Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date c...Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date can mitigate competition in densely planted populations.However,the underlying mechanism by which it confers resistance to wheat lodging remains elusive.In this study,Zimai 28(lodging-sensitive variety) and Shannong 28(lodging-resistant variety) were used with three sowing treatments on October 22(S1),October 28(S2),and November 3(S3).The sowing rate was adjusted to ensure adequate population size and consistency in the overwintering populations across sowing dates(300 plant m^(-2)for S1,375 plant m^(-2)for S2,and 525 plant m^(-2)for S3),The lodging resistance in winter wheat was increased by delayed sowing and increased sowing rate,which led to a reduction in tiller numbers and fostered primary stem development.A reduction in the overwinter cumulative temperature from 500 to 450℃,coupled with an elevation in sowing rates from 300 to 375 plant m^(-2)(transition from S1 to S2),corresponded with a notable increase in structural carbohydrates(lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and pectin) by 175.07 mg g^(-1).Additionally,there was a moderate increase in non-structural carbohydrates,including soluble sugars and starch,by 15.54 mg g^(-1).Delayed sowing and increased sowing rate elevated the precursor contents of lignin synthesis.Enhanced metabolic activity of related pathways ultimately increased dimer/trimer content.In summary,this study highlights the pivotal role of lignin metabolites and cross-linked structures in determining the stem stiffness breaking strength.展开更多
In the rice–rapeseed cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin,late rapeseed sowing increases lodging.To identify the mechanisms of reduced lodging resistance,a two-year field experiment compared four rapeseed culti...In the rice–rapeseed cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin,late rapeseed sowing increases lodging.To identify the mechanisms of reduced lodging resistance,a two-year field experiment compared four rapeseed cultivars with differing lodging resistances under normal and late sowing.Rapid stem elongation during bolting in late-sown rapeseed reduced stem plumpness,vascular bundle development,and lignin accumulation,weakening lodging resistance.Slowing stem elongation and promoting vascular bundle formation and lignin synthesis could increase lodging resistance in late-sown rapeseed.展开更多
High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V1...High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V14 stage with three densities(60,000,75,000,and 90,000 plants ha-1,indicated by D1,D2,and D3,respectively)for two seasons.The results showed that the IC-treated wavy canopy featuring both natural height(IC-H)and dwarfed(IC-L)plants,improved light transmission by 8.54%,8.49%,and 16.49%on average than the corresponding controls(CK)at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.The alleviation of canopy crowding stimulated leaf photosynthesis,sugar availability,basal-internode strength,and decreased plant lodging ratios in both IC-H and IC-L,particularly under higher densities.Meanwhile,the IC populations produced significantly higher yield than CK,with an average increase of 3.38%,16.70%,and 15.28%at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.Collectively,this study proposed a new wavy canopy strategy using plant growth retardant to simultaneously increase yield performance and lodging resistance,thus offering a sustainable solution for further development of high-density maize production.展开更多
Using maize varieties including Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,Yudan 132,Xundan 20,Lianchuang 808,and Dingyou 163 as experimental materials,this study investigated the effects of two ethephon compound agents on the lodging r...Using maize varieties including Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,Yudan 132,Xundan 20,Lianchuang 808,and Dingyou 163 as experimental materials,this study investigated the effects of two ethephon compound agents on the lodging resistance and yield of different maize varieties across various ecological regions.The results demonstrated that the lodging resistance of maize was significantly enhanced after the application of the two chemical control agents.Specifically,the lodging rate of Xundan 20 was reduced by 6.1 percentage points following treatment with benzylaminopurine(6-BA)·ethephon(ETH),while the lodging rate of Zhengdan 958 was decreased by 6.2 percentage points after treatment with diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate(DTA-6)·ETH.In the Shangqiu area,treatment of Lianchuang 808 with DTA-6·ETH reduced its ear height coefficient by 9.8 percentage points,whereas in the Zhumadian area,treatment of Dingyou 163 with 6-BA·ETH lowered its ear height coefficient by 11.3 percentage points.Additionally,both ethephon compound agents improved the stalk puncture strength of maize.For the same maize variety,phenotypic traits such as ear length,ear diameter,and number of kernel rows showed no significant differences under different chemical control treatments.However,traits including kernel number per row,1000-kernel weight,and yield exhibited significant variations across treatments and years.Moreover,the yield performance of maize varieties after chemical control treatment varied by region.In Hebi,Zhoukou,and Zhumadian areas,the yield under the DTA-6·ETH treatment surpassed that under the 6-BA·ETH treatment,with average yield increases of 4.22%,8.41%,and 5.67%compared to the clear water control(CK),respectively.Conversely,in Shangqiu,Nanyang,and Changge areas,the 6-BA·ETH treatment outperformed DTA-6·ETH,resulting in average yield increases of 6.96%,7.54%,and 5.56%relative to CK.展开更多
Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in re...Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable application of organic fertilizer to improve lodging resistance and yield of rice.[Method]The application of four different kinds of organic fert...[Objective]The aim was to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable application of organic fertilizer to improve lodging resistance and yield of rice.[Method]The application of four different kinds of organic fertilizer was applied to study their effects on rice lodging resistance and yield of late rice Yuzhengxiang that with high quality.[Result] The effect of applying organic fertilizer for improving rice lodging resistance capability was:biogas residues> chicken manure > rapeseed cake> tobac...展开更多
[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high...[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high-yielding cultivation technique.[Method] A widely planted maize cultivar ＇Chengdan 30＇ was used as experimental material to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen amount on the stalk agronomic traits,stalk lodging-resistance mechanical characters,stalk breaking percentage and yield of maize.Experiment was arranged in a two-factor split plot design with three replicates.The planting density was the main factor with three density gradients（4.5×10^4,6.0×10^4 and 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2） and the nitrogen amount was the second factor with two different levels of nitrogen content（300 and 375 kg/hm^2）.[Result] The stalk lodging-resistance and yield were affected by planting density significantly.The increase of planting density would result in an increase of internode length and decrease of internode diameter,dry matter weight of per unit stalk length,rind penetration strength and breaking resistance of 3rd and 4th basal internodes.When planting density increased from 6.0×10^4 plants/hm2 to 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2,the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season increased by 17.17%,and the yield reduced by 17.58%.The interaction between planting density and nitrogen amount affected the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season and yield significantly.The treatment with planting density of 6.0×104 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen amount of 375 kg/hm^2 of pure N was an optimal combination,which may not only control the stalk breaking percentage of whole growing stage effectively,but also could obtain an optimum grain yield.[Conclusion] In Sichuan Basin,the appropriate planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize were 6.0×10^4 plants/hm^2 and 375 kg/hm^2.展开更多
[Objective] This study is to map QTLs for lodging-related morphological traits of soybean, aiming at providing basis for breeding lodging-resistant varieties. [Method] To map the QTLs for lodging-related morphological...[Objective] This study is to map QTLs for lodging-related morphological traits of soybean, aiming at providing basis for breeding lodging-resistant varieties. [Method] To map the QTLs for lodging-related morphological traits, an F216-F218 RIL population containing 147 lines derived from a cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent were used as experimental materials in this study. Totally 164 SSR primers screened out from amplification on two parents, were employed to amplify the F216-F218 RIL population for constructing a genetic linkage map. The QTLs for nodes on main stem, stem thickness and stem weight of the F216-F218 RIL soybean population were investigated in two eco-environments for three years. [Result] Sixteen QTLs for nodes on main stem were detected in A1, B1, C2, Dla, D2, F, G, H and N linkage groups, respectively; Ten QTLs for stem thickness in A1, B1, C2, Dla, E and G linkage groups, respectively; Fifteen QTLs for stem weight in A1, A2, C2, Dla, Dlb and G linkage groups, respectively. Of these QTLs, five for nodes on main stem, one for stem thickness and six for stem weight could be detected by both CIM and MIM, accounting for 8.6%-27.0%, 9.0%- 11.0%, and 6.0%-39.0% of the general phenotypic variation, respectively. From ex- perimental data of two years, Three QTLs for nodes on main stem and two for stem weight could be detected, accounting for 8.0%-60.2% and 10.0%-23.0% of the general phenotypic variation, respectively; while no QTL for stem thickness was re- peatedly detected during more than two years. [Conclusion] Comparison of the QTLs mapped for nodes on main stem, stem thickness and stem weight indicates that these three morphological traits are closely related with lodging-resistance of soybean.展开更多
