1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,wa...1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,water diversions upstream for agricultural purposes,watershed changes,introduction of aliens,etc.that result in catastrophic展开更多
Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed s...Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed seasonal and regional differences in long-term changes(1980-2019)in the biomass and abundance of large mesozooplankton(LMZ;>505μm)in Xiangshan Bay,Zhejiang,China.We found spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the historical changes of LMZ.Significant negative trends in LMZ biomass were found in the inner and middle bay during the warm season(summer and autumn),when the nutrient concentration(especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen)and temperature increased simultaneously.Nutrient changes in Xiangshan Bay began in the late 1980s or early 1990s,coinciding with large-scale fish cage development.A rapid decline in LMZ biomass occurred after 2005 when power plants commenced operation,accelerating the warming trend.Therefore,the joint stress of eutrophication and warming likely precipitated the decline in LMZ biomass.Conversely,a significant increase in LMZ biomass was found in the outer bay in spring.This trend was consistent with the trend of LMZ biomass near the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,which indicates that the pelagic ecosystem in the outer bay was aff ected by water from the Changjiang River estuary during spring.Based on our results,ecosystem management and restoration in semi-enclosed subtropical bays should focus on internal waters,which have a poor capacity for water exchange.For Xiangshan Bay,the changes in the Changjiang River estuary ecosystem during the cold season(winter and spring)should also be considered.展开更多
Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed grea...Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed greatly since the 1950s.The numbers of Dinophyta species increased significantly,although Bacillariophyta species are generally dominant.The succession of dominant species in phytoplankton community is obvious： large-size dominant species such as Biddulphia sinensis of the 1950s were gradually replaced by small-size ones such as Cyclotella striata and Nitzschia closterium,and species that still maintain dominant such as Skeletonema costatum are also small ones,leading the whole phytoplankton community of smaller size.Cell density of phytoplankton community increased greatly,among which cell density of the most dominant species Skeletonema costatum have been increasing in exponent function.Margalef index of phytoplankton community decreased,indicating decline of biodiversity of the community,and dominant character of Skeletonema costatum increased.Generally,the structure of the entire phytoplankton community is becoming more and more singular and unstable,which makes the occurrence of red tides more frequent.The succession in the phytoplankton community is related to the long-term changes in marine environment,influenced by human activities and global climate changes,especially the increases of nutrient content.展开更多
During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale ...During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.展开更多
The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory,...The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, University of Tokyo (35.79oN, 137.63oE;1130 m), Japan. It has observed that there is a positive increasing decadal change in Midnight and Pre-midnight mesospheric airglow intensity of the range 25 - 88 R. This range is the order of 10 to 30% of the observed MARV and average night airglow intensity of 250 R. Besides this long-term trend, inter-annual monthly variation is also seen from fluctuation of yearly variation of deviation values from MARV to particular average monthly values. The present observations about the positive decadal change in night time mesospheric airglow intensity has been further linked to the reduction of mesospheric electron densities and temperature or shrinking and cooling of the lower ionosphere as established from the long-term behavior of mesospheric parameters such as a negative decadal change in thermal structure, electron density, neutral density parameters as per studies reported by other researchers.展开更多
The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends ...The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends and changes in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition in response to emissions,which interferes with the ability to make effective decisions.This study has analyzed the long-term trends of wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition flux and has quantified the effect of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors at a typical urban site and a typical forest site in the PRD region from 2009 to 2020.It revealed a significant decreasing trend in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N flux in both the typical urban and forest areas of the PRD region,at-6.2%/year(p<0.001)and-3.3%/year(p<0.001),respectively.Anthropogenic emissions are thought to have contributed 47%–57%of the wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition trend over the past 12 years compared to meteorological factors.Meteorological conditions dominated the interannual fluctuations in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition with an absolute contribution of 46%–52%,while anthropogenic emissions change alone explained 10%–31%.NH_(3)emissions have the greatest impact on the urban area among anthropogenic emission factors,while SO_(2)emissions have the greatest impact on the forest area.Additionally,precipitation was identified as the primary meteorological driver for both sites.Our findings also imply that the benefits of NH_(3)emissions reductions might not immediately emerge due to interference from weather-related factors.展开更多
This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collec...This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collected from large-scale fermentation tanks with fermentation periods of up to 7.87 years.The complex bacterial community was simplified to two genera,Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium,after approximately 0.55 years of fermentation.Although genera,such as Saccharomyces,Cladosporium,Candida,and Aspergillus,were relatively dominant,no clear pattern was identified in fungal community analysis.The longitudinal metabolite profile demonstrated that approximately half(55.8%)of the metabolites present in anchovy sauce were produced within a year of fermentation due to rapid fermentation.Despite the static microbial community,the contents of several metabolites including amino acids and biogenic amines changed continuously during the long-term fermentation of anchovy sauce.This study provides novel insights into the changes in microbiota and metabolites in fish sauce produced without any starter inoculation.展开更多
Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and ...Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.展开更多
