Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availab...Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area(SCA) method is greater than the cumulative slope length(CSL), and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.展开更多
In recent years, land use and land cover have under gone tremendous change on the Loess Plateau, leading to temporal and spatial variation over many ecological factors, such as carbon storage. Based on four series of ...In recent years, land use and land cover have under gone tremendous change on the Loess Plateau, leading to temporal and spatial variation over many ecological factors, such as carbon storage. Based on four series of land-use data from remote-sensing imaging, spatiotemporal changes of land-use types and volume changes were analyzed. Combined with carbon-stock-assessment modules of the INVEST （integrated valuation ecosystem services and tradeoffs） model, the carbon-storage change was estimated and analyzed at the subcounty and subbasin scales. The results show that （1） cultivated land and grassland area decreased, while woodland and urban land area increased in northern Shaanxi; （2） the average carbon storage in Huangling County and the Beiluo River Basin is the largest, while that of Yuyang County and the Xinshui River Basin is the minimum, and that of Wuqi County showed the greatest growth; （3） carbon storage in the study area showed a definite decrease in 2000, but in general has increased from 1995 to 2010; （4） carbon-storage figures of subbasins and counties are all restricted by the natural status and land-use landscape of the whole study area. From the results, it can be seen that the effect of ecological policies is remarkable. This study has important implications for the rational planning of land use, adjustment of the ecosystem carbon cycle, and related policies.展开更多
It has been a focus of debate for a large time on construction methods for large-span loess tunnel.Reasonable construction method has much effect on stability of tunnel and construction schedule.Deformation and failur...It has been a focus of debate for a large time on construction methods for large-span loess tunnel.Reasonable construction method has much effect on stability of tunnel and construction schedule.Deformation and failure of surrounding rock are quite complex.Associating with the large-span loess tunnel of Zhengzhou- Xi'an high-speed passenger rail line in China,large scale model test with geometric proportion 1:20 is applied to study on dynamic mechanical behavior of various construction methods.They include full-face excavation with support and no support,and benching method with support.It is found that pre-deformation and stress accumulation take place ahead of working face.The effects of three construction methods are further studied,particularly in terms of tunnel displacement and stress changes.It is revealed that benching method transfers load to an unexcavated area,limits horizontal deformation,reduces stress concentration effectively,lengthens the distance between location of peak for stress concentration and working face,and consequently increases stability.The model test results not only supply theoretical foundation for determination of reasonable construction method,but also can act as reference for similar tunnel and underground engineering construction.展开更多
Under the double impact of global climate change and human intervention, surface evapotranspiration (ET), as an important part of hydrological cycle, is affecting watershed land-use planning and economic development. ...Under the double impact of global climate change and human intervention, surface evapotranspiration (ET), as an important part of hydrological cycle, is affecting watershed land-use planning and economic development. The Loess Plateau is mostly arid and semi-arid areas and its ecological environment is fragile. Drought and soil erosion not only reflects the regional climate change, but also human social activities and ecosystems. In particular, these processes are directly related to the thermal and water gradients exchange in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. Luoyugou watershed, a typical Loess Plateau watershed, is selected for this study. Estimating ET through SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) model demonstrates that the SEBAL model in the watershed is more applicable. At the same time, ET seasonal variation is got, combined with the corresponding periods of the land-use changes for analysis. The results show that ET in the Northwest of the basin is higher than the East on the spatial distribution, especially in the high vegetation coverage area. Land use changes significantly in the watershed over the past 20 years, mainly transferring from sloping terraces to the terraces and woodland. ET significantly increased area accounts for 47.6% of the total area in the valley, however, conspicuously reduced area accounts for 13.2%. The daily ET of different land use types had significant differences with the ET of water land and wood land was the largest. It is important that this study on the ET distribution can aid policy and decision makers for land use planning and environmental construction in Luoyugou watershed.展开更多
无限边坡稳定性(stability index mapping,SINMAP)模型在评价降雨作用下各孕灾因子对滑坡的贡献率时较为随机,分形理论方法可弥补SINMAP模型的单尺度分析局限,通过优化输入参数来研究各孕灾因子对滑坡发育的贡献率.本文以山西省临县为例...无限边坡稳定性(stability index mapping,SINMAP)模型在评价降雨作用下各孕灾因子对滑坡的贡献率时较为随机,分形理论方法可弥补SINMAP模型的单尺度分析局限,通过优化输入参数来研究各孕灾因子对滑坡发育的贡献率.本文以山西省临县为例,首先使用分形理论探究各滑坡孕灾因子对临县滑坡发育规律的影响.随后基于SINMAP模型对不同降雨强度等级下研究区内地表斜坡稳定性进行评价.结果表明:坡度、坡向2种因子和滑坡灾害之间存在二阶累计变维分形,而高程因子与滑坡灾害间具有三阶累计变维分形关系,与滑坡发育相关性最高;随着降雨强度的增大,研究区内不稳定区域面积占比由35.51%增长至49.71%,稳定区域逐渐向失稳区域转变,呈现出由中心向四周逐渐变差的分布状态,且滑坡密度始终保持在极不稳定区最大,极稳定区最小.本研究可为临县的黄土滑坡灾害减灾防灾提供参考.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41471316,41401456)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions-PAPD(Grant No.164320H101)+1 种基金Major University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.13KJA170001)the financial support provided by the PhD Scholarship from Eurasic Pacific Uninet for collaboration research in Austria
