Background:Over 65 million people have long COVID.Evidence for using Chinese herbal medicine(CHM)to treat long COVID is growing.A systematic review of evidence for guiding clinical decision is warranted.Objective:To e...Background:Over 65 million people have long COVID.Evidence for using Chinese herbal medicine(CHM)to treat long COVID is growing.A systematic review of evidence for guiding clinical decision is warranted.Objective:To examine the effects and safety of CHM in alleviating the severity of dyspnea,fatigue,exercise intolerance,depression,anxiety and insomnia in long COVID adults based on registered randomized clinical trials(RCT).Search strategy:World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry were searched for registered trial protocols from database inception to February 10,2023.English(PubM ed,Embase,AMED and CINAHL)and Chinese databases(CNKI,Wanfang Data and CQVIP)were then searched to identify relevant publications from December 2019 through April 6,2023.Inclusion criteria:Registered RCTs that compared the effects of Chinese herbal medicines or Chinese herbal formulas against a control treatment(i.e.,the placebo or usual care)in adults with persistent symptoms of long COVID.The primary outcome of dyspnea,and secondary outcomes of fatigue,exercise intolerance,depression,anxiety and insomnia were measured using validated tools at the end of the treatment.Data extraction and analysis:Data were extracted,and eligible RCTs were evaluated using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations independently by two researchers.Effect sizes were estimated by randomeffects modelling and mean difference(MD).Heterogeneity between trials was quantified by I^(2).Results:Among the 38 registered clinical trials we identified,seven RCTs(1,519 patients)were included in the systematic review.One RCT had a low overall risk of bias.Compared to the control,CHM reduces dyspnea on the Borg Dyspnea Scale score(MD=–0.2,95%confidence interval[CI]=–0.65 to 0.25)with moderate certainty,and reduces fatigue on the Borg Scale(MD=–0.48,95%CI=–0.74 to–0.22)with low certainty.CHM clinically reduces depression on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score(MD=–6.00,95%CI=–7.56 to–4.44)and anxiety on Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score(MD=–6.10,95%CI=–7.67 to–4.53),and reduces insomnia on the Insomnia Severity Index(MD=–4.86,95%CI=–12.50 to 2.79)with moderate certainty.Meta-analysis of two RCTs(517 patients)showed that CHM clinically improves exercise intolerance by increasing 6-minute walking distance(MD=–15.92,95%CI=–10.20 to 42.05)with substantial heterogeneity(I^(2)=68%)and low certainty.Conclusion:CHM is associated with a post-treatment clinical reduction in depression and anxiety in long COVID adults,compared to the control,but it does not have a strong treatment effect on dyspnea and insomnia.Effects of CHM on exercise intolerance and fatigue are uncertain,and the safety of using CHM remains questionable.展开更多
Long COVID symptoms typically occur within 3 months of an initial COVID-19 infection,last for more than 2 months,and cannot be explained by other diagnoses.The most common symptoms include fatigue,dyspnea,coughing,and...Long COVID symptoms typically occur within 3 months of an initial COVID-19 infection,last for more than 2 months,and cannot be explained by other diagnoses.The most common symptoms include fatigue,dyspnea,coughing,and cognitive impairment.The mechanisms of long COVID are not fully understood,but several hypotheses have been put forth.These include coagulation and fibrosis pathway activation,inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations,persistent virus presence,and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)is a therapeutic method in which a person inhales 100%oxygen under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere.HBOT has some therapeutic effects,including improvement of microcirculation,inhibition of cytokine release leading to a reduction in inflammatory responses,inhibition of autoimmune responses,and promotion of neurological repair.Several clinical trials have been carried out using HBOT to treat long COVID.The results suggest that HBOT helps to improve symptom severity,reduce symptom duration,and enhance patients’quality of life.It is believed that HBOT is an effective option for patients with long COVID,which is worth actively promoting.展开更多
Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID(LC),persistent symptoms,and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4...Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID(LC),persistent symptoms,and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms.Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms,leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma—known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine—has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects.In this review,we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds,with a special focus on anti-viral,immune remodeling,endocrine system regulation,and metabolism,suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC,especially regarding targeting fatigue.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with long COVID symptoms among children and adolescents who have recovered from COVID-19.Methods:This study applied a cross-sectional approach within...Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with long COVID symptoms among children and adolescents who have recovered from COVID-19.Methods:This study applied a cross-sectional approach within community settings in a southern province of Vietnam.A structured questionnaire featuring socio-demographic information and common long COVID symptoms was employed.Phi correlation coefficients assessed associations among pairs of long COVID symptoms.Additionally,multivariable logistic regression models were performed to investigate the risk factors of long COVID in recovered COVID-19 children and adolescents.Results:Among 422 participants,39.3%reported long COVID symptoms,with a prevalence of 45.2%(SD=0.5)in children and 22.2%(SD=0.4)in adolescents.Common symptoms reported were cough 34.6%(SD=0.5),fatigue 20.6%(SD=0.4),shortness of breath 10.9%(SD=0.3),and lack of appetite 6.6%(SD=0.3).Concerning risk factors of long COVID,a higher risk was observed among demographic groups,including girls(OR 1.25,95%CI 1.15-1.37;P<0.001,reference:boys),children compared to adolescents(OR 1.24,95%CI 1.12-1.37;P<0.001),overweight individuals(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.02-1.27;P=0.018,reference:healthy weight),and participants without any COVID-19 vaccination(OR 1.36,95%CI 1.20-1.54;P<0.001),or have received only one single dose(OR 1.35,95%CI 1.10-1.64;P=0.004)compared to those who have received two doses.Besides,patients with a COVID-19 treatment duration exceeding two weeks also had a higher risk of long COVID(OR 1.32,95%CI 1.09-1.60;P=0.003)than those who recovered less than seven days.Conclusions:The insights from this study provide crucial guidance for predicting the factors associated with the occurrence of long COVID in pediatric patients,contributing to strategic interventions aimed at mitigating the long COVID risks among children and adolescents in Vietnam.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the cognitive state,psychological problems such as depression and anxiety,and pain in the musculoskeletal system among young adults with post-COVID-19(long COVID)syndrome.Methods:This descript...Objective:To investigate the cognitive state,psychological problems such as depression and anxiety,and pain in the musculoskeletal system among young adults with post-COVID-19(long COVID)syndrome.Methods:This descriptive study included 361 students studying at the Vocational School of Health Services of Bingöl University in Turkey.Data were collected using the Socio-Demographic Information form,the Beck’s Depression Inventory,the Cognitive Appraisal Scale,and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain.Results:Compared to those without COVID-19,the mean depression score,cognitive appraisal score,and mean Visual Analogue Scale score of the young adults with COVID-19 were significantly higher.There was no significant difference in pain assessment at rest between those with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19.Conclusions:Young adults with COVID-19 are more depressed,their cognitive functions are more easily negatively affected,and experience more pain during exercise.展开更多
Long COVID has been studied as different sequelae that some individuals can develop after the acute phase of the disease. Persistent symptoms such as dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea can remain after six months of COVI...Long COVID has been studied as different sequelae that some individuals can develop after the acute phase of the disease. Persistent symptoms such as dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea can remain after six months of COVID-19 cure. Others such as lung fibrosis, kidney injury, and thrombotic risk also are observed. Here, a deep review of each human organ and system infected by the virus was performed aiming to show how molecules expression and cell signaling can induce the organism cure or injuries and, subsequently sequelae. The review also suggests the importance of public health surveillance for these cases including a more comprehensive analysis of molecular biology tools that can clarify and assist in the prognosis, treatment, and preventive methods for potentially more serious disorders in post-COVID-19 patients.展开更多
The main etiopathogenic theories of long coronavirus disease(COVID)are listed and a conjunction of them is carried out with the objective of deciphering the pathophysiology of the entity,finally the main lines of trea...The main etiopathogenic theories of long coronavirus disease(COVID)are listed and a conjunction of them is carried out with the objective of deciphering the pathophysiology of the entity,finally the main lines of treatment existing in real life are discussed(Paxlovid,use of antibiotics in dysbiosis,triple anticoagulant therapy,temelimab).展开更多
The topic of the long-term effects of COVID-19, so-called “long-COVID”, has gained increased attention. The US federal government announced plans to develop an interagency national research action plan to uncover mo...The topic of the long-term effects of COVID-19, so-called “long-COVID”, has gained increased attention. The US federal government announced plans to develop an interagency national research action plan to uncover more insights into the long-term effects of COVID-19. This study contributes to our understanding of the long-term effects of COVID-19 by quantifying patterns of healthcare utilization up to 360 days after an initial COVID-19 diagnosis occurring during the beginning of the pandemic (March-August 2020) in a very large nationally representative population of insured adults. We quantify actual COVID-19-related utilization (as opposed to reported symptoms) by accessing claims data to calculate average medical visits per patient per month by type of encounter (e.g. inpatient stay, physician visit). In contrast to many recent reports in the media, our results show that COVID-19-related utilization declines substantially after the first-month post-diagnosis and continues to decline throughout the study period to very low levels.展开更多
