 inhibitor for>1 month)to SAPT in symptomatic PAD patients undergoing endovascular or surgical revascularization(n up to 28244 participants selected via eligibility criteria).Data were pooled using random-effects models for risk ratio(RR)with 95%CI;heterogeneity was assessed via the I²statistic.Quality appraisal used Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions for cohorts and Risk of Bias 2.0 for RCTs;certainty was evaluated via Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE).RESULTS Twelve studies(3 RCTs,9 cohorts,conducted 2010–2025 with follow-ups of 6 months to 5 years)were included.DAPT showed no significant difference but a trend toward reduced all-cause mortality(RR:0.52,95%CI:0.27–1.01,P=0.05,DAPT of 298/9545 events vs SAPT of 165/566 events)or stroke(RR:0.72,95%CI:0.30–1.72,P=0.46,DAPT of 16/3729 events vs SAPT of 41/7673 events)vs SAPT.DAPT significantly reduced cardiac mortality(RR:0.46,95%CI:0.27–0.80,P=0.006,DAPT of 78/2903 events vs SAPT of 171/1465 events,risk difference:-5.4%),myocardial infarction(RR:0.82,95%CI:0.71–0.94,P=0.004,DAPT of 233/7704 events vs SAPT of 262/9130 events,risk difference:-1.8%),and major reintervention(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.35–0.98,P=0.04,DAPT of 803/205 events vs SAPT of 1197/4 events,risk difference:-42%).Bleeding showed no difference(RR:1.12,95%CI:0.42–3.03,P=0.82,DAPT of 195/2775 events vs SAPT of 202/8234 events).Heterogeneity was high(I^(2)=59%–97%).Quality revealed moderate to serious bias in cohorts and some concerns in RCTs;GRADE certainty moderate for cardiac mortality,myocardial infarction,reintervention,low for others due to inconsistency and imprecision.CONCLUSION DAPT reduces cardiac mortality,myocardial infarction,and major reintervention risks compared to SAPT in PAD post-revascularization without apparent bleeding increase,though limited by heterogeneity and low certainty for some outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neu...BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neurodynamic mobilization in facilitating knee joint functional recovery.METHODS Thirty-two patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis treated at Chonghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guilin)from March 2024 to August 2025 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=16)or an intervention group(n=16).Both groups received eight weeks of conventional treatment;and the intervention group additionally underwent neurodynamic mobilization.Outcomes including pain assessed by the visual analogue scale,active range of motion,Lysholm score,stork stand test,single hop test,and Y-balance test were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics,including gender,age,body mass index,or surgical side(P>0.05).Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant time×group interaction effects for the visual analogue scale score(F=13.364,P<0.05),Lysholm knee score(F=20.385,P<0.05),stork stand test(F=103.756,P<0.05),and Y-balance test score(F=8.089,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Neurodynamic mobilization effectively reduces pain,improves knee function,and enhances lower limb balance in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.展开更多
Transcranial magnetic stimulation,a type of noninvasive brain stimulation,has become an ancillary therapy for motor function rehabilitation.Most previous studies have focused on the effects of repetitive transcranial ...Transcranial magnetic stimulation,a type of noninvasive brain stimulation,has become an ancillary therapy for motor function rehabilitation.Most previous studies have focused on the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)on motor function in stroke patients.There have been relatively few studies on the effects of different modalities of rTMS on lower extremity motor function and corticospinal excitability in patients with stroke.The MEDLINE,Embase,Cochrane Library,ISI Science Citation Index,Physiotherapy Evidence Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure Library,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched.Parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials that addressed the effectiveness of rTMS in patients with stroke,published from inception to November 28,2019,were included.Standard pairwise meta-analysis was conducted using R version 3.6.1 with the“meta”package.Bayesian network analysis using the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different rTMS protocol interventions.Network meta-analysis results of 18 randomized controlled trials regarding lower extremity motor function recovery revealed that low-frequency rTMS had better efficacy in promoting lower extremity motor function recovery than sham stimulation.Network meta-analysis results of five randomized controlled trials demonstrated that highfrequency rTMS led to higher amplitudes of motor evoked potentials than low-frequency rTMS or sham stimulation.These findings suggest that rTMS can improve motor function in patients with stroke,and that low-frequency rTMS mainly affects motor function,whereas high-frequency rTMS increases the amplitudes of motor evoked potentials.More highquality randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this conclusion.The work was registered in PROSPERO(registration No.CRD42020147055)on April 28,2020.展开更多
A new species of tapejarid pterosaur, Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is erected on the basis of a nearly complete skull and postcranial skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, Chi...A new species of tapejarid pterosaur, Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is erected on the basis of a nearly complete skull and postcranial skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China. Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is characterized by a hatchet-shaped rectangular process on the premaxilla, whose short axis is perpendicular to the anterior margin of the premaxillae. Except for this process, other characters of the skull such as the breadth of the snout between the anterior margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra and the anterior margin of the premaxilla are similar to that of Huaxiapterus jii. Huaxiapterus and a second Chinese tapejarid, Sinopterus, share several unique cranial characters in common with Tapejara and these three genera appear to be more closely related to each other than to other azhdarchoids. The Chinese tapejarids （Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus） have relatively elongate skulls and weakly developed cranial crests and seem to be less derived than Tapejara, with its shorter, deeper skull and large cranial crest. Tupuxuarids （Tupuxuara and Thalassodromeus） have often been associated with tapejarids in the family Tapejaridae, but this relationship is controversial because some phylogenetic analyses have supported the pairing of tupuxuarids with Azhdarchidae. We propose that Tapejaridae be restricted to Tapejara, Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus.展开更多
BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DF...BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and subsequentlower extremity amputations (LEA). Few studies show the long-term outcomeswithin the cohort of DFU-associated LEA.AIMTo highlight the long-term outcomes of LEA as a result of DFU.METHODSPubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched for key terms, “diabetes”,“foot ulcers”, “amputations” and “outcomes”. Outcomes such as mortality, reamputation,re-ulceration and functional impact were recorded. Peer-reviewedstudies with adult patients who had DFU, subsequent amputation and follow upof at least 1 year were included. Non-English language articles or studiesinvolving children were excluded.RESULTSA total of 22 publications with a total of 2334 patients were selected against theinclusion criteria for review. The weighted mean of re-amputation was 20.14%,29.63% and 45.72% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. The weighted mean of mortality at 1, 3 and 5 years were 13.62%, 30.25% and 50.55% respectively withsignificantly higher rates associated with major amputation, re-amputation andischemic cardiomyopathy.CONCLUSIONPrevious LEA, level of the LEA and patient comorbidities were significant riskfactors contributing to re-ulceration, re-amputation, mortality and depreciatedfunctional status.展开更多
In the South Yellow Sea Basin,Mesozoic–Paleozoic marine strata are generally well developed with large thickness,and no substantial breakthroughs have been made in hydrocarbon exploration.Through research,it is belie...In the South Yellow Sea Basin,Mesozoic–Paleozoic marine strata are generally well developed with large thickness,and no substantial breakthroughs have been made in hydrocarbon exploration.Through research,it is believed that the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic can be regarded as a long-term base-level cycle.Based on drilling data,characteristics of the lithology–electric property combination cyclicity,and the special lithology,the long-term base-level cycle was divided into five medium-term base-level cycles(MC1–MC5).On this basis,the Permian–Triassic sedimentary systems and their filling model were analyzed in accordance with the change of base-level cycle and transition of sedimentary environment,as well as characteristics of the drilling sedimentary facies and seismic facies.The results show that there were six sedimentary systems(fluvial,delta,tidal flat,open platform,restricted platform,and continental shelf)developed in the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic,the sedimentary systems were distributed such that the water was deep in the northwest and shallow in the southeast,and there were two base-level cycle filling models(a relatively stable tidal flat facies and a rapidly transgressive continental shelf facies to stable platform facies)developed in the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic.These models can provide a basis for evaluation of the Mesozoic–Paleozoic hydrocarbon geology in the South Yellow Sea Basin.展开更多
The study area is located in the south of Huanxian county,in Yan'an and Puxian counties and to the north of Xi'an.The Shanxi and lower Shihezi formations are important gas-bearing formations.Given our analysis...The study area is located in the south of Huanxian county,in Yan'an and Puxian counties and to the north of Xi'an.The Shanxi and lower Shihezi formations are important gas-bearing formations.Given our analysis of the direction of rivers,the contents of stable heavy minerals and of feldspar of palaeo river systems,the study area is divided into six palaeodrainage patterns corresponding to six feldspar regions and six sedimentary facies regions.On this basis,the distribution of sedimentary facies was also analyzed.During the Shanxi stage,a delta front was deposited in the Huanxian region and delta plains and fronts were deposited in the Pingliang,Chunhua-Yaoxian and Hancheng-Chengcheng regions.In the Yan'an-Daning region,only a delta front was developed.The distribution of sedimentary facies in the earlier Shihezi stage originated from the Shanxi stage.A delta front was developed in the Huanxian region while a delta plain and front developed in the Pingliang-Zhenyuan region during the same time.Lakes originated only in the Zhenyuan-Huanxian-Huachi-Zhengning and Daning-Jixian zones.This analytical method shows that different palaeodrainage patterns can be effectively distinguished in order to forecast sedimentary facies.展开更多
Lower extremity robotic exoskeletons(LEEX)can not only improve the ability of the human body but also provide healing treatment for people with lower extremity dysfunction.There are a wide range of application needs a...Lower extremity robotic exoskeletons(LEEX)can not only improve the ability of the human body but also provide healing treatment for people with lower extremity dysfunction.There are a wide range of application needs and development prospects in the military,industry,medical treatment,consumption and other felds,which has aroused widespread concern in society.This paper attempts to review LEEX technical development.First,the history of LEEX is briefy traced.Second,based on existing research,LEEX is classifed according to auxiliary body parts,structural forms,functions and felds,and typical LEEX prototypes and products are introduced.Then,the latest key technologies are analyzed and summarized,and the research contents,such as bionic structure and driving characteristics,human–robot interaction(HRI)and intentawareness,intelligent control strategy,and evaluation method of power-assisted walking efciency,are described in detail.Finally,existing LEEX problems and challenges are analyzed,a future development trend is proposed,and a multidisciplinary development direction of the key technology is provided.展开更多
The extended state observer(ESO)is the most important part of an emerging control technology known as active disturbance rejection control to this day,aiming at estimating"total disturbance"from observable m...The extended state observer(ESO)is the most important part of an emerging control technology known as active disturbance rejection control to this day,aiming at estimating"total disturbance"from observable measured output.In this paper,we construct a nonlinear ESO for a class of uncertain lower triangular nonlinear systems with stochastic disturbance and show its convergence,where the total disturbance includes internal uncertain nonlinear part and external stochastic disturbance.The numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