The Antarctic Slope Current(ASC)links the processes occurring in the coast area with the global ocean by modulating the flow across the continental slope,which influences global overturning circulation and the mass ba...The Antarctic Slope Current(ASC)links the processes occurring in the coast area with the global ocean by modulating the flow across the continental slope,which influences global overturning circulation and the mass balance of the Antarctic ice shelves.This paper aims to explore the effects of wind and buoyancy fluxes on the long-term changes in the ASC using observation and reanalysis datasets.From 1993 to 2022,the ASC accelerated in all seasons,particularly in austral autumn,and was accompanied with the advancement of the strong flow.The positive buoyancy flux anomaly generates a low-density anomaly,which is accumulated by the prevailing surface easterly,maintaining a sharp density front along the continental slope.The heat flux intensifies the positive trend of buoyancy flux in summer and autumn,increasing the input of the lighter density anomaly into the ocean and advancing the strong flow of ASC.Compared with the annual mean,the additional acceleration of the ASC in autumn is mainly due to the contribution of the barotropic component,which could be explained by the local momentum input from the weakly enhanced local surface wind.The acceleration of the ASC is primarily driven by the positive trend of the buoyancy flux,while the influence of the wind on its seasonal variability becomes more significant due to the contribution of the local surface wind in autumn.展开更多
Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what exten...Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what extent CO_(2)fertilization affects vegetation changes in such regions remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the degree to which CO_(2)fertilization influences vegetation changes,along with their spatial and temporal differences,in the subtropical humid karst region using time-lag effect analysis,a random forest model,and multiple regression analysis.Results showed that CO_(2)fertilization plays an important role in vegetation changes,exhibiting clear spatial variations across different geomorphological zones,with its degree of influence ranging mainly between 11%and 25%.The highest contribution of CO_(2)fertilization was observed in the karst basin and non-karstic region,whereas the lowest contribution was found in the karst plateau region.Previous studies have primarily attributed vegetation changes in subtropical humid karst region to ecological engineering,leading to an overestimation of its contribution to these changes.The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the mechanism of vegetation changes in humid karst region and provide theoretical and practical insights for ecological and environmental protection in these regions.展开更多
The toxicity of PM_(2.5)does not necessarily change synchronously with its mass concentration.In this study,the chemical composition(carbonaceous species,water-soluble ions,and metals)and oxidative potential(dithiothr...The toxicity of PM_(2.5)does not necessarily change synchronously with its mass concentration.In this study,the chemical composition(carbonaceous species,water-soluble ions,and metals)and oxidative potential(dithiothreitol assay,DTT)of PM_(2.5)were investigated in 2017/2018 and 2022 in Xiamen,China.The decrease rate of volume-normalized DTT(DTTv)(38%)was lower than that of PM_(2.5)(55%)between the two sampling periods.However,the mass-normalized DTT(DTTm)increased by 44%.Clear seasonal patterns with higher levels in winter were found for PM_(2.5),most chemical constituents and DTTv but not for DTTm.The large decrease in DTT activity(84%−92%)after the addition of EDTA suggested that watersoluble metals were the main contributors to DTT in Xiamen.The increased gap between the reconstructed and measured DTTv and the stronger correlations between the reconstructed/measured DTT ratio and carbonaceous species in 2022were observed.The decrease rates of the hazard index(32.5%)and lifetime cancer risk(9.1%)differed from those of PM_(2.5)and DTTv due to their different main contributors.The PMF-MLR model showed that the contributions(nmol/(min·m^(3)))of vehicle emission,coal+biomass burning,ship emission and secondary aerosol to DTTv in 2022 decreased by 63.0%,65.2%,66.5%,and 22.2%,respectively,compared to those in 2017/2018,which was consistent with the emission reduction of vehicle exhaust and coal consumption,the adoption of low-sulfur fuel oil used on board ships and the reduced production of WSOC.However,the contributions of dust+sea salt and industrial emission increased.展开更多
BACKGROUND Atypical optic neuritis,consisting of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD)or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease(MOGAD),has a very similar presentation but different prognostic im...BACKGROUND Atypical optic neuritis,consisting of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD)or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease(MOGAD),has a very similar presentation but different prognostic implications and longterm management strategies.Vascular and metabolic factors are being thought to play a role in such autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disorders,apart from the obvious immune mediated damage.With the advent of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA),it is easy to pick up on these subclinical macular microvascular and structural changes.AIM To study the macular microvascular and structural changes on OCTA in atypical optic neuritis.METHODS This observational cross-sectional study involved 8 NMOSD and 17 MOGAD patients,diagnosed serologically,as well as 10 healthy controls.Macular vascular density(MVD)and ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer thickness(GCIPL)were studied using OCTA.RESULTS There was a significant reduction in MVD in NMOSD and MOGAD affected as well as unaffected eyes when compared with healthy controls.NMOSD and MOGAD affected eyes had significant GCIPL thinning compared with healthy controls.NMOSD unaffected eyes did not show significant GCIPL thinning compared to healthy controls in contrast to MOGAD unaffected eyes.On comparing NMOSD with MOGAD,there was no significant difference in terms of MVD or GCIPL in the affected or unaffected eyes.CONCLUSION Although significant microvascular and structural changes are present on OCTA between atypical optic neuritis and normal patients,they could not help in differentiating between NMOSD and MOGAD cases.展开更多