Long COVID is characterized by a group of persistent symptoms following the acute SARS-COV2 infection, which presented a multifaceted challenge to the healthcare systems all over the globe. The long COVID symptoms spa...Long COVID is characterized by a group of persistent symptoms following the acute SARS-COV2 infection, which presented a multifaceted challenge to the healthcare systems all over the globe. The long COVID symptoms span various organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. Mitochondrial dysfunction and immune dysregulation play crucial roles in the long COVID pathophysiology. Recently nutritional intervention gained much attention in managing post-viral syndromes. Effective interventions like supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid, macro and micro nutrients, and vitamins help to reduce systemic inflammation and counteract muscle wasting. Other approaches like nutritional recovery, dietetic interventions, continuous nutritional care post-hospital discharge, nutritional rehabilitation programs,whole-diet approaches like Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, and caloric optimization, improve overall functional recovery. Physical activity and exercise regimes have been shown to improve fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive function. Tailored exercise regimes may promote safe rehabilitation. Certain ineffective interventions,such as non-personalized approaches, high dose of antioxidants, use of herbal products that are not clinically validated need to be addressed. Dietary interventions such as personalized nutritional counseling have been demonstrated to improve physical performance in long COVID patients. Further research is needed to refine protocols and identify optimal combinations of dietary and movement-based therapies to support the recovery of long-COVID patients. This narrative review focuses on the ongoing researches that reveals the intricate relationship between nutrition and long COVID recovery and also establishes effective protocols for nutritional care.展开更多
Long COVID,characterized by a constellation of persistent symptoms following acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,represents a growing public health challenge with significant imp...Long COVID,characterized by a constellation of persistent symptoms following acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,represents a growing public health challenge with significant impacts on multiple organ systems,particularly the respiratory tract.Symptoms such as chronic cough,fatigue,and neurocognitive dysfunction often continue for months,impairing quality of life and functional capacity.The respiratory microbiome,comprising dynamic communities of bacteria,viruses,and fungi,is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and epithelial defense.Its alteration during SARS-CoV-2 infection may underpin many of the prolonged inflammatory and structural changes observed in long COVID patients.展开更多
Long COVID(also called post-COVID condition"or"post-COVID-19 syndrome")was first defined in adults by WHO in October,2021[1,2].Usually,it occurs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.It is a series of co...Long COVID(also called post-COVID condition"or"post-COVID-19 syndrome")was first defined in adults by WHO in October,2021[1,2].Usually,it occurs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.It is a series of complex symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection[3,4].At least 65 million individuals globally are estimated to have long COVID,mostly are hospitalized cases(50%70%),and others are non-hospitalized and vaccinated cases[5].展开更多
Long COVID,as currently defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and other authorities,is a symptomatic condition that has been shown to affect an estimated 10%-30%of non-hospitalized patients after one infection....Long COVID,as currently defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and other authorities,is a symptomatic condition that has been shown to affect an estimated 10%-30%of non-hospitalized patients after one infection.However,COVID-19 can also cause organ damage in individuals without symptoms,who would not fall under the current definition of Long COVID.This organ damage,whether symptomatic or not,can lead to various health impacts such as heart attacks and strokes.Given these observations,it is necessary to either expand the definition of Long COVID to include organ damage or recognize COVID-19-induced organ damage as a distinct condition affecting many symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals after COVID-19 infections.It is important to consider that many known adverse health outcomes,including heart conditions and cancers,can be asymptomatic until harm thresholds are reached.Many more medical conditions can be identified by testing than those that are recognized through reported symptoms.It is therefore important to similarly recognize that while Long COVID symptoms are associated with organ damage,there are many individuals that have organ damage without displaying recognized symptoms and to include this harm in the characterization of COVID-19 and in the monitoring of individuals after COVID-19 infections.展开更多
Background The long-term sequelae of COVID-19 in children and adolescents remain poorly understood and characterized.This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to summarize the risk factors for long COVID in the ...Background The long-term sequelae of COVID-19 in children and adolescents remain poorly understood and characterized.This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to summarize the risk factors for long COVID in the pediatric population.Methods We searched six databases from January 2020 to May 2023 for observational studies reporting on risk factors for long COVID or persistent symptoms those were present 12 or more weeks post-infection using multivariable regression analyses.Trial registries,reference lists of included studies,and preprint servers were hand-searched for relevant studies.Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool odds ratios for each risk factor.Individual study risk of bias was rated using QUIPS,and the GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each unique factor.Results Sixteen observational studies(N=46,262)were included,and 19 risk factors were amenable to meta-analysis.With moderate certainty in the evidence,age(per 2-year increase),allergic rhinitis,obesity,previous respiratory diseases,hospitalization,severe acute COVID-19,and symptomatic acute COVID-19 are probably associated with an increased risk of long COVID.Female sex,asthma,comorbidity,and heart diseases may be associated with an increased risk of long COVID,and Asian and Black races may be associated with a decreased risk of long COVID.We did not observe any credible subgroup effects for any risk factor.Conclusions The current body of literature presents several compelling risk factors for the development of long COVID in the pediatric population.Further research is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiology of long COVID.展开更多