BACKGROUND Prostate artery embolization(PAE)is a promising minimally invasive therapy that improves lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)related to benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Transurethral resection of the prostat...BACKGROUND Prostate artery embolization(PAE)is a promising minimally invasive therapy that improves lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)related to benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP)is the gold standard therapy for LUTS/BPH.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PAE vs TURP on LUTS related to BPH.METHODS A literature review was performed to identify all published articles on PAE vs TURP for LUTS/BPH.Sources included PubMed,Embase,Cochrane library databases,and Chinese databases before June 2022.A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted.Outcome measurements were combined by calculating the mean difference with a 95%confidence interval.Statistical analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS Eleven studies involving 1070 participants were included.Compared with the TURP group,the PAE group had a similar effect on the International Index of Erectile Function(IPSS)score,Peak urinary flow rate(Qmax),postvoid residual volume(PVR),Prostate volume(PV),prostatic specific antigen(PSA),The International Index of Erectile Function short form(IIEF-5)scores,and erectile dysfunction during 24 mo follow-up.Lower quality of life(QoL)score,lower rate of retrograde ejaculation and shorter hospital stay in the PAE group.There was no participant death in either group.A higher proportion of haematuria,urinary incontinence and urinary stricture was identified in the TURP group.CONCLUSION PAE may be an appropriate option for elderly patients,patients who are not candidates for surgery,and patients who do not want to risk the potential adverse effects of TURP.Studies with large cases and long follow-up time are needed to validate results.展开更多
Li et al. in [3] obtained blow-up results for a system of Petrovskey equations in some different cases. In this article we obtain lower bounds for the blow up time under some considerations on initial data.
According to the complex differential accumulation history of deep marine oil and gas in superimposed basins,the Lower Paleozoic petroleum system in Tahe Oilfield of Tarim Basin is selected as a typical case,and the p...According to the complex differential accumulation history of deep marine oil and gas in superimposed basins,the Lower Paleozoic petroleum system in Tahe Oilfield of Tarim Basin is selected as a typical case,and the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,migration and accumulation,adjustment and transformation of deep oil and gas is restored by means of reservoine-forming dynamics simulation.The thermal evolution history of the Lower Cambrian source rocks in Tahe Oilfield reflects the obvious differences in hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process and intensity in different tectonic zones,which is the main reason controlling the differences in deep oil and gas phases.The complex transport system composed of strike-slip fault and unconformity,etc.controlled early migration and accumulation and late adjustment of deep oil and gas,while the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt rock in inner carbonate platform prevented vertical migration and accumulation of deep oil and gas,resulting in an obvious"fault-controlled"feature of deep oil and gas,in which the low potential area superimposed by the NE-strike-slip fault zone and deep oil and gas migration was conducive to accumulation,and it is mainly beaded along the strike-slip fault zone in the northeast direction.The dynamic simulation of reservoir formation reveals that the spatio-temporal configuration of"source-fault-fracture-gypsum-preservation"controls the differential accumulation of deep oil and gas in Tahe Oilfield.The Ordovician has experienced the accumulation history of multiple periods of charging,vertical migration and accumulation,and lateral adjustment and transformation,and deep oil and gas have always been in the dynamic equilibrium of migration,accumulation and escape.The statistics of residual oil and gas show that the deep stratum of Tahe Oilfield still has exploration and development potential in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation and Penglaiba Formation,and the Middle and Upper Cambrian ultra-deep stratum has a certain oil and gas resource prospect.This study provides a reference for the dynamic quantitative evaluation of deep oil and gas in the Tarim Basin,and also provides a reference for the study of reservoir formation and evolution in carbonate reservoir of paleo-craton basin.展开更多
A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amne...A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amnesia continuously from the time of the accident.The patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score（Teasdale et al.,1974）was 6展开更多
We performed a meta-analysis to compare treatment with a combination of solifenacin plus tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system （TOCAS） with placebo or TOCAS monotherapy. The aim of the meta-analysis was to cl...We performed a meta-analysis to compare treatment with a combination of solifenacin plus tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system （TOCAS） with placebo or TOCAS monotherapy. The aim of the meta-analysis was to clarify the efficacy and safety of the combination treatments method for lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS）. We searched for trials of men with LUTS that were randomized to combination treatment compared with TOCAS monotherapy or placebo. We pooled data from three placebo-controlled trials meeting inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes of interest included changes in International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） and urinary frequency. We also assessed postvoid residual, maximum urinary flow rate, incidence of urinary retention （UR）, adverse events. Data were pooled using random or fixed effect models for continuous outcomes and the ManteI-Haenszel method to generate risk ratio. Reductions in IPSS storage subscore and total urgency and frequency score （TUFS） were observed with solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS compared with placebo （P 〈 0.0001 and P 〈 0.0001, respectively）. Reductions in IPSS storage subscore and TUFS were observed with solifenacin 9 mg plus TOCAS compared with placebo （P= 0.003 and P = 0.0006, respectively）. Reductions in TUFS was observed with solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS compared with TOCAS （P = 0.01）. Both combination treatments were well tolerated, with low incidence of UR. Solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS significantly improved total IPSS, storage and voiding symptoms compared with placebo. Solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS also improved storage symptoms compared with TOCAS alone. There was no additional benefit of solifenacin 9 mg compared with 6 mg when used in combination with TOCAS.展开更多