Effects of film-mulched and dry-farming on lodging resistance of medium hybrid rice 88S/1128 at late growth stage was studied in this study. The result suggested that the increasing of lodging resistance of rice showe...Effects of film-mulched and dry-farming on lodging resistance of medium hybrid rice 88S/1128 at late growth stage was studied in this study. The result suggested that the increasing of lodging resistance of rice showed a trend of no film-mulched and water-farmingfilm-mulched and water-farmingno film-mulched and dry-farmingfilm-mulched and dry-faming. The lodging index of water-farming treatment decreased by 9.47%-24.10% compared to that of dry-farming treatment,while the lodging index of no film-mulched decreased by 14.68%-17.09% compared to that of film-mulched treatment; lodging index was significant or extremely significant negative related to resistant press per plant,transpiration rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthetic rate but extremely significant positive related to biomass per plant; the largest contributed factor in lodging was the plant biomass,while the factors had greatest contribution to lodging resistance showed an order of resistant press per planttranspiration rateintercellular CO2 concentrationphotosynthetic ratestomatal conductance.展开更多
The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice ...The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice varieties with stronger lodging resistance were characterized by shorter basal elongated internodes and thicker stem base. The lodging index of hybrid rice was positively correlated with the lengths of the first, second and third basal elongated internodes （P〈0.01） and was negatively correlated with the thickness of basal stem wall and the number and area of small vascular bundles, the area of large vascular bundles and the total area of vascular bundles of the second basal elongated internode （P〈0.05）. The correlations between lodging index and plant height, maximum culm diameter of stem base and minimum culm diameter of stem base were not significant. It indi- cates that the lodging resistance of super hybrid rice can be improved by shorten- ing the length of basal elongated internodes, thickening the wall of stem base and increasing the number and area of vascular bundles of basal elongated internodes.展开更多
Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the main factors affect-ing the lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice. [Method] Twenty agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice w...Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the main factors affect-ing the lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice. [Method] Twenty agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice were analyzed by principal component analysis and correlation analysis among 26 varieties/lines of plateau japonica rice. [Result] The lodging resistance of the 26 varieties/lines had great dif-ference among different agronomic traits. Plant height, and wal thickness of the 4th, 3rd and 2nd internodes under the panicle had the most important influence on lodging resistance, while the diameter of the 3rd, 2nd, 4th, 1st nodes under the panicle, length of the 4th and 3rd internodes under the panicle, wal thickness of the 1st internode under the panicle had less influence. The other nine agronomic traits of rice culm did not affect or indirectly affected lodging resistance through above-mentioned agro-nomic traits. Lodging resistance had significant correlations with plant height, length of the 4th and 3rd internodes under the panicle, wal thickness of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes under the panicle and diameter of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th node sunder the panicle, had insignificant correlations with panicle length, panicle weight, length of the 1st and 2nd internodes under the panicle, diameter of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes under the panicle, diameter of the 5th node under the panicle. [Conclu-sion] More attention should be paid to the main factors affecting lodging resistance in breeding to improve lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice.展开更多
The research reviewed use effects of Yuhuangjin, Xishibao, Zhuangfengling and Jianzhuangsu on Jinhai No. 5. The results showed plant height and ear height declined in varying degrees, as well as empty-stalk rate and l...The research reviewed use effects of Yuhuangjin, Xishibao, Zhuangfengling and Jianzhuangsu on Jinhai No. 5. The results showed plant height and ear height declined in varying degrees, as well as empty-stalk rate and lodging rate, with the plant growth regulators applied. Economic characters all improved, including ear length and diameter, barren-tip length and hundred-seed weight, and corn yield went up significantly on average. For example, the increased yield can be as high as 17.43% when Yuhuangjin was applied at 30 ml/hm^2.展开更多
Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,exce...Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications,inappropriate sowing dates,and upland rice cultivation,exacerbate the risk of lodging in rice.While breeders have developed high-yielding rice varieties utilizing the sd1 gene,relying solely on this gene is insufficient to enhance lodging resistance.Identifying the traits that contribute to lodging resistance is crucial.Key factors include biochemical,anatomical,and morphological traits,such as the levels of lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,silicon,and potassium,along with the number and area of vascular bundles and the thickness,diameter,and length of the culm.Moreover,markers associated with lodging-related genes,like SCM2,SCM3,SCM4,and prl4,can be utilized effectively in marker-assisted backcrossing to develop rice varieties with desirable culm traits.This literature review aims to aid rice breeders in addressing the issue of lodging by examining traits that influence lodging resistance,developing phenotyping strategies for these traits,identifying suitable instrumentation,exploring methods for screening lodging-resistant plants,understanding the mathematical relationships involved,and considering molecular breeding aspects for pyramiding genes related to lodging.