Gas-bearing shales have become a major source of future natural gas production worldwide.It has become increasingly urgent to develop a reliable prediction model and corresponding workflow for identifying shale gas sw...Gas-bearing shales have become a major source of future natural gas production worldwide.It has become increasingly urgent to develop a reliable prediction model and corresponding workflow for identifying shale gas sweet spots.The formation of gas-bearing shales is closely linked to relative sealevel changes,providing an important approach to predicting sweet spots in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the southern Sichuan Basin,China.Three types of marine shale gas sweet spots are identified in the shale based on their formation stages combined with relative sea-level changes:early,middle,and late transgression types.This study develops a prediction model and workflow for identifying shale gas sweet spots by analyzing relative sea-level changes and facies sequences.Predicting shale gas sweet spots in an explored block using this model and workflow can provide a valuable guide for well design and hydraulic fracturing,significantly enhancing the efficiency of shale gas exploration and development.Notably,the new prediction model and workflow can be utilized for the rapid evaluation of the potential for shale gas development in new shale gas blocks or those with low exploratory maturity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia was strongly linked to stroke,however the relationship between dyslipidemia and its components and ischemic stroke remained unexplained.AIM To investigate the link between longitudinal changes ...BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia was strongly linked to stroke,however the relationship between dyslipidemia and its components and ischemic stroke remained unexplained.AIM To investigate the link between longitudinal changes in lipid profiles and dyslipidemia and ischemic stroke in a hypertensive population.METHODS Between 2013 and 2014,6094 hypertension individuals were included in this,and ischemic stroke cases were documented to the end of 2018.Longitudinal changes of lipid were stratified into four groups:(1)Normal was transformed into normal group;(2)Abnormal was transformed into normal group;(3)Normal was transformed into abnormal group;and(4)Abnormal was transformed into abnormal group.To examine the link between longitudinal changes in dyslipidemia along with its components and the risk of ischemic stroke,we utilized multivariate Cox proportional hazards models with hazard ratio(HR)and 95%CI.RESULTS The average age of the participants was 62.32 years±13.00 years,with 329 women making up 54.0%of the sample.Over the course of a mean follow-up of 4.8 years,143 ischemic strokes happened.When normal was transformed into normal group was used as a reference,after full adjustments,the HR for dyslipidemia and ischemic stroke among abnormal was transformed into normal group,normal was transformed into abnormal group and abnormal was transformed into abnormal Wei CC et al.Dyslipidemia changed and ischemic stroke WJCC https://www.wjgnet.com 2 February 6,2025 Volume 13 Issue 4 group were 1.089(95%CI:0.598-1.982;P=0.779),2.369(95%CI:1.424-3.941;P<0.001)and 1.448(95%CI:1.002-2.298;P=0.047)(P for trend was 0.233),respectively.CONCLUSION In individuals with hypertension,longitudinal shifts from normal to abnormal in dyslipidemia-particularly in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-were significantly associated with the risk of ischemic stroke.展开更多
On September 5, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude M_(S)6.8 occurred in Luding County, Sichuan Province.This earthquake occurred at the key part of the southeast-clockwise extrusion of material on the eastern margin of ...On September 5, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude M_(S)6.8 occurred in Luding County, Sichuan Province.This earthquake occurred at the key part of the southeast-clockwise extrusion of material on the eastern margin of the Qinghai Plateau, the Y-shaped confluence of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and Anninghe fault zones. In this study, the three-dimensional dynamic crustal density changes in the earthquake area are obtained by the typical gravity change data from 2019 to 2022 before the earthquake and gravity inversion by growing bodies. The results indicate that gravity changes presented an obvious fourquadrant and gradient belt distribution in the Luding area before the earthquake. The threedimensional density horizontal slices show that small density changes occurred at the epicenter in the mid-to-upper crust between 2019.9-2020.9 and 2019.9-2021.9. At the same time, the surrounding areas exhibited a positive and negative quadrant distribution. These observations indicate that the source region was likely in a stable locked state, with locking-in shear forces oriented in the NW and NE directions. From 2021.9 to 2022.8, the epicentral region showed negative density changes, indicating that the source region was in the expansion stage, approaching a near-seismic state. The three-dimensional density vertical slices reveal a southeastward migration of positive and negative densities near the epicenter and on the western of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, indicating that the material is flowing out to the southeast. The observed local negative density changes at the epicenter along the Longmenshan Fault Zone are likely associated with the NE-oriented extensional stress shown by the seismic source mechanism. The above results can provide a basis for interpreting pre-earthquake gravity and density changes,thereby contributing to the advancement of earthquake precursor theory.展开更多
This study aims to construct a large-scale hydrological Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model based on temperature and precipitation at high altitudes,while elucidating the applicability of the model for hydrologic...This study aims to construct a large-scale hydrological Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model based on temperature and precipitation at high altitudes,while elucidating the applicability of the model for hydrological simulation and analyzing the factors affecting runoff volume.Runoff volume and runoff depth were simulated using the VIC model and its performance was evaluated.Meanwhile,the factors affecting runoff volume were analyzed using Spearman correlation.The following model sensitivity parameters were obtained based on the China Natural Runoff Grid Point Dataset(CNRD v1.0):The variable infiltration curve parameter was 0.3,the Dsmax fraction where non-linear baseflow begins was 0.02,the maximum baseflow velocity was 15 mm/d,the maximum soil moisture where non-linear baseflow occurred was 0.7,the second soil moisture layer thickness was 0.3,and the thickness of the third soil moisture layer was 1.5.The surface runoff values in the Nyang River basin were similar in the first and fourth quarters(1.05–2.27 mm and 2.38–4.77 mm,respectively),and the surface runoff values were similar in the second and third quarters when the surface runoff was greater(23.46–52.20 mm and 60.59–85.63 mm,respectively).Watershed area,temperature,and precipitation significantly influenced the amount of runoff from the Nyang River.The applicability of the model to the Nyang River basin was confirmed using two different rate models.In some areas,precipitation and temperature did not have a dominating influence on runoff.Although the VIC model has significant advantages in runoff simulation,it requires a wealth of meteorological,soil,and hydrological data that may be difficult to obtain in some areas.展开更多