Functional electrical stimulation is a method of repairing a dysfunctional limb in a stroke patient by using low-intensity electrical stimulation.Currently,it is widely used in smart medical treatment for limb rehabil...Functional electrical stimulation is a method of repairing a dysfunctional limb in a stroke patient by using low-intensity electrical stimulation.Currently,it is widely used in smart medical treatment for limb rehabilitation in stroke patients.In this paper,the development of FES systems is sorted out and analyzed in a time order.Then,the progress of functional electrical stimulation in the field of rehabilitation is reviewed in details in two aspects,i.e.,system development and algorithm progress.In the system aspect,the development of the first FES control and stimulation system,the core of the lower limb-based neuroprosthesis system and the system based on brain-computer interface are introduced.The algorithm optimization for control strategy is introduced in the algorithm.Asynchronous stimulation to prolong the function time of the lower limbs and a method to improve the robustness of knee joint modeling using neural networks.Representative applications in each of these aspects have been investigated and analyzed.展开更多
The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the...The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.展开更多
It is hard for the existing methods to obtain the expression of the system reliability for most of the practical complex systems with a large number of components and possible stales. A new regression algorithm based ...It is hard for the existing methods to obtain the expression of the system reliability for most of the practical complex systems with a large number of components and possible stales. A new regression algorithm based on the lower and upper bounds is presented in this paper, which can obtain the system reliability analytically without concerning the structure of the complex system. The method has been applied to a real system and the reliability results are compared with those acquired by the classical method and the parametric method. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been testified.展开更多
By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape...By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape classification map was promoted by using GIS technique and landscape ecology theory. Finally landscape classification maps of the five years would be converted into gray scale images which would be used for overlay analysis, and based on this, landscape ecosystem sensitive zone had been identified. The result showed that the extremely sensitive zone took up 10.18% of the study area and sensitive zone occupied 17.95% of the study area. Ecological system of natural landscape in the lower reaches of Tarim River was superior to ecological system of artificial landscape in terms of resistance to wind, dust, salt and drought. Study on division of ecosystem sensitivity area of natural landscape not only provided scientific reference for the formulation of regional policies to prevent and treat ecological environmental problems, but also was beneficial for people to identify treatment focus of ecological environmental problems in different regions and propose countermeasures ameliorating regional ecological environment.展开更多
Attribute reduction is one of the most important problems in rough set theory. This paper introduces the concept of lower approximation reduction in ordered information systems with fuzzy decision. Moreover, the judgm...Attribute reduction is one of the most important problems in rough set theory. This paper introduces the concept of lower approximation reduction in ordered information systems with fuzzy decision. Moreover, the judgment theorem and discernable matrix are obtained, in which case an approach to attribute reduction in ordered information system with fuzzy decision is constructed. As an application of lower approximation reduction, some examples are applied to examine the validity of works obtained in our works..展开更多
Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) affect the quality of life of elderly individuals. Acupuncture and moxibustion are used in the clinic in China for improving LU...Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) affect the quality of life of elderly individuals. Acupuncture and moxibustion are used in the clinic in China for improving LUTS symptoms due to BPH. However,there is no evidence to suggest which is the best option. We compared the efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion to provide evidence for clinical decision-making.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, and VIP databases were searched from inception to July 2020 to identify the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of acupuncture and moxibustion for LUTS due to BPH. Two researchers filtered studies and extracted the information independently. This study conducted a network meta-analysis using the Bayesian random method. The interventions ranking was evaluated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA).Results: We finally included 40 studies comprising 10 treating therapies and 3,655 patients with LUTS caused by BPH. In terms of the International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum urinary flow rate, and quality of life, electroacupuncture(EA) [MD =-3.6,95% credible interval(CrI)(-5.5,-1.8), very low certainty of evidence;MD = 2.2, 95% CrI(1.1, 3.3), low certainty of evidence;MD =-1.3, 95% CrI(-2.2,-0.43), very low certainty of the evidence] may be consistently the optimal treatment compared with other interventions, with SUCRA values of 84%, 81%, and 89%, respectively.Conclusions: Of all treatments, EA may have the best efficacy with fewer adverse events for LUTS due to BPH. The quality of evidence supporting this result is low to very low certainty of the evidence due to the limitations of primary studies;thus, more highquality RCTs are needed for further evidence.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Peripheral artery disease(PAD)affects millions globally,with a 5.6%prevalence in 2015 impacting 236 million adults,rising above 10%in those over 60 due to factors like diabetes and smoking.Post-revascularization,single antiplatelet therapy(SAPT)is standard,but dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)may improve outcomes,though duration and bleeding risks are unclear.The 2024 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines endorse short-term DAPT,yet evidence gaps remain in comparative efficacy and safety.We hypothesized that DAPT reduces cardiovascular events and reinterventions vs SAPT without significantly elevating bleeding in PAD patients’post-lower extremity revascularization.