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer levels on lodging and yield of rice. [Method] A total of four treatments were designed and applied with 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg of nitrogen fe...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer levels on lodging and yield of rice. [Method] A total of four treatments were designed and applied with 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. After seedling transplanting, the biological characteristics of rice at different growth stages in each treatment and the biological and economic characteristics of rice after lodging were determined for statistical analysis. [Result] Application with 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer had significant promotion effect on the increase of rice yield; compared with the control (6 kg of nitrogen fertilizer), rice yield in three experimental treatments (9, 12 and 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively) increased by 50.74%, 89.11% and 94.48%, respectively; lodging-resistance mechanical strengths of the three experimental treatments were 103.97%, 132.01% and 89.83% of the control, respectively; rice lodging resistance of treatment C (12 kg of nitrogen fertilizer) was the strongest, with the highest yield. [Conclusion] This study provides reference data and technical support for the rational fertilization of rice production.展开更多
This paper aims to characterize management accounting techniques at the Portuguese lodging industry, identifying the techniques adopted and the determinants of adopting them and their adequacy for the decision-making ...This paper aims to characterize management accounting techniques at the Portuguese lodging industry, identifying the techniques adopted and the determinants of adopting them and their adequacy for the decision-making process. It is also a purpose to understand the extent to which the industry adopts the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry （USALI）. The sample includes 35 hotels, which were analyzed in the years 2009 and 2010. Evidence is found supporting the fact management accounting is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of hotels and useful to support the decision-making process. The proportion used of traditional management accounting techniques is higher than the proportion of use of contemporary ones. The adoption of these techniques is influenced by the fact of the hotels being subsidiaries of a multinational hotel chain, as well as by their annual turnover. In Portugal, there is a weak use of USALI. It is more used in the large hotels and in hotels with a foreign control. Management accounting supports hotels to improve their performance, thus becoming relevant to analyze management accounting practices used by them, particularly which instruments and techniques. In this context, this study, the first of its kind in Portugal, is justified with the increasing need for accurate and actual information of the accounting practices of the hotels operating in Portugal.展开更多
Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diame...Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diameter, and stem diameter, were extensively investigated in earlier studies. However, the solid stem trait was rarely considered. In this study, we measured a range of anatomical and chemical characteristics on solid and hollow stemmed wheat cultivars. Significant correlations were detected between resistance to lodging and several anatomical features, including width of mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls. Morphological features that gave the best indication of improved lodging resistance were increased stem width, width of mechanical tissue layer, and stem density. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 99% of the variation in lodging resistance could be explained by the width of the mechanical tissue layer, suggesting that solid stemmed wheat has several anatomical features for increasing resistance to lodging. In addition, microsatellite markers GWM247 and GWM340 were linked to a single solid stem QTL on chromosome 3BL in a population derived from the cross Xinongshixin(solid stem)/Line 3159(hollow stem). These markers should be valuable in breeding wheat for solid stem.展开更多
Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor r...Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars.展开更多
Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the ...Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates(early sowing on October 1, normal so,wing on October8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield,and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years,postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6%compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency(UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively,owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency(UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine the morphology mechanism of nitrogen （N） fertilizer rates and ratio on lodging resistance through analying its effects among lodging index （LI）, lodging-related morphol...The objective of this study was to determine the morphology mechanism of nitrogen （N） fertilizer rates and ratio on lodging resistance through analying its effects among lodging index （LI）, lodging-related morphological traits and physical strength in basal intemodes by comparing japonica and indica super rice cultivars. Field experiments, with three nitrogen levels （0, 150 and 300 kg ha-L） and two ratios of basal to topdressing （8：2 and 5：5） with two super rice cultivars （Yliangyou 2 and Wuyunjing 23）, were conducted in the Baolin Farm, Danyang Country, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2011 and 2012. Effects of N fertilizer rates and ratios on morphology of whole plant, morphology traits in basal intemodes and culm＇s physical strength parameters were investigated at 20 d after full heading stage. LI of Yliangyou 2 was significant greater than that of Wuyunjing 23 due to larger bending moment by whole plant （WP） with higher plant height and gravity center height. With higher volume of N fertilizer, LI of two super rice cultivars was increased conspicuously. However, no significant effect was detected with increase of panicle fertilizer ratio. The size of breaking strength （M） in basal intemodes was the key factor determining LI among N fertilizer treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that M value was positively related bending stress （BS） of Wuyunjing 23 and section modulus （Z） of Yliangyou 2, respectively. The higher N fertilizer levels induced reduction ofBS of Wuyunjing 23 due to weak culm and leaf sheath plumpness status and reduced Z of Yliangyou 2 owning to small diameter and culm wall thickness, consequently, influencing their M indirectly. These results suggested that breaking strength was the key factor influencing LI with increase of N fertilizer levels. However, the lodging-related morphology mechanism was different with genotypes. Culm wall thickness and diameter in basal internodes of indica super rice and culm and leaf sheath plumpness status of japonica super rice influenced breaking strength, as well as lodging index, respectively.展开更多
The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields.Here,we established five diferent sowing dates ...The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields.Here,we established five diferent sowing dates to create diferent conditions for maize growth.We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology,moisture content,mechanical strength and dry matter,and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1),milk stage(R3),physiological maturity stage(R6),and 20 days after R6.Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force.At R3,the cofficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance.At R6,the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight.After R6,the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height.The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significanty and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6,which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength.These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height beneft lodging resistance prior to R6.During and after R6,the cofficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172117,32101834)the Shandong Province Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Plan Project(SDNYXTTG-2023-33)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2022M711968)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QC106).
文摘Population size plays a crucial role in determining wheat yields.Altered carbohydrate accumulation resulting from increased competition between populations and individuals leads to poor-quality stems.The sowing date can mitigate competition in densely planted populations.However,the underlying mechanism by which it confers resistance to wheat lodging remains elusive.In this study,Zimai 28(lodging-sensitive variety) and Shannong 28(lodging-resistant variety) were used with three sowing treatments on October 22(S1),October 28(S2),and November 3(S3).The sowing rate was adjusted to ensure adequate population size and consistency in the overwintering populations across sowing dates(300 plant m^(-2)for S1,375 plant m^(-2)for S2,and 525 plant m^(-2)for S3),The lodging resistance in winter wheat was increased by delayed sowing and increased sowing rate,which led to a reduction in tiller numbers and fostered primary stem development.A reduction in the overwinter cumulative temperature from 500 to 450℃,coupled with an elevation in sowing rates from 300 to 375 plant m^(-2)(transition from S1 to S2),corresponded with a notable increase in structural carbohydrates(lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,and pectin) by 175.07 mg g^(-1).Additionally,there was a moderate increase in non-structural carbohydrates,including soluble sugars and starch,by 15.54 mg g^(-1).Delayed sowing and increased sowing rate elevated the precursor contents of lignin synthesis.Enhanced metabolic activity of related pathways ultimately increased dimer/trimer content.In summary,this study highlights the pivotal role of lignin metabolites and cross-linked structures in determining the stem stiffness breaking strength.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2300303).