Previous works were mainly concentrated on long-term average runoff alterations,and extreme temperatures and watershed conditions are little analyzed.In this study,we collected gauged river flow and meteorological dat...Previous works were mainly concentrated on long-term average runoff alterations,and extreme temperatures and watershed conditions are little analyzed.In this study,we collected gauged river flow and meteorological data time series from 1916 to 2015 and 1941 to 2015 across the contiguous United States(CONUS)for 188 catchments to investigate the temporal trends and spatial features of runoff changes at multi-time scales.We also analyzed the relationships between runoff changes and climatic factors.Median descriptive statistics and Budyko coupled climate elasticity methods were used to calculate runoff elasticity in each time scale.The original Mann-Kendall trend test was used to test their trend significance in four time-scale(11,20,40,and 60 a),respectively.The results show that the trend of runoff changes is more significant in high time scales;total changes are heterogeneous over CONUS.After the 1970s,increases of up to 27%decade-1 were mainly concentrated in the mid-northern regions.Maximum temperature and catchment characteristics are vital factors for runoff alteration;runoff changes are independent of rainfall,and wet regions tend to have lower changes.These findings could help develop better regional water resource planning and management.展开更多
Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)clim...Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)climate effects on PVpot,and quantifies contributions from changed radiation,temperature,and wind speed.Historically,global PVpot increased by 0.42‰,with notable rises in eastern China(+7.1‰)and southern Europe(+3.5‰).By the end of the century,increased radiation-induced PVpot(+1.27‰)offsets temperatureinduced PVpot loss(−0.54‰)under SSP1-2.6,yielding a net PVpot increase(+0.74‰).Under SSP2-4.5,the temperature-induced PVpot decline(−1.50‰)drives the final PVpot reduction(−1.15‰).Under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,combined radiation-induced(−1.94‰and−1.99‰)and temperature-induced PVpot changes(−2.67‰and−3.41‰)result in significant PVpot declines(−4.57‰and−5.31‰).Regional analysis reveals that eastern China(+0.7‰to+8.6‰),southern Europe(+0.3‰to+2.5‰),and Northwest South America(+0.6‰to+2.1‰)retain positive changes in future PVpot across all climate scenarios,which may be due to reduced aerosols and cloud cover,suggesting these areas can remain suitable for photovoltaic installations despite climate changes.In contrast,temperature-driven PVpot declines over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(−9.1‰to−4.3‰)and northern Africa(−9.3‰to−4.9‰)under future high-emission scenarios indicate that these historically advantageous regions will become less suitable for solar energy deployment.The findings underscore that climate changes driven by sustainable development pathways will generate more PVpot in the future for better global warming mitigation.展开更多
Vertebrate limbs have undergone profound morphological diversification,enabling adaptations to a broad spectrum of ecological niches.In marine mammals,the evolution of highly specialized flipper-like forelimbs represe...Vertebrate limbs have undergone profound morphological diversification,enabling adaptations to a broad spectrum of ecological niches.In marine mammals,the evolution of highly specialized flipper-like forelimbs represents a profound structural transformation associated with aquatic habitats.This adaptation has been hypothesized to result,in part,from the inhibition of interphalangeal cell apoptosis during limb development,although the underlying genetic mechanism remains poorly understood.This study investigated the evolutionary dynamics and functional consequences of three key bone morphogenetic protein genes,BMP2,BMP4,and BMP7,which regulate apoptosis in interphalangeal mesenchymal stromal cells during embryonic limb development to ensure proper differentiation of interphalangeal tissues.Comparative genomic analysis revealed significantly accelerated evolution for BMP4 and BMP7 in the cetacean ancestral lineage,with two positively selected sites(V79I and H247R)involved in cetacean-specific amino acid substitutions located in the TGF-βpropeptide functional domain in BMP4.In vitro assays confirmed that cetacean-specific BMP4 mutations significantly disrupted normal cell apoptosis and proliferation and altered the transcription and protein expression of downstream apoptosis-related factors,including cytochrome c(Cyt c),BCL2 associated X,and B-cell lymphoma 2,within the BMP signaling pathway.The significant influence of BMP4 mutations on apoptotic inhibition highlights a potential role in the development of limb bud mesenchymal tissue and the emergence of the flipper forelimb phenotype in cetaceans.展开更多
文摘1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,water diversions upstream for agricultural purposes,watershed changes,introduction of aliens,etc.that result in catastrophic
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFD0900901,2018YFD0900905)the Long Term Observation and Research Plan in the Changjiang River estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea Project(LORCE)(No.14282)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41806149,41806181,41706125)the NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund,China(No.U1709202)。
文摘Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed seasonal and regional differences in long-term changes(1980-2019)in the biomass and abundance of large mesozooplankton(LMZ;>505μm)in Xiangshan Bay,Zhejiang,China.We found spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the historical changes of LMZ.Significant negative trends in LMZ biomass were found in the inner and middle bay during the warm season(summer and autumn),when the nutrient concentration(especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen)and temperature increased simultaneously.Nutrient changes in Xiangshan Bay began in the late 1980s or early 1990s,coinciding with large-scale fish cage development.A rapid decline in LMZ biomass occurred after 2005 when power plants commenced operation,accelerating the warming trend.Therefore,the joint stress of eutrophication and warming likely precipitated the decline in LMZ biomass.Conversely,a significant increase in LMZ biomass was found in the outer bay in spring.This trend was consistent with the trend of LMZ biomass near the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,which indicates that the pelagic ecosystem in the outer bay was aff ected by water from the Changjiang River estuary during spring.Based on our results,ecosystem management and restoration in semi-enclosed subtropical bays should focus on internal waters,which have a poor capacity for water exchange.For Xiangshan Bay,the changes in the Changjiang River estuary ecosystem during the cold season(winter and spring)should also be considered.