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of DAPT vs SAPT in PAD patients’post-revascularization.METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,searching PubMed,EMBASE,and ScienceDirect up to July 2025.Included were randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies from various global settings(e.g.,hospitals,tertiary care)comparing DAPT(aspirin plus P2Y12 inhibitor for>1 month)to SAPT in symptomatic PAD patients undergoing endovascular or surgical revascularization(n up to 28244 participants selected via eligibility criteria).Data were pooled using random-effects models for risk ratio(RR)with 95%CI;heterogeneity was assessed via the I²statistic.Quality appraisal used Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions for cohorts and Risk of Bias 2.0 for RCTs;certainty was evaluated via Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE).RESULTS Twelve studies(3 RCTs,9 cohorts,conducted 2010–2025 with follow-ups of 6 months to 5 years)were included.DAPT showed no significant difference but a trend toward reduced all-cause mortality(RR:0.52,95%CI:0.27–1.01,P=0.05,DAPT of 298/9545 events vs SAPT of 165/566 events)or stroke(RR:0.72,95%CI:0.30–1.72,P=0.46,DAPT of 16/3729 events vs SAPT of 41/7673 events)vs SAPT.DAPT significantly reduced cardiac mortality(RR:0.46,95%CI:0.27–0.80,P=0.006,DAPT of 78/2903 events vs SAPT of 171/1465 events,risk difference:-5.4%),myocardial infarction(RR:0.82,95%CI:0.71–0.94,P=0.004,DAPT of 233/7704 events vs SAPT of 262/9130 events,risk difference:-1.8%),and major reintervention(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.35–0.98,P=0.04,DAPT of 803/205 events vs SAPT of 1197/4 events,risk difference:-42%).Bleeding showed no difference(RR:1.12,95%CI:0.42–3.03,P=0.82,DAPT of 195/2775 events vs SAPT of 202/8234 events).Heterogeneity was high(I^(2)=59%–97%).Quality revealed moderate to serious bias in cohorts and some concerns in RCTs;GRADE certainty moderate for cardiac mortality,myocardial infarction,reintervention,low for others due to inconsistency and imprecision.CONCLUSION DAPT reduces cardiac mortality,myocardial infarction,and major reintervention risks compared to SAPT in PAD post-revascularization without apparent bleeding increase,though limited by heterogeneity and low certainty for some outcomes.
基金Supported by the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction,No.Guike ZY24212046National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U22A2092+3 种基金Guangxi Education Science“the 14th Five-Year Plan”2024 Special Project“Research on Steam Education Practice in Rehabilitation Engineering”,No.2024ZJY304the Research Basic Ability Enhancement Program for Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Guangxi,No.2025KY2255the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education,No.2025YCXB010Natural Science Research Project of Guilin Life and Health Career Technical College,No.2025GKKY04.
文摘BACKGROUND The therapeutic role of neurodynamic mobilization in improving lower limb function in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis remains poorly understood.AIM To further elucidate the role of neurodynamic mobilization in facilitating knee joint functional recovery.METHODS Thirty-two patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis treated at Chonghua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guilin)from March 2024 to August 2025 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=16)or an intervention group(n=16).Both groups received eight weeks of conventional treatment;and the intervention group additionally underwent neurodynamic mobilization.Outcomes including pain assessed by the visual analogue scale,active range of motion,Lysholm score,stork stand test,single hop test,and Y-balance test were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics,including gender,age,body mass index,or surgical side(P>0.05).Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant time×group interaction effects for the visual analogue scale score(F=13.364,P<0.05),Lysholm knee score(F=20.385,P<0.05),stork stand test(F=103.756,P<0.05),and Y-balance test score(F=8.089,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Neurodynamic mobilization effectively reduces pain,improves knee function,and enhances lower limb balance in patients with mild post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.
基金supported by the 1·3·5 project for disciplines of excellence-Clinical Research Incubation Project,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,China,No.2020HXFH051(to QG).
文摘Transcranial magnetic stimulation,a type of noninvasive brain stimulation,has become an ancillary therapy for motor function rehabilitation.Most previous studies have focused on the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)on motor function in stroke patients.There have been relatively few studies on the effects of different modalities of rTMS on lower extremity motor function and corticospinal excitability in patients with stroke.The MEDLINE,Embase,Cochrane Library,ISI Science Citation Index,Physiotherapy Evidence Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure Library,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched.Parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials that addressed the effectiveness of rTMS in patients with stroke,published from inception to November 28,2019,were included.Standard pairwise meta-analysis was conducted using R version 3.6.1 with the“meta”package.Bayesian network analysis using the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different rTMS protocol interventions.Network meta-analysis results of 18 randomized controlled trials regarding lower extremity motor function recovery revealed that low-frequency rTMS had better efficacy in promoting lower extremity motor function recovery than sham stimulation.Network meta-analysis results of five randomized controlled trials demonstrated that highfrequency rTMS led to higher amplitudes of motor evoked potentials than low-frequency rTMS or sham stimulation.These findings suggest that rTMS can improve motor function in patients with stroke,and that low-frequency rTMS mainly affects motor function,whereas high-frequency rTMS increases the amplitudes of motor evoked potentials.More highquality randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this conclusion.The work was registered in PROSPERO(registration No.CRD42020147055)on April 28,2020.