文摘In the rice–rapeseed cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin,late rapeseed sowing increases lodging.To identify the mechanisms of reduced lodging resistance,a two-year field experiment compared four rapeseed cultivars with differing lodging resistances under normal and late sowing.Rapid stem elongation during bolting in late-sown rapeseed reduced stem plumpness,vascular bundle development,and lignin accumulation,weakening lodging resistance.Slowing stem elongation and promoting vascular bundle formation and lignin synthesis could increase lodging resistance in late-sown rapeseed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2303302,2022YFD2300803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160445)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-16).
文摘High-density planting increases maize yield but also canopy crowding and stalk lodging.Aiming this contradiction,a wavy canopy was created using interlaced chemical application(IC)of a plant growth retardant at the V14 stage with three densities(60,000,75,000,and 90,000 plants ha-1,indicated by D1,D2,and D3,respectively)for two seasons.The results showed that the IC-treated wavy canopy featuring both natural height(IC-H)and dwarfed(IC-L)plants,improved light transmission by 8.54%,8.49%,and 16.49%on average than the corresponding controls(CK)at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.The alleviation of canopy crowding stimulated leaf photosynthesis,sugar availability,basal-internode strength,and decreased plant lodging ratios in both IC-H and IC-L,particularly under higher densities.Meanwhile,the IC populations produced significantly higher yield than CK,with an average increase of 3.38%,16.70%,and 15.28%at D1,D2,and D3,respectively.Collectively,this study proposed a new wavy canopy strategy using plant growth retardant to simultaneously increase yield performance and lodging resistance,thus offering a sustainable solution for further development of high-density maize production.
基金Supported by Hebi Comprehensive Experimental Station Project of Henan Maize Industry Technology System(Z2010-02-07)Henan Science and Technology Research Project-Creating Maize Germplasm and New Varieties Resistant to Southern Rust Suitable for the Huang-Huai-Hai Ecological Region Based on RppC Gene(242102110236)+1 种基金Henan Science and Technology Research Project-Targeted Improvement Breeding Application of ZmREX4 in Regulating Kernel Length(232102110172)Henan Key Research and Development Special Project-Breeding and Industrialization Demonstration of New Varieties of Advantageous Characteristic Crops and Aquatic Products in Henan Province(241111114300).
文摘Using maize varieties including Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,Yudan 132,Xundan 20,Lianchuang 808,and Dingyou 163 as experimental materials,this study investigated the effects of two ethephon compound agents on the lodging resistance and yield of different maize varieties across various ecological regions.The results demonstrated that the lodging resistance of maize was significantly enhanced after the application of the two chemical control agents.Specifically,the lodging rate of Xundan 20 was reduced by 6.1 percentage points following treatment with benzylaminopurine(6-BA)·ethephon(ETH),while the lodging rate of Zhengdan 958 was decreased by 6.2 percentage points after treatment with diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate(DTA-6)·ETH.In the Shangqiu area,treatment of Lianchuang 808 with DTA-6·ETH reduced its ear height coefficient by 9.8 percentage points,whereas in the Zhumadian area,treatment of Dingyou 163 with 6-BA·ETH lowered its ear height coefficient by 11.3 percentage points.Additionally,both ethephon compound agents improved the stalk puncture strength of maize.For the same maize variety,phenotypic traits such as ear length,ear diameter,and number of kernel rows showed no significant differences under different chemical control treatments.However,traits including kernel number per row,1000-kernel weight,and yield exhibited significant variations across treatments and years.Moreover,the yield performance of maize varieties after chemical control treatment varied by region.In Hebi,Zhoukou,and Zhumadian areas,the yield under the DTA-6·ETH treatment surpassed that under the 6-BA·ETH treatment,with average yield increases of 4.22%,8.41%,and 5.67%compared to the clear water control(CK),respectively.Conversely,in Shangqiu,Nanyang,and Changge areas,the 6-BA·ETH treatment outperformed DTA-6·ETH,resulting in average yield increases of 6.96%,7.54%,and 5.56%relative to CK.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD190160304)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,China(2022NSFSC0013)+1 种基金the Sichuan Maize Innovation Team Construction Project,China(SCCXTD-2023-02)the National Science and Technology Support Projects,China(2015BAC05B05)。
文摘Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.