基金The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration under contract Nos TIO 2007009 and TIO 2009007the River basin-Estuary ecological security assessment and Management strategy under contract No.200805064+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under contract No.2010J01260the "908" Project under contract No.908-02-02-01 special subjectthe Program of Chinese Marine Chemistry Investigation and Research under contract No.908-ZC-I-03the Special Fund of State Oceanic Administration under contract No.908-02-01-02the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) under contract Nos 2010CB428704 and 2005CB422305
文摘Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed greatly since the 1950s.The numbers of Dinophyta species increased significantly,although Bacillariophyta species are generally dominant.The succession of dominant species in phytoplankton community is obvious： large-size dominant species such as Biddulphia sinensis of the 1950s were gradually replaced by small-size ones such as Cyclotella striata and Nitzschia closterium,and species that still maintain dominant such as Skeletonema costatum are also small ones,leading the whole phytoplankton community of smaller size.Cell density of phytoplankton community increased greatly,among which cell density of the most dominant species Skeletonema costatum have been increasing in exponent function.Margalef index of phytoplankton community decreased,indicating decline of biodiversity of the community,and dominant character of Skeletonema costatum increased.Generally,the structure of the entire phytoplankton community is becoming more and more singular and unstable,which makes the occurrence of red tides more frequent.The succession in the phytoplankton community is related to the long-term changes in marine environment,influenced by human activities and global climate changes,especially the increases of nutrient content.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2018YFC1505804]
文摘During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.
文摘The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, University of Tokyo (35.79oN, 137.63oE;1130 m), Japan. It has observed that there is a positive increasing decadal change in Midnight and Pre-midnight mesospheric airglow intensity of the range 25 - 88 R. This range is the order of 10 to 30% of the observed MARV and average night airglow intensity of 250 R. Besides this long-term trend, inter-annual monthly variation is also seen from fluctuation of yearly variation of deviation values from MARV to particular average monthly values. The present observations about the positive decadal change in night time mesospheric airglow intensity has been further linked to the reduction of mesospheric electron densities and temperature or shrinking and cooling of the lower ionosphere as established from the long-term behavior of mesospheric parameters such as a negative decadal change in thermal structure, electron density, neutral density parameters as per studies reported by other researchers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.42275107,42121004,and 42375109)the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2023YFC3706202)+1 种基金the Foundational and Applied Basic Research in Guangzhou in 2023(No.2023A04J0251)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2019B121205004).
文摘The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends and changes in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition in response to emissions,which interferes with the ability to make effective decisions.This study has analyzed the long-term trends of wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition flux and has quantified the effect of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors at a typical urban site and a typical forest site in the PRD region from 2009 to 2020.It revealed a significant decreasing trend in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N flux in both the typical urban and forest areas of the PRD region,at-6.2%/year(p<0.001)and-3.3%/year(p<0.001),respectively.Anthropogenic emissions are thought to have contributed 47%–57%of the wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition trend over the past 12 years compared to meteorological factors.Meteorological conditions dominated the interannual fluctuations in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition with an absolute contribution of 46%–52%,while anthropogenic emissions change alone explained 10%–31%.NH_(3)emissions have the greatest impact on the urban area among anthropogenic emission factors,while SO_(2)emissions have the greatest impact on the forest area.Additionally,precipitation was identified as the primary meteorological driver for both sites.Our findings also imply that the benefits of NH_(3)emissions reductions might not immediately emerge due to interference from weather-related factors.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(RS-2024-00333618 and RS-2023-00240999)a Korea University Grantthe Institute of Biomedical Science&Food Safety,CJ-Korea University Food Safety Hall at Korea University,Republic of Korea。
文摘This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collected from large-scale fermentation tanks with fermentation periods of up to 7.87 years.The complex bacterial community was simplified to two genera,Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium,after approximately 0.55 years of fermentation.Although genera,such as Saccharomyces,Cladosporium,Candida,and Aspergillus,were relatively dominant,no clear pattern was identified in fungal community analysis.The longitudinal metabolite profile demonstrated that approximately half(55.8%)of the metabolites present in anchovy sauce were produced within a year of fermentation due to rapid fermentation.Despite the static microbial community,the contents of several metabolites including amino acids and biogenic amines changed continuously during the long-term fermentation of anchovy sauce.This study provides novel insights into the changes in microbiota and metabolites in fish sauce produced without any starter inoculation.