文摘A new species of tapejarid pterosaur, Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is erected on the basis of a nearly complete skull and postcranial skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China. Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is characterized by a hatchet-shaped rectangular process on the premaxilla, whose short axis is perpendicular to the anterior margin of the premaxillae. Except for this process, other characters of the skull such as the breadth of the snout between the anterior margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra and the anterior margin of the premaxilla are similar to that of Huaxiapterus jii. Huaxiapterus and a second Chinese tapejarid, Sinopterus, share several unique cranial characters in common with Tapejara and these three genera appear to be more closely related to each other than to other azhdarchoids. The Chinese tapejarids （Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus） have relatively elongate skulls and weakly developed cranial crests and seem to be less derived than Tapejara, with its shorter, deeper skull and large cranial crest. Tupuxuarids （Tupuxuara and Thalassodromeus） have often been associated with tapejarids in the family Tapejaridae, but this relationship is controversial because some phylogenetic analyses have supported the pairing of tupuxuarids with Azhdarchidae. We propose that Tapejaridae be restricted to Tapejara, Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus.
文摘BACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus causes a large majority of non-traumatic major and minoramputations globally. Patients with diabetes are clinically complex with amultifactorial association between diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and subsequentlower extremity amputations (LEA). Few studies show the long-term outcomeswithin the cohort of DFU-associated LEA.AIMTo highlight the long-term outcomes of LEA as a result of DFU.METHODSPubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched for key terms, “diabetes”,“foot ulcers”, “amputations” and “outcomes”. Outcomes such as mortality, reamputation,re-ulceration and functional impact were recorded. Peer-reviewedstudies with adult patients who had DFU, subsequent amputation and follow upof at least 1 year were included. Non-English language articles or studiesinvolving children were excluded.RESULTSA total of 22 publications with a total of 2334 patients were selected against theinclusion criteria for review. The weighted mean of re-amputation was 20.14%,29.63% and 45.72% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. The weighted mean of mortality at 1, 3 and 5 years were 13.62%, 30.25% and 50.55% respectively withsignificantly higher rates associated with major amputation, re-amputation andischemic cardiomyopathy.CONCLUSIONPrevious LEA, level of the LEA and patient comorbidities were significant riskfactors contributing to re-ulceration, re-amputation, mortality and depreciatedfunctional status.
基金Projects(41506080,41702162)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(DD20160152,DD20160147,GZH200800503)supported by China Geological Survey+1 种基金Projects(XQ-2005-01,2009GYXQ10)supported by China Ministry of Land and ResourcesProject(201602004)supported by the Postdoctoral Innovation Foundation of Shandong Province,China
文摘In the South Yellow Sea Basin,Mesozoic–Paleozoic marine strata are generally well developed with large thickness,and no substantial breakthroughs have been made in hydrocarbon exploration.Through research,it is believed that the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic can be regarded as a long-term base-level cycle.Based on drilling data,characteristics of the lithology–electric property combination cyclicity,and the special lithology,the long-term base-level cycle was divided into five medium-term base-level cycles(MC1–MC5).On this basis,the Permian–Triassic sedimentary systems and their filling model were analyzed in accordance with the change of base-level cycle and transition of sedimentary environment,as well as characteristics of the drilling sedimentary facies and seismic facies.The results show that there were six sedimentary systems(fluvial,delta,tidal flat,open platform,restricted platform,and continental shelf)developed in the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic,the sedimentary systems were distributed such that the water was deep in the northwest and shallow in the southeast,and there were two base-level cycle filling models(a relatively stable tidal flat facies and a rapidly transgressive continental shelf facies to stable platform facies)developed in the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic.These models can provide a basis for evaluation of the Mesozoic–Paleozoic hydrocarbon geology in the South Yellow Sea Basin.
基金Projects OF06142 supported by the National Basic Research Program of China2001CB209100 by the Science Foundation of China University of Mining and Technology
文摘The study area is located in the south of Huanxian county,in Yan'an and Puxian counties and to the north of Xi'an.The Shanxi and lower Shihezi formations are important gas-bearing formations.Given our analysis of the direction of rivers,the contents of stable heavy minerals and of feldspar of palaeo river systems,the study area is divided into six palaeodrainage patterns corresponding to six feldspar regions and six sedimentary facies regions.On this basis,the distribution of sedimentary facies was also analyzed.During the Shanxi stage,a delta front was deposited in the Huanxian region and delta plains and fronts were deposited in the Pingliang,Chunhua-Yaoxian and Hancheng-Chengcheng regions.In the Yan'an-Daning region,only a delta front was developed.The distribution of sedimentary facies in the earlier Shihezi stage originated from the Shanxi stage.A delta front was developed in the Huanxian region while a delta plain and front developed in the Pingliang-Zhenyuan region during the same time.Lakes originated only in the Zhenyuan-Huanxian-Huachi-Zhengning and Daning-Jixian zones.This analytical method shows that different palaeodrainage patterns can be effectively distinguished in order to forecast sedimentary facies.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0802700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50975010,Grant No.51075017).