基金Supported by Project of Science & Technology of Grain Yield of China(2004BA520A01)~~
文摘[Objective]The aim was to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable application of organic fertilizer to improve lodging resistance and yield of rice.[Method]The application of four different kinds of organic fertilizer was applied to study their effects on rice lodging resistance and yield of late rice Yuzhengxiang that with high quality.[Result] The effect of applying organic fertilizer for improving rice lodging resistance capability was:biogas residues> chicken manure > rapeseed cake> tobac...
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agricultural and Rural Research in the Public Interest of Sichuan Province(12ZC1930)~~
文摘[Objective] The experiment was conducted to explore the suitable planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize in Sichuan Basin with the objective to provide technical reservation and scientific basis for high-yielding cultivation technique.[Method] A widely planted maize cultivar ＇Chengdan 30＇ was used as experimental material to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen amount on the stalk agronomic traits,stalk lodging-resistance mechanical characters,stalk breaking percentage and yield of maize.Experiment was arranged in a two-factor split plot design with three replicates.The planting density was the main factor with three density gradients（4.5×10^4,6.0×10^4 and 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2） and the nitrogen amount was the second factor with two different levels of nitrogen content（300 and 375 kg/hm^2）.[Result] The stalk lodging-resistance and yield were affected by planting density significantly.The increase of planting density would result in an increase of internode length and decrease of internode diameter,dry matter weight of per unit stalk length,rind penetration strength and breaking resistance of 3rd and 4th basal internodes.When planting density increased from 6.0×10^4 plants/hm2 to 7.5×10^4 plants/hm^2,the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season increased by 17.17%,and the yield reduced by 17.58%.The interaction between planting density and nitrogen amount affected the stalk breaking percentage in the whole growing season and yield significantly.The treatment with planting density of 6.0×104 plants/hm^2 and nitrogen amount of 375 kg/hm^2 of pure N was an optimal combination,which may not only control the stalk breaking percentage of whole growing stage effectively,but also could obtain an optimum grain yield.[Conclusion] In Sichuan Basin,the appropriate planting density and nitrogen amount for summer maize were 6.0×10^4 plants/hm^2 and 375 kg/hm^2.
基金Supported by Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-04-02A)Transgenic Special Fund of Ministry of Agriculture(2011ZX08004001)+1 种基金The 12 th Five-year Plan for Science & Technology Research of China (2011BAD35B06-1)Program for New Century Excellent Talents In Heilongjiang Provincial University(1252-NCET-004)~~
文摘[Objective] This study is to map QTLs for lodging-related morphological traits of soybean, aiming at providing basis for breeding lodging-resistant varieties. [Method] To map the QTLs for lodging-related morphological traits, an F216-F218 RIL population containing 147 lines derived from a cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent were used as experimental materials in this study. Totally 164 SSR primers screened out from amplification on two parents, were employed to amplify the F216-F218 RIL population for constructing a genetic linkage map. The QTLs for nodes on main stem, stem thickness and stem weight of the F216-F218 RIL soybean population were investigated in two eco-environments for three years. [Result] Sixteen QTLs for nodes on main stem were detected in A1, B1, C2, Dla, D2, F, G, H and N linkage groups, respectively; Ten QTLs for stem thickness in A1, B1, C2, Dla, E and G linkage groups, respectively; Fifteen QTLs for stem weight in A1, A2, C2, Dla, Dlb and G linkage groups, respectively. Of these QTLs, five for nodes on main stem, one for stem thickness and six for stem weight could be detected by both CIM and MIM, accounting for 8.6%-27.0%, 9.0%- 11.0%, and 6.0%-39.0% of the general phenotypic variation, respectively. From ex- perimental data of two years, Three QTLs for nodes on main stem and two for stem weight could be detected, accounting for 8.0%-60.2% and 10.0%-23.0% of the general phenotypic variation, respectively; while no QTL for stem thickness was re- peatedly detected during more than two years. [Conclusion] Comparison of the QTLs mapped for nodes on main stem, stem thickness and stem weight indicates that these three morphological traits are closely related with lodging-resistance of soybean.