Coronaviruses are pathogens thought to primarily affect the respiratory tracts of humans.The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 was also marked mainly by its symptoms of res...Coronaviruses are pathogens thought to primarily affect the respiratory tracts of humans.The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 was also marked mainly by its symptoms of respiratory illness,which were named coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Since its initial discovery,many other symptoms have been linked to acute SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as to the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 patients.Among these symptoms are different categories of cardiovascular diseases(CVDs),which continue to be the main cause of death worldwide.The World Health Organization estimates that 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year,accounting for~32%of all deaths globally.Physical inactivity is one of the most important behavioral risk factors for CVDs.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected CVDs as well as the physical activity in different ways.Here,we provide an overview of the current status as well as future challenges and possible solutions.展开更多
COVID-19 posed a major challenge to the healthcare systemandresourcesworldwide.Thepopularizationofvaccines and the adoption of numerous prevention and control measures enabled the gradual end of the COVID-19 pandemic....COVID-19 posed a major challenge to the healthcare systemandresourcesworldwide.Thepopularizationofvaccines and the adoption of numerous prevention and control measures enabled the gradual end of the COVID-19 pandemic.However,successive occurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19cannot beoverlooked.Long COVID has been themajor focus of research due to the long duration of different symptoms and the variety of systems involved.Autoimmunity may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of long COVID.Here,we reviewed several autoimmune disorders occurring after COVID-19 infection and the pathogenesis of long COVID.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been ongoing for more than 3 years,with an enormous impact on global health and economies.In some patients,symptoms and signs may remain after recovery from severe ac...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been ongoing for more than 3 years,with an enormous impact on global health and economies.In some patients,symptoms and signs may remain after recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,which cannot be explained by an alter-nate diagnosis;this condition has been defined as long COVID.Long COVID may exist in patients with both mild and severe disease and is prevalent after infection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants.The most common symp-toms include fatigue,dyspnea,and other symptoms involving multiple organs.Vaccination results in lower rates of long COVID.To date,the mechanisms of long COVID remain unclear.In this narrative review,we summarized the clinical presentations and current evidence regarding the pathogenesis of long COVID.展开更多
This review investigates the therapeutic potential of vagal nerve stimulation(VNS)in managing long COVID,a condition marked by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.Long COVID manifests as ongo-ing ...This review investigates the therapeutic potential of vagal nerve stimulation(VNS)in managing long COVID,a condition marked by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.Long COVID manifests as ongo-ing fatigue,cognitive impairment,and autonomic dysfunction,hypothesized to arise from sustained inflammatory and neurological dysregulation.The vagus nerve,central to modulating systemic inflammation and autonomic homeostasis,represents a promising therapeutic target for symptom alleviation through VNS.A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science to identify studies evaluating VNS in the context of long COVID.Preliminary evidence from small-scale pilot studies suggests VNS may attenuate systemic inflammation through activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway(CAP),thus restoring autonomic balance and ameliorating symptoms such as fatigue,cognitive dysfunction,and anxiety.In targeting the inflammatory cascade that underlies both acute COVID-19 pathophysiology and its prolonged sequelae,VNS holds potential as an innovative intervention for persistent post-viral symptoms.While these initial findings in-dicate promise,current data remain limited in scope and robustness,underscoring the need for larger,controlled trials to validate the efficacy and mechanisms of VNS in long COVID management.Establishing a clearer under-standing of VNS’s impact on inflammation and autonomic regulation in this context is crucial to inform clinical guidelines and therapeutic strategies for long COVID,potentially offering a targeted approach for mitigating this disabling condition.展开更多