文摘Lower extremity robotic exoskeletons(LEEX)can not only improve the ability of the human body but also provide healing treatment for people with lower extremity dysfunction.There are a wide range of application needs and development prospects in the military,industry,medical treatment,consumption and other felds,which has aroused widespread concern in society.This paper attempts to review LEEX technical development.First,the history of LEEX is briefy traced.Second,based on existing research,LEEX is classifed according to auxiliary body parts,structural forms,functions and felds,and typical LEEX prototypes and products are introduced.Then,the latest key technologies are analyzed and summarized,and the research contents,such as bionic structure and driving characteristics,human–robot interaction(HRI)and intentawareness,intelligent control strategy,and evaluation method of power-assisted walking efciency,are described in detail.Finally,existing LEEX problems and challenges are analyzed,a future development trend is proposed,and a multidisciplinary development direction of the key technology is provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61273129).
文摘The extended state observer(ESO)is the most important part of an emerging control technology known as active disturbance rejection control to this day,aiming at estimating"total disturbance"from observable measured output.In this paper,we construct a nonlinear ESO for a class of uncertain lower triangular nonlinear systems with stochastic disturbance and show its convergence,where the total disturbance includes internal uncertain nonlinear part and external stochastic disturbance.The numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed approach.
文摘BACKGROUND Prostate artery embolization(PAE)is a promising minimally invasive therapy that improves lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)related to benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP)is the gold standard therapy for LUTS/BPH.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PAE vs TURP on LUTS related to BPH.METHODS A literature review was performed to identify all published articles on PAE vs TURP for LUTS/BPH.Sources included PubMed,Embase,Cochrane library databases,and Chinese databases before June 2022.A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted.Outcome measurements were combined by calculating the mean difference with a 95%confidence interval.Statistical analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS Eleven studies involving 1070 participants were included.Compared with the TURP group,the PAE group had a similar effect on the International Index of Erectile Function(IPSS)score,Peak urinary flow rate(Qmax),postvoid residual volume(PVR),Prostate volume(PV),prostatic specific antigen(PSA),The International Index of Erectile Function short form(IIEF-5)scores,and erectile dysfunction during 24 mo follow-up.Lower quality of life(QoL)score,lower rate of retrograde ejaculation and shorter hospital stay in the PAE group.There was no participant death in either group.A higher proportion of haematuria,urinary incontinence and urinary stricture was identified in the TURP group.CONCLUSION PAE may be an appropriate option for elderly patients,patients who are not candidates for surgery,and patients who do not want to risk the potential adverse effects of TURP.Studies with large cases and long follow-up time are needed to validate results.
文摘Li et al. in [3] obtained blow-up results for a system of Petrovskey equations in some different cases. In this article we obtain lower bounds for the blow up time under some considerations on initial data.
基金Supported by the Sichuan Province Regional Innovation Cooperation Project(21QYCX0048)Sinopec Science and Technology Department Project(P21048-3)。
文摘According to the complex differential accumulation history of deep marine oil and gas in superimposed basins,the Lower Paleozoic petroleum system in Tahe Oilfield of Tarim Basin is selected as a typical case,and the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,migration and accumulation,adjustment and transformation of deep oil and gas is restored by means of reservoine-forming dynamics simulation.The thermal evolution history of the Lower Cambrian source rocks in Tahe Oilfield reflects the obvious differences in hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process and intensity in different tectonic zones,which is the main reason controlling the differences in deep oil and gas phases.The complex transport system composed of strike-slip fault and unconformity,etc.controlled early migration and accumulation and late adjustment of deep oil and gas,while the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt rock in inner carbonate platform prevented vertical migration and accumulation of deep oil and gas,resulting in an obvious"fault-controlled"feature of deep oil and gas,in which the low potential area superimposed by the NE-strike-slip fault zone and deep oil and gas migration was conducive to accumulation,and it is mainly beaded along the strike-slip fault zone in the northeast direction.The dynamic simulation of reservoir formation reveals that the spatio-temporal configuration of"source-fault-fracture-gypsum-preservation"controls the differential accumulation of deep oil and gas in Tahe Oilfield.The Ordovician has experienced the accumulation history of multiple periods of charging,vertical migration and accumulation,and lateral adjustment and transformation,and deep oil and gas have always been in the dynamic equilibrium of migration,accumulation and escape.The statistics of residual oil and gas show that the deep stratum of Tahe Oilfield still has exploration and development potential in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation and Penglaiba Formation,and the Middle and Upper Cambrian ultra-deep stratum has a certain oil and gas resource prospect.This study provides a reference for the dynamic quantitative evaluation of deep oil and gas in the Tarim Basin,and also provides a reference for the study of reservoir formation and evolution in carbonate reservoir of paleo-craton basin.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP),No.2015R1A2A2A01004073
文摘A 34-year-old male patient underwent conservative management for traumatic hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe（Figure 1A）.The patient lost consciousness for approximately 4 weeks and experienced post-traumatic amnesia continuously from the time of the accident.The patient’s Glasgow Coma Scale score（Teasdale et al.,1974）was 6
文摘We performed a meta-analysis to compare treatment with a combination of solifenacin plus tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system （TOCAS） with placebo or TOCAS monotherapy. The aim of the meta-analysis was to clarify the efficacy and safety of the combination treatments method for lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS）. We searched for trials of men with LUTS that were randomized to combination treatment compared with TOCAS monotherapy or placebo. We pooled data from three placebo-controlled trials meeting inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes of interest included changes in International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） and urinary frequency. We also assessed postvoid residual, maximum urinary flow rate, incidence of urinary retention （UR）, adverse events. Data were pooled using random or fixed effect models for continuous outcomes and the ManteI-Haenszel method to generate risk ratio. Reductions in IPSS storage subscore and total urgency and frequency score （TUFS） were observed with solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS compared with placebo （P 〈 0.0001 and P 〈 0.0001, respectively）. Reductions in IPSS storage subscore and TUFS were observed with solifenacin 9 mg plus TOCAS compared with placebo （P= 0.003 and P = 0.0006, respectively）. Reductions in TUFS was observed with solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS compared with TOCAS （P = 0.01）. Both combination treatments were well tolerated, with low incidence of UR. Solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS significantly improved total IPSS, storage and voiding symptoms compared with placebo. Solifenacin 6 mg plus TOCAS also improved storage symptoms compared with TOCAS alone. There was no additional benefit of solifenacin 9 mg compared with 6 mg when used in combination with TOCAS.