基金funded by the Postdoctoral Research Startup Foundation of University of Jinan(Grant No.100389917).
文摘Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42376256,42230405,and 41576020.
文摘The Antarctic Slope Current(ASC)links the processes occurring in the coast area with the global ocean by modulating the flow across the continental slope,which influences global overturning circulation and the mass balance of the Antarctic ice shelves.This paper aims to explore the effects of wind and buoyancy fluxes on the long-term changes in the ASC using observation and reanalysis datasets.From 1993 to 2022,the ASC accelerated in all seasons,particularly in austral autumn,and was accompanied with the advancement of the strong flow.The positive buoyancy flux anomaly generates a low-density anomaly,which is accumulated by the prevailing surface easterly,maintaining a sharp density front along the continental slope.The heat flux intensifies the positive trend of buoyancy flux in summer and autumn,increasing the input of the lighter density anomaly into the ocean and advancing the strong flow of ASC.Compared with the annual mean,the additional acceleration of the ASC in autumn is mainly due to the contribution of the barotropic component,which could be explained by the local momentum input from the weakly enhanced local surface wind.The acceleration of the ASC is primarily driven by the positive trend of the buoyancy flux,while the influence of the wind on its seasonal variability becomes more significant due to the contribution of the local surface wind in autumn.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41761003The Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou Province,No.U1812401。
文摘Terrestrial ecosystems heavily depend on vegetation,which responds to carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fertilization in hot and humid regions.The subtropical humid karst region is a hot and humid region;whether and to what extent CO_(2)fertilization affects vegetation changes in such regions remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the degree to which CO_(2)fertilization influences vegetation changes,along with their spatial and temporal differences,in the subtropical humid karst region using time-lag effect analysis,a random forest model,and multiple regression analysis.Results showed that CO_(2)fertilization plays an important role in vegetation changes,exhibiting clear spatial variations across different geomorphological zones,with its degree of influence ranging mainly between 11%and 25%.The highest contribution of CO_(2)fertilization was observed in the karst basin and non-karstic region,whereas the lowest contribution was found in the karst plateau region.Previous studies have primarily attributed vegetation changes in subtropical humid karst region to ecological engineering,leading to an overestimation of its contribution to these changes.The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the mechanism of vegetation changes in humid karst region and provide theoretical and practical insights for ecological and environmental protection in these regions.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province,China(No.2023R1014002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471390).
文摘The toxicity of PM_(2.5)does not necessarily change synchronously with its mass concentration.In this study,the chemical composition(carbonaceous species,water-soluble ions,and metals)and oxidative potential(dithiothreitol assay,DTT)of PM_(2.5)were investigated in 2017/2018 and 2022 in Xiamen,China.The decrease rate of volume-normalized DTT(DTTv)(38%)was lower than that of PM_(2.5)(55%)between the two sampling periods.However,the mass-normalized DTT(DTTm)increased by 44%.Clear seasonal patterns with higher levels in winter were found for PM_(2.5),most chemical constituents and DTTv but not for DTTm.The large decrease in DTT activity(84%−92%)after the addition of EDTA suggested that watersoluble metals were the main contributors to DTT in Xiamen.The increased gap between the reconstructed and measured DTTv and the stronger correlations between the reconstructed/measured DTT ratio and carbonaceous species in 2022were observed.The decrease rates of the hazard index(32.5%)and lifetime cancer risk(9.1%)differed from those of PM_(2.5)and DTTv due to their different main contributors.The PMF-MLR model showed that the contributions(nmol/(min·m^(3)))of vehicle emission,coal+biomass burning,ship emission and secondary aerosol to DTTv in 2022 decreased by 63.0%,65.2%,66.5%,and 22.2%,respectively,compared to those in 2017/2018,which was consistent with the emission reduction of vehicle exhaust and coal consumption,the adoption of low-sulfur fuel oil used on board ships and the reduced production of WSOC.However,the contributions of dust+sea salt and industrial emission increased.
文摘BACKGROUND Atypical optic neuritis,consisting of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD)or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease(MOGAD),has a very similar presentation but different prognostic implications and longterm management strategies.Vascular and metabolic factors are being thought to play a role in such autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disorders,apart from the obvious immune mediated damage.With the advent of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA),it is easy to pick up on these subclinical macular microvascular and structural changes.AIM To study the macular microvascular and structural changes on OCTA in atypical optic neuritis.METHODS This observational cross-sectional study involved 8 NMOSD and 17 MOGAD patients,diagnosed serologically,as well as 10 healthy controls.Macular vascular density(MVD)and ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer thickness(GCIPL)were studied using OCTA.RESULTS There was a significant reduction in MVD in NMOSD and MOGAD affected as well as unaffected eyes when compared with healthy controls.NMOSD and MOGAD affected eyes had significant GCIPL thinning compared with healthy controls.NMOSD unaffected eyes did not show significant GCIPL thinning compared to healthy controls in contrast to MOGAD unaffected eyes.On comparing NMOSD with MOGAD,there was no significant difference in terms of MVD or GCIPL in the affected or unaffected eyes.CONCLUSION Although significant microvascular and structural changes are present on OCTA between atypical optic neuritis and normal patients,they could not help in differentiating between NMOSD and MOGAD cases.