Neurological and psychiatric complications continue to be a public health concern in long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This varies from olfactory dysfunctions such as parosmia to cognitive and emotional challeng...Neurological and psychiatric complications continue to be a public health concern in long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This varies from olfactory dysfunctions such as parosmia to cognitive and emotional challenges.Historically,the surge of neurological disorders followed the viral pandemics,for example,the emergence of Encephalitis Lethargica after the outbreak of Spanish Influenza.During and after COVID-19 infection,the problems associated with the sense of smell and the reports of affected olfactory and limbic brain areas are leading to a growing concern about the similarity with the symptoms and the pattern of degeneration observed at the onset of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.These reports reveal the essentiality of long-term studies of olfactory and cognitive functions in the post-COVID era and the experiments using animal models to dissect the neural basis of these complications.In this manuscript,we summarize the research reporting the potential correlation between neurological disorders and viral pandemic outbreaks with a historical perspective.Further,we discuss the studies providing evidence of neurodegeneration due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by focusing on viral Parkinsonism.展开更多
文摘Background:Over 65 million people have long COVID.Evidence for using Chinese herbal medicine(CHM)to treat long COVID is growing.A systematic review of evidence for guiding clinical decision is warranted.Objective:To examine the effects and safety of CHM in alleviating the severity of dyspnea,fatigue,exercise intolerance,depression,anxiety and insomnia in long COVID adults based on registered randomized clinical trials(RCT).Search strategy:World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry were searched for registered trial protocols from database inception to February 10,2023.English(PubM ed,Embase,AMED and CINAHL)and Chinese databases(CNKI,Wanfang Data and CQVIP)were then searched to identify relevant publications from December 2019 through April 6,2023.Inclusion criteria:Registered RCTs that compared the effects of Chinese herbal medicines or Chinese herbal formulas against a control treatment(i.e.,the placebo or usual care)in adults with persistent symptoms of long COVID.The primary outcome of dyspnea,and secondary outcomes of fatigue,exercise intolerance,depression,anxiety and insomnia were measured using validated tools at the end of the treatment.Data extraction and analysis:Data were extracted,and eligible RCTs were evaluated using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluations independently by two researchers.Effect sizes were estimated by randomeffects modelling and mean difference(MD).Heterogeneity between trials was quantified by I^(2).Results:Among the 38 registered clinical trials we identified,seven RCTs(1,519 patients)were included in the systematic review.One RCT had a low overall risk of bias.Compared to the control,CHM reduces dyspnea on the Borg Dyspnea Scale score(MD=–0.2,95%confidence interval[CI]=–0.65 to 0.25)with moderate certainty,and reduces fatigue on the Borg Scale(MD=–0.48,95%CI=–0.74 to–0.22)with low certainty.CHM clinically reduces depression on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score(MD=–6.00,95%CI=–7.56 to–4.44)and anxiety on Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score(MD=–6.10,95%CI=–7.67 to–4.53),and reduces insomnia on the Insomnia Severity Index(MD=–4.86,95%CI=–12.50 to 2.79)with moderate certainty.Meta-analysis of two RCTs(517 patients)showed that CHM clinically improves exercise intolerance by increasing 6-minute walking distance(MD=–15.92,95%CI=–10.20 to 42.05)with substantial heterogeneity(I^(2)=68%)and low certainty.Conclusion:CHM is associated with a post-treatment clinical reduction in depression and anxiety in long COVID adults,compared to the control,but it does not have a strong treatment effect on dyspnea and insomnia.Effects of CHM on exercise intolerance and fatigue are uncertain,and the safety of using CHM remains questionable.
文摘Long COVID symptoms typically occur within 3 months of an initial COVID-19 infection,last for more than 2 months,and cannot be explained by other diagnoses.The most common symptoms include fatigue,dyspnea,coughing,and cognitive impairment.The mechanisms of long COVID are not fully understood,but several hypotheses have been put forth.These include coagulation and fibrosis pathway activation,inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations,persistent virus presence,and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)is a therapeutic method in which a person inhales 100%oxygen under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere.HBOT has some therapeutic effects,including improvement of microcirculation,inhibition of cytokine release leading to a reduction in inflammatory responses,inhibition of autoimmune responses,and promotion of neurological repair.Several clinical trials have been carried out using HBOT to treat long COVID.The results suggest that HBOT helps to improve symptom severity,reduce symptom duration,and enhance patients’quality of life.It is believed that HBOT is an effective option for patients with long COVID,which is worth actively promoting.
基金funded by the Science&Technology Development Fund of the Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education(2018KJ010)。
文摘Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID(LC),persistent symptoms,and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms.Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms,leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma—known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine—has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects.In this review,we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds,with a special focus on anti-viral,immune remodeling,endocrine system regulation,and metabolism,suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC,especially regarding targeting fatigue.