文摘Although many studies have investigated slope gradient uncertainty derived from Digital Elevation Models(DEMs), the research concerning slope length uncertainty is far from mature. This discrepancy affects the availability and accuracy of soil erosion as well as hydrological modeling. This study investigates the formation and distribution of existing errors and uncertainties in slope length derivation based on 5-m resolution DEMs of the Loess Plateau in the middle of China. The slope length accuracy in three different landform areas is examined to analyse algorithm effects. The experiments indicate that the accuracy of the flat test area is lower than that of the rougher areas. The value from the specific contributing area(SCA) method is greater than the cumulative slope length(CSL), and the differences between these two methods arise from the shape of the upslope area. The variation of mean slope length derived from various DEM resolutions and landforms. The slope length accuracy decreases with increasing grid size and terrain complexity at the six test sites. A regression model is built to express the relationship of mean slope length with DEM resolution less than 85 m and terrain complexity represented by gully density. The results support the understanding of the slope length accuracy, thereby aiding in the effective evaluation of the modeling effect of surface process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project(No.41701478)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2017JQ4016)
文摘In recent years, land use and land cover have under gone tremendous change on the Loess Plateau, leading to temporal and spatial variation over many ecological factors, such as carbon storage. Based on four series of land-use data from remote-sensing imaging, spatiotemporal changes of land-use types and volume changes were analyzed. Combined with carbon-stock-assessment modules of the INVEST （integrated valuation ecosystem services and tradeoffs） model, the carbon-storage change was estimated and analyzed at the subcounty and subbasin scales. The results show that （1） cultivated land and grassland area decreased, while woodland and urban land area increased in northern Shaanxi; （2） the average carbon storage in Huangling County and the Beiluo River Basin is the largest, while that of Yuyang County and the Xinshui River Basin is the minimum, and that of Wuqi County showed the greatest growth; （3） carbon storage in the study area showed a definite decrease in 2000, but in general has increased from 1995 to 2010; （4） carbon-storage figures of subbasins and counties are all restricted by the natural status and land-use landscape of the whole study area. From the results, it can be seen that the effect of ecological policies is remarkable. This study has important implications for the rational planning of land use, adjustment of the ecosystem carbon cycle, and related policies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 50978172 and 51078318)the New Century Excellent Talents in University(No. 10-0667)
文摘It has been a focus of debate for a large time on construction methods for large-span loess tunnel.Reasonable construction method has much effect on stability of tunnel and construction schedule.Deformation and failure of surrounding rock are quite complex.Associating with the large-span loess tunnel of Zhengzhou- Xi'an high-speed passenger rail line in China,large scale model test with geometric proportion 1:20 is applied to study on dynamic mechanical behavior of various construction methods.They include full-face excavation with support and no support,and benching method with support.It is found that pre-deformation and stress accumulation take place ahead of working face.The effects of three construction methods are further studied,particularly in terms of tunnel displacement and stress changes.It is revealed that benching method transfers load to an unexcavated area,limits horizontal deformation,reduces stress concentration effectively,lengthens the distance between location of peak for stress concentration and working face,and consequently increases stability.The model test results not only supply theoretical foundation for determination of reasonable construction method,but also can act as reference for similar tunnel and underground engineering construction.
文摘Under the double impact of global climate change and human intervention, surface evapotranspiration (ET), as an important part of hydrological cycle, is affecting watershed land-use planning and economic development. The Loess Plateau is mostly arid and semi-arid areas and its ecological environment is fragile. Drought and soil erosion not only reflects the regional climate change, but also human social activities and ecosystems. In particular, these processes are directly related to the thermal and water gradients exchange in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. Luoyugou watershed, a typical Loess Plateau watershed, is selected for this study. Estimating ET through SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) model demonstrates that the SEBAL model in the watershed is more applicable. At the same time, ET seasonal variation is got, combined with the corresponding periods of the land-use changes for analysis. The results show that ET in the Northwest of the basin is higher than the East on the spatial distribution, especially in the high vegetation coverage area. Land use changes significantly in the watershed over the past 20 years, mainly transferring from sloping terraces to the terraces and woodland. ET significantly increased area accounts for 47.6% of the total area in the valley, however, conspicuously reduced area accounts for 13.2%. The daily ET of different land use types had significant differences with the ET of water land and wood land was the largest. It is important that this study on the ET distribution can aid policy and decision makers for land use planning and environmental construction in Luoyugou watershed.
文摘无限边坡稳定性(stability index mapping,SINMAP)模型在评价降雨作用下各孕灾因子对滑坡的贡献率时较为随机,分形理论方法可弥补SINMAP模型的单尺度分析局限,通过优化输入参数来研究各孕灾因子对滑坡发育的贡献率.本文以山西省临县为例,首先使用分形理论探究各滑坡孕灾因子对临县滑坡发育规律的影响.随后基于SINMAP模型对不同降雨强度等级下研究区内地表斜坡稳定性进行评价.结果表明:坡度、坡向2种因子和滑坡灾害之间存在二阶累计变维分形,而高程因子与滑坡灾害间具有三阶累计变维分形关系,与滑坡发育相关性最高;随着降雨强度的增大,研究区内不稳定区域面积占比由35.51%增长至49.71%,稳定区域逐渐向失稳区域转变,呈现出由中心向四周逐渐变差的分布状态,且滑坡密度始终保持在极不稳定区最大,极稳定区最小.本研究可为临县的黄土滑坡灾害减灾防灾提供参考.