文摘Gas-bearing shales have become a major source of future natural gas production worldwide.It has become increasingly urgent to develop a reliable prediction model and corresponding workflow for identifying shale gas sweet spots.The formation of gas-bearing shales is closely linked to relative sealevel changes,providing an important approach to predicting sweet spots in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the southern Sichuan Basin,China.Three types of marine shale gas sweet spots are identified in the shale based on their formation stages combined with relative sea-level changes:early,middle,and late transgression types.This study develops a prediction model and workflow for identifying shale gas sweet spots by analyzing relative sea-level changes and facies sequences.Predicting shale gas sweet spots in an explored block using this model and workflow can provide a valuable guide for well design and hydraulic fracturing,significantly enhancing the efficiency of shale gas exploration and development.Notably,the new prediction model and workflow can be utilized for the rapid evaluation of the potential for shale gas development in new shale gas blocks or those with low exploratory maturity.
文摘BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia was strongly linked to stroke,however the relationship between dyslipidemia and its components and ischemic stroke remained unexplained.AIM To investigate the link between longitudinal changes in lipid profiles and dyslipidemia and ischemic stroke in a hypertensive population.METHODS Between 2013 and 2014,6094 hypertension individuals were included in this,and ischemic stroke cases were documented to the end of 2018.Longitudinal changes of lipid were stratified into four groups:(1)Normal was transformed into normal group;(2)Abnormal was transformed into normal group;(3)Normal was transformed into abnormal group;and(4)Abnormal was transformed into abnormal group.To examine the link between longitudinal changes in dyslipidemia along with its components and the risk of ischemic stroke,we utilized multivariate Cox proportional hazards models with hazard ratio(HR)and 95%CI.RESULTS The average age of the participants was 62.32 years±13.00 years,with 329 women making up 54.0%of the sample.Over the course of a mean follow-up of 4.8 years,143 ischemic strokes happened.When normal was transformed into normal group was used as a reference,after full adjustments,the HR for dyslipidemia and ischemic stroke among abnormal was transformed into normal group,normal was transformed into abnormal group and abnormal was transformed into abnormal Wei CC et al.Dyslipidemia changed and ischemic stroke WJCC https://www.wjgnet.com 2 February 6,2025 Volume 13 Issue 4 group were 1.089(95%CI:0.598-1.982;P=0.779),2.369(95%CI:1.424-3.941;P<0.001)and 1.448(95%CI:1.002-2.298;P=0.047)(P for trend was 0.233),respectively.CONCLUSION In individuals with hypertension,longitudinal shifts from normal to abnormal in dyslipidemia-particularly in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-were significantly associated with the risk of ischemic stroke.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42374105,42204089,42174104)Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Seismology,China Earthquake Administration(Grant No.IS202326341,IS202336350).
文摘On September 5, 2022, an earthquake of magnitude M_(S)6.8 occurred in Luding County, Sichuan Province.This earthquake occurred at the key part of the southeast-clockwise extrusion of material on the eastern margin of the Qinghai Plateau, the Y-shaped confluence of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan and Anninghe fault zones. In this study, the three-dimensional dynamic crustal density changes in the earthquake area are obtained by the typical gravity change data from 2019 to 2022 before the earthquake and gravity inversion by growing bodies. The results indicate that gravity changes presented an obvious fourquadrant and gradient belt distribution in the Luding area before the earthquake. The threedimensional density horizontal slices show that small density changes occurred at the epicenter in the mid-to-upper crust between 2019.9-2020.9 and 2019.9-2021.9. At the same time, the surrounding areas exhibited a positive and negative quadrant distribution. These observations indicate that the source region was likely in a stable locked state, with locking-in shear forces oriented in the NW and NE directions. From 2021.9 to 2022.8, the epicentral region showed negative density changes, indicating that the source region was in the expansion stage, approaching a near-seismic state. The three-dimensional density vertical slices reveal a southeastward migration of positive and negative densities near the epicenter and on the western of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, indicating that the material is flowing out to the southeast. The observed local negative density changes at the epicenter along the Longmenshan Fault Zone are likely associated with the NE-oriented extensional stress shown by the seismic source mechanism. The above results can provide a basis for interpreting pre-earthquake gravity and density changes,thereby contributing to the advancement of earthquake precursor theory.
基金supported by the Key R&D Project of Science and Technology Program of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ202301ZY0006G)the Graduate High-level Talent Training Program of Xizang University(2022-GSP-B007)+1 种基金Nagqu City Science and Technology Program Key R&D Projects(NQKJ-2023-15)Central Financial Support for Local Universities to Construct Wetland Station in Mitika and Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Civilization of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau([2024]NO.01).