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with long COVID symptoms among children and adolescents who have recovered from COVID-19.Methods:This study applied a cross-sectional approach within community settings in a southern province of Vietnam.A structured questionnaire featuring socio-demographic information and common long COVID symptoms was employed.Phi correlation coefficients assessed associations among pairs of long COVID symptoms.Additionally,multivariable logistic regression models were performed to investigate the risk factors of long COVID in recovered COVID-19 children and adolescents.Results:Among 422 participants,39.3%reported long COVID symptoms,with a prevalence of 45.2%(SD=0.5)in children and 22.2%(SD=0.4)in adolescents.Common symptoms reported were cough 34.6%(SD=0.5),fatigue 20.6%(SD=0.4),shortness of breath 10.9%(SD=0.3),and lack of appetite 6.6%(SD=0.3).Concerning risk factors of long COVID,a higher risk was observed among demographic groups,including girls(OR 1.25,95%CI 1.15-1.37;P<0.001,reference:boys),children compared to adolescents(OR 1.24,95%CI 1.12-1.37;P<0.001),overweight individuals(OR 1.14,95%CI 1.02-1.27;P=0.018,reference:healthy weight),and participants without any COVID-19 vaccination(OR 1.36,95%CI 1.20-1.54;P<0.001),or have received only one single dose(OR 1.35,95%CI 1.10-1.64;P=0.004)compared to those who have received two doses.Besides,patients with a COVID-19 treatment duration exceeding two weeks also had a higher risk of long COVID(OR 1.32,95%CI 1.09-1.60;P=0.003)than those who recovered less than seven days.Conclusions:The insights from this study provide crucial guidance for predicting the factors associated with the occurrence of long COVID in pediatric patients,contributing to strategic interventions aimed at mitigating the long COVID risks among children and adolescents in Vietnam.
文摘Objective:To investigate the cognitive state,psychological problems such as depression and anxiety,and pain in the musculoskeletal system among young adults with post-COVID-19(long COVID)syndrome.Methods:This descriptive study included 361 students studying at the Vocational School of Health Services of Bingöl University in Turkey.Data were collected using the Socio-Demographic Information form,the Beck’s Depression Inventory,the Cognitive Appraisal Scale,and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain.Results:Compared to those without COVID-19,the mean depression score,cognitive appraisal score,and mean Visual Analogue Scale score of the young adults with COVID-19 were significantly higher.There was no significant difference in pain assessment at rest between those with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19.Conclusions:Young adults with COVID-19 are more depressed,their cognitive functions are more easily negatively affected,and experience more pain during exercise.
文摘Long COVID has been studied as different sequelae that some individuals can develop after the acute phase of the disease. Persistent symptoms such as dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea can remain after six months of COVID-19 cure. Others such as lung fibrosis, kidney injury, and thrombotic risk also are observed. Here, a deep review of each human organ and system infected by the virus was performed aiming to show how molecules expression and cell signaling can induce the organism cure or injuries and, subsequently sequelae. The review also suggests the importance of public health surveillance for these cases including a more comprehensive analysis of molecular biology tools that can clarify and assist in the prognosis, treatment, and preventive methods for potentially more serious disorders in post-COVID-19 patients.
文摘The main etiopathogenic theories of long coronavirus disease(COVID)are listed and a conjunction of them is carried out with the objective of deciphering the pathophysiology of the entity,finally the main lines of treatment existing in real life are discussed(Paxlovid,use of antibiotics in dysbiosis,triple anticoagulant therapy,temelimab).
文摘The topic of the long-term effects of COVID-19, so-called “long-COVID”, has gained increased attention. The US federal government announced plans to develop an interagency national research action plan to uncover more insights into the long-term effects of COVID-19. This study contributes to our understanding of the long-term effects of COVID-19 by quantifying patterns of healthcare utilization up to 360 days after an initial COVID-19 diagnosis occurring during the beginning of the pandemic (March-August 2020) in a very large nationally representative population of insured adults. We quantify actual COVID-19-related utilization (as opposed to reported symptoms) by accessing claims data to calculate average medical visits per patient per month by type of encounter (e.g. inpatient stay, physician visit). In contrast to many recent reports in the media, our results show that COVID-19-related utilization declines substantially after the first-month post-diagnosis and continues to decline throughout the study period to very low levels.