基金This work has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmer under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.701697,Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.17ZDA092)Basic Research Programs(Natural Science Foundation)of Jiangsu Province(BK20180794)+1 种基金333 High-Level Talent Cultivation Project of Jiangsu Province(BRA2018332)the PAPD fund.
文摘Functional electrical stimulation is a method of repairing a dysfunctional limb in a stroke patient by using low-intensity electrical stimulation.Currently,it is widely used in smart medical treatment for limb rehabilitation in stroke patients.In this paper,the development of FES systems is sorted out and analyzed in a time order.Then,the progress of functional electrical stimulation in the field of rehabilitation is reviewed in details in two aspects,i.e.,system development and algorithm progress.In the system aspect,the development of the first FES control and stimulation system,the core of the lower limb-based neuroprosthesis system and the system based on brain-computer interface are introduced.The algorithm optimization for control strategy is introduced in the algorithm.Asynchronous stimulation to prolong the function time of the lower limbs and a method to improve the robustness of knee joint modeling using neural networks.Representative applications in each of these aspects have been investigated and analyzed.
文摘The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40927001)
文摘It is hard for the existing methods to obtain the expression of the system reliability for most of the practical complex systems with a large number of components and possible stales. A new regression algorithm based on the lower and upper bounds is presented in this paper, which can obtain the system reliability analytically without concerning the structure of the complex system. The method has been applied to a real system and the reliability results are compared with those acquired by the classical method and the parametric method. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been testified.
基金Supported by Funds of China Desert Meteorological Research(SQJ2007006)Funds of Innovative Project of Science and Technique for Postgraduates of Xinjiang Normal University(20091210)+1 种基金Funds of Monitoring and Assessment of Ecological Restoration After Ecological Water on Lower Reaches of Tarim River(0651091001)Funds of Research of Vegetation Change of Natural Process on the Time Trajectory on Lower Reaches of Tarim River(2010211A57)~~
文摘By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape classification map was promoted by using GIS technique and landscape ecology theory. Finally landscape classification maps of the five years would be converted into gray scale images which would be used for overlay analysis, and based on this, landscape ecosystem sensitive zone had been identified. The result showed that the extremely sensitive zone took up 10.18% of the study area and sensitive zone occupied 17.95% of the study area. Ecological system of natural landscape in the lower reaches of Tarim River was superior to ecological system of artificial landscape in terms of resistance to wind, dust, salt and drought. Study on division of ecosystem sensitivity area of natural landscape not only provided scientific reference for the formulation of regional policies to prevent and treat ecological environmental problems, but also was beneficial for people to identify treatment focus of ecological environmental problems in different regions and propose countermeasures ameliorating regional ecological environment.
文摘Attribute reduction is one of the most important problems in rough set theory. This paper introduces the concept of lower approximation reduction in ordered information systems with fuzzy decision. Moreover, the judgment theorem and discernable matrix are obtained, in which case an approach to attribute reduction in ordered information system with fuzzy decision is constructed. As an application of lower approximation reduction, some examples are applied to examine the validity of works obtained in our works..
基金supported by the Training Program of the Innovation Team of Tianjin Higher Education Institution(No.TD13±5047)through Tianjin Municipal Education Commission。
文摘Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) affect the quality of life of elderly individuals. Acupuncture and moxibustion are used in the clinic in China for improving LUTS symptoms due to BPH. However,there is no evidence to suggest which is the best option. We compared the efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion to provide evidence for clinical decision-making.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, and VIP databases were searched from inception to July 2020 to identify the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of acupuncture and moxibustion for LUTS due to BPH. Two researchers filtered studies and extracted the information independently. This study conducted a network meta-analysis using the Bayesian random method. The interventions ranking was evaluated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA).Results: We finally included 40 studies comprising 10 treating therapies and 3,655 patients with LUTS caused by BPH. In terms of the International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum urinary flow rate, and quality of life, electroacupuncture(EA) [MD =-3.6,95% credible interval(CrI)(-5.5,-1.8), very low certainty of evidence;MD = 2.2, 95% CrI(1.1, 3.3), low certainty of evidence;MD =-1.3, 95% CrI(-2.2,-0.43), very low certainty of the evidence] may be consistently the optimal treatment compared with other interventions, with SUCRA values of 84%, 81%, and 89%, respectively.Conclusions: Of all treatments, EA may have the best efficacy with fewer adverse events for LUTS due to BPH. The quality of evidence supporting this result is low to very low certainty of the evidence due to the limitations of primary studies;thus, more highquality RCTs are needed for further evidence.