文摘This study aims to construct a large-scale hydrological Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model based on temperature and precipitation at high altitudes,while elucidating the applicability of the model for hydrological simulation and analyzing the factors affecting runoff volume.Runoff volume and runoff depth were simulated using the VIC model and its performance was evaluated.Meanwhile,the factors affecting runoff volume were analyzed using Spearman correlation.The following model sensitivity parameters were obtained based on the China Natural Runoff Grid Point Dataset(CNRD v1.0):The variable infiltration curve parameter was 0.3,the Dsmax fraction where non-linear baseflow begins was 0.02,the maximum baseflow velocity was 15 mm/d,the maximum soil moisture where non-linear baseflow occurred was 0.7,the second soil moisture layer thickness was 0.3,and the thickness of the third soil moisture layer was 1.5.The surface runoff values in the Nyang River basin were similar in the first and fourth quarters(1.05–2.27 mm and 2.38–4.77 mm,respectively),and the surface runoff values were similar in the second and third quarters when the surface runoff was greater(23.46–52.20 mm and 60.59–85.63 mm,respectively).Watershed area,temperature,and precipitation significantly influenced the amount of runoff from the Nyang River.The applicability of the model to the Nyang River basin was confirmed using two different rate models.In some areas,precipitation and temperature did not have a dominating influence on runoff.Although the VIC model has significant advantages in runoff simulation,it requires a wealth of meteorological,soil,and hydrological data that may be difficult to obtain in some areas.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0407303)“Young Talents”Project of Northeast Agricultural University(No.20QC13)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.E2017009)。
文摘Previous works were mainly concentrated on long-term average runoff alterations,and extreme temperatures and watershed conditions are little analyzed.In this study,we collected gauged river flow and meteorological data time series from 1916 to 2015 and 1941 to 2015 across the contiguous United States(CONUS)for 188 catchments to investigate the temporal trends and spatial features of runoff changes at multi-time scales.We also analyzed the relationships between runoff changes and climatic factors.Median descriptive statistics and Budyko coupled climate elasticity methods were used to calculate runoff elasticity in each time scale.The original Mann-Kendall trend test was used to test their trend significance in four time-scale(11,20,40,and 60 a),respectively.The results show that the trend of runoff changes is more significant in high time scales;total changes are heterogeneous over CONUS.After the 1970s,increases of up to 27%decade-1 were mainly concentrated in the mid-northern regions.Maximum temperature and catchment characteristics are vital factors for runoff alteration;runoff changes are independent of rainfall,and wet regions tend to have lower changes.These findings could help develop better regional water resource planning and management.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province[grant number BK20220031]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42007195].
文摘Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)climate effects on PVpot,and quantifies contributions from changed radiation,temperature,and wind speed.Historically,global PVpot increased by 0.42‰,with notable rises in eastern China(+7.1‰)and southern Europe(+3.5‰).By the end of the century,increased radiation-induced PVpot(+1.27‰)offsets temperatureinduced PVpot loss(−0.54‰)under SSP1-2.6,yielding a net PVpot increase(+0.74‰).Under SSP2-4.5,the temperature-induced PVpot decline(−1.50‰)drives the final PVpot reduction(−1.15‰).Under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,combined radiation-induced(−1.94‰and−1.99‰)and temperature-induced PVpot changes(−2.67‰and−3.41‰)result in significant PVpot declines(−4.57‰and−5.31‰).Regional analysis reveals that eastern China(+0.7‰to+8.6‰),southern Europe(+0.3‰to+2.5‰),and Northwest South America(+0.6‰to+2.1‰)retain positive changes in future PVpot across all climate scenarios,which may be due to reduced aerosols and cloud cover,suggesting these areas can remain suitable for photovoltaic installations despite climate changes.In contrast,temperature-driven PVpot declines over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(−9.1‰to−4.3‰)and northern Africa(−9.3‰to−4.9‰)under future high-emission scenarios indicate that these historically advantageous regions will become less suitable for solar energy deployment.The findings underscore that climate changes driven by sustainable development pathways will generate more PVpot in the future for better global warming mitigation.
基金supported by the National Key Programme of Research and Development,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFF1301600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030011,U24A20362,32070409)+2 种基金PI Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2021 GD0805)Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu ProvincePriority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Vertebrate limbs have undergone profound morphological diversification,enabling adaptations to a broad spectrum of ecological niches.In marine mammals,the evolution of highly specialized flipper-like forelimbs represents a profound structural transformation associated with aquatic habitats.This adaptation has been hypothesized to result,in part,from the inhibition of interphalangeal cell apoptosis during limb development,although the underlying genetic mechanism remains poorly understood.This study investigated the evolutionary dynamics and functional consequences of three key bone morphogenetic protein genes,BMP2,BMP4,and BMP7,which regulate apoptosis in interphalangeal mesenchymal stromal cells during embryonic limb development to ensure proper differentiation of interphalangeal tissues.Comparative genomic analysis revealed significantly accelerated evolution for BMP4 and BMP7 in the cetacean ancestral lineage,with two positively selected sites(V79I and H247R)involved in cetacean-specific amino acid substitutions located in the TGF-βpropeptide functional domain in BMP4.In vitro assays confirmed that cetacean-specific BMP4 mutations significantly disrupted normal cell apoptosis and proliferation and altered the transcription and protein expression of downstream apoptosis-related factors,including cytochrome c(Cyt c),BCL2 associated X,and B-cell lymphoma 2,within the BMP signaling pathway.The significant influence of BMP4 mutations on apoptotic inhibition highlights a potential role in the development of limb bud mesenchymal tissue and the emergence of the flipper forelimb phenotype in cetaceans.