基金Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung city, Taiwan China, for its support。
文摘Long COVID is characterized by a group of persistent symptoms following the acute SARS-COV2 infection, which presented a multifaceted challenge to the healthcare systems all over the globe. The long COVID symptoms span various organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. Mitochondrial dysfunction and immune dysregulation play crucial roles in the long COVID pathophysiology. Recently nutritional intervention gained much attention in managing post-viral syndromes. Effective interventions like supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid, macro and micro nutrients, and vitamins help to reduce systemic inflammation and counteract muscle wasting. Other approaches like nutritional recovery, dietetic interventions, continuous nutritional care post-hospital discharge, nutritional rehabilitation programs,whole-diet approaches like Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, and caloric optimization, improve overall functional recovery. Physical activity and exercise regimes have been shown to improve fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive function. Tailored exercise regimes may promote safe rehabilitation. Certain ineffective interventions,such as non-personalized approaches, high dose of antioxidants, use of herbal products that are not clinically validated need to be addressed. Dietary interventions such as personalized nutritional counseling have been demonstrated to improve physical performance in long COVID patients. Further research is needed to refine protocols and identify optimal combinations of dietary and movement-based therapies to support the recovery of long-COVID patients. This narrative review focuses on the ongoing researches that reveals the intricate relationship between nutrition and long COVID recovery and also establishes effective protocols for nutritional care.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1800900,2018YFC0910502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32071465,31871334,31671374).
文摘Long COVID,characterized by a constellation of persistent symptoms following acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,represents a growing public health challenge with significant impacts on multiple organ systems,particularly the respiratory tract.Symptoms such as chronic cough,fatigue,and neurocognitive dysfunction often continue for months,impairing quality of life and functional capacity.The respiratory microbiome,comprising dynamic communities of bacteria,viruses,and fungi,is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and epithelial defense.Its alteration during SARS-CoV-2 infection may underpin many of the prolonged inflammatory and structural changes observed in long COVID patients.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFC3044400)Shanghai Targeted Biomedical Emergency Project(No.23DX1900300).
文摘Long COVID(also called post-COVID condition"or"post-COVID-19 syndrome")was first defined in adults by WHO in October,2021[1,2].Usually,it occurs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19.It is a series of complex symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection[3,4].At least 65 million individuals globally are estimated to have long COVID,mostly are hospitalized cases(50%70%),and others are non-hospitalized and vaccinated cases[5].
文摘Long COVID,as currently defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and other authorities,is a symptomatic condition that has been shown to affect an estimated 10%-30%of non-hospitalized patients after one infection.However,COVID-19 can also cause organ damage in individuals without symptoms,who would not fall under the current definition of Long COVID.This organ damage,whether symptomatic or not,can lead to various health impacts such as heart attacks and strokes.Given these observations,it is necessary to either expand the definition of Long COVID to include organ damage or recognize COVID-19-induced organ damage as a distinct condition affecting many symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals after COVID-19 infections.It is important to consider that many known adverse health outcomes,including heart conditions and cancers,can be asymptomatic until harm thresholds are reached.Many more medical conditions can be identified by testing than those that are recognized through reported symptoms.It is therefore important to similarly recognize that while Long COVID symptoms are associated with organ damage,there are many individuals that have organ damage without displaying recognized symptoms and to include this harm in the characterization of COVID-19 and in the monitoring of individuals after COVID-19 infections.
文摘Background The long-term sequelae of COVID-19 in children and adolescents remain poorly understood and characterized.This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to summarize the risk factors for long COVID in the pediatric population.Methods We searched six databases from January 2020 to May 2023 for observational studies reporting on risk factors for long COVID or persistent symptoms those were present 12 or more weeks post-infection using multivariable regression analyses.Trial registries,reference lists of included studies,and preprint servers were hand-searched for relevant studies.Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool odds ratios for each risk factor.Individual study risk of bias was rated using QUIPS,and the GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each unique factor.Results Sixteen observational studies(N=46,262)were included,and 19 risk factors were amenable to meta-analysis.With moderate certainty in the evidence,age(per 2-year increase),allergic rhinitis,obesity,previous respiratory diseases,hospitalization,severe acute COVID-19,and symptomatic acute COVID-19 are probably associated with an increased risk of long COVID.Female sex,asthma,comorbidity,and heart diseases may be associated with an increased risk of long COVID,and Asian and Black races may be associated with a decreased risk of long COVID.We did not observe any credible subgroup effects for any risk factor.Conclusions The current body of literature presents several compelling risk factors for the development of long COVID in the pediatric population.Further research is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiology of long COVID.
基金supported by the MWK Lower Saxony,Germanythe COVID-19 Forschungsnetzwerk Niedersachsen(COFONI)。
文摘Coronaviruses are pathogens thought to primarily affect the respiratory tracts of humans.The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 was also marked mainly by its symptoms of respiratory illness,which were named coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Since its initial discovery,many other symptoms have been linked to acute SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as to the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 patients.Among these symptoms are different categories of cardiovascular diseases(CVDs),which continue to be the main cause of death worldwide.The World Health Organization estimates that 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year,accounting for~32%of all deaths globally.Physical inactivity is one of the most important behavioral risk factors for CVDs.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected CVDs as well as the physical activity in different ways.Here,we provide an overview of the current status as well as future challenges and possible solutions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81830019)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7202188)+7 种基金Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund (22HHXBSS00002)National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3602005)Cross-sectional project of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Certificate Number:2023-HX-JC-10 and 2023-HX-103)International Association of Chinese Nephrologists Research Grant (No.IACNRG-01)the Open Grant from the Pingyuan Laboratory (2023PY-0P-0203)Young Elite Scientists Spon-sorship Program by CAST (2023QNRC001)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7244407)Supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number 2023M733986 and 2023T160741.
文摘COVID-19 posed a major challenge to the healthcare systemandresourcesworldwide.Thepopularizationofvaccines and the adoption of numerous prevention and control measures enabled the gradual end of the COVID-19 pandemic.However,successive occurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19cannot beoverlooked.Long COVID has been themajor focus of research due to the long duration of different symptoms and the variety of systems involved.Autoimmunity may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of long COVID.Here,we reviewed several autoimmune disorders occurring after COVID-19 infection and the pathogenesis of long COVID.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3332022078)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Respiratory Medicine Young Scientist Fund(No.2023-ZF-12)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021MH266).
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been ongoing for more than 3 years,with an enormous impact on global health and economies.In some patients,symptoms and signs may remain after recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,which cannot be explained by an alter-nate diagnosis;this condition has been defined as long COVID.Long COVID may exist in patients with both mild and severe disease and is prevalent after infection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants.The most common symp-toms include fatigue,dyspnea,and other symptoms involving multiple organs.Vaccination results in lower rates of long COVID.To date,the mechanisms of long COVID remain unclear.In this narrative review,we summarized the clinical presentations and current evidence regarding the pathogenesis of long COVID.
文摘This review investigates the therapeutic potential of vagal nerve stimulation(VNS)in managing long COVID,a condition marked by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.Long COVID manifests as ongo-ing fatigue,cognitive impairment,and autonomic dysfunction,hypothesized to arise from sustained inflammatory and neurological dysregulation.The vagus nerve,central to modulating systemic inflammation and autonomic homeostasis,represents a promising therapeutic target for symptom alleviation through VNS.A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science to identify studies evaluating VNS in the context of long COVID.Preliminary evidence from small-scale pilot studies suggests VNS may attenuate systemic inflammation through activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway(CAP),thus restoring autonomic balance and ameliorating symptoms such as fatigue,cognitive dysfunction,and anxiety.In targeting the inflammatory cascade that underlies both acute COVID-19 pathophysiology and its prolonged sequelae,VNS holds potential as an innovative intervention for persistent post-viral symptoms.While these initial findings in-dicate promise,current data remain limited in scope and robustness,underscoring the need for larger,controlled trials to validate the efficacy and mechanisms of VNS in long COVID management.Establishing a clearer under-standing of VNS’s impact on inflammation and autonomic regulation in this context is crucial to inform clinical guidelines and therapeutic strategies for long COVID,potentially offering a targeted approach for mitigating this disabling condition.
基金DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance senior,Grant/Award Number:IA/S/22/2/506517Ramalingaswami Fellowship,Department of Biotechnology,Govt.of India,Grant/Award Number:BT/RLF/Re-entry/45/2014Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,India。
文摘Neurological and psychiatric complications continue to be a public health concern in long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This varies from olfactory dysfunctions such as parosmia to cognitive and emotional challenges.Historically,the surge of neurological disorders followed the viral pandemics,for example,the emergence of Encephalitis Lethargica after the outbreak of Spanish Influenza.During and after COVID-19 infection,the problems associated with the sense of smell and the reports of affected olfactory and limbic brain areas are leading to a growing concern about the similarity with the symptoms and the pattern of degeneration observed at the onset of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.These reports reveal the essentiality of long-term studies of olfactory and cognitive functions in the post-COVID era and the experiments using animal models to dissect the neural basis of these complications.In this manuscript,we summarize the research reporting the potential correlation between neurological disorders and viral pandemic outbreaks with a historical perspective.Further,we discuss the studies providing evidence of neurodegeneration due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by focusing on viral Parkinsonism.