基金Supported by Project of Science&Technology of Grian Yield of China(2004BA520A01)~~
文摘Effects of film-mulched and dry-farming on lodging resistance of medium hybrid rice 88S/1128 at late growth stage was studied in this study. The result suggested that the increasing of lodging resistance of rice showed a trend of no film-mulched and water-farmingfilm-mulched and water-farmingno film-mulched and dry-farmingfilm-mulched and dry-faming. The lodging index of water-farming treatment decreased by 9.47%-24.10% compared to that of dry-farming treatment,while the lodging index of no film-mulched decreased by 14.68%-17.09% compared to that of film-mulched treatment; lodging index was significant or extremely significant negative related to resistant press per plant,transpiration rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthetic rate but extremely significant positive related to biomass per plant; the largest contributed factor in lodging was the plant biomass,while the factors had greatest contribution to lodging resistance showed an order of resistant press per planttranspiration rateintercellular CO2 concentrationphotosynthetic ratestomatal conductance.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271659)~~
文摘The stem morphology and anatomical structure of rice, as well as their relationship with lodging resistance, were studied with six super hybrid rice varieties as the tested materials. The results showed that the rice varieties with stronger lodging resistance were characterized by shorter basal elongated internodes and thicker stem base. The lodging index of hybrid rice was positively correlated with the lengths of the first, second and third basal elongated internodes （P〈0.01） and was negatively correlated with the thickness of basal stem wall and the number and area of small vascular bundles, the area of large vascular bundles and the total area of vascular bundles of the second basal elongated internode （P〈0.05）. The correlations between lodging index and plant height, maximum culm diameter of stem base and minimum culm diameter of stem base were not significant. It indi- cates that the lodging resistance of super hybrid rice can be improved by shorten- ing the length of basal elongated internodes, thickening the wall of stem base and increasing the number and area of vascular bundles of basal elongated internodes.
基金Supported by Program for the Breeding and Industrial Development of Conventional Rice Varieties(2010BB013)Training Plan of Technological Innovation Talents of Yunnan Province(2010CI075)~~
文摘Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the main factors affect-ing the lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice. [Method] Twenty agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice were analyzed by principal component analysis and correlation analysis among 26 varieties/lines of plateau japonica rice. [Result] The lodging resistance of the 26 varieties/lines had great dif-ference among different agronomic traits. Plant height, and wal thickness of the 4th, 3rd and 2nd internodes under the panicle had the most important influence on lodging resistance, while the diameter of the 3rd, 2nd, 4th, 1st nodes under the panicle, length of the 4th and 3rd internodes under the panicle, wal thickness of the 1st internode under the panicle had less influence. The other nine agronomic traits of rice culm did not affect or indirectly affected lodging resistance through above-mentioned agro-nomic traits. Lodging resistance had significant correlations with plant height, length of the 4th and 3rd internodes under the panicle, wal thickness of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes under the panicle and diameter of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th node sunder the panicle, had insignificant correlations with panicle length, panicle weight, length of the 1st and 2nd internodes under the panicle, diameter of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes under the panicle, diameter of the 5th node under the panicle. [Conclu-sion] More attention should be paid to the main factors affecting lodging resistance in breeding to improve lodging resistance of plateau japonica rice.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Yancheng Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation(YK2013012)~~
文摘The research reviewed use effects of Yuhuangjin, Xishibao, Zhuangfengling and Jianzhuangsu on Jinhai No. 5. The results showed plant height and ear height declined in varying degrees, as well as empty-stalk rate and lodging rate, with the plant growth regulators applied. Economic characters all improved, including ear length and diameter, barren-tip length and hundred-seed weight, and corn yield went up significantly on average. For example, the increased yield can be as high as 17.43% when Yuhuangjin was applied at 30 ml/hm^2.
文摘Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications,inappropriate sowing dates,and upland rice cultivation,exacerbate the risk of lodging in rice.While breeders have developed high-yielding rice varieties utilizing the sd1 gene,relying solely on this gene is insufficient to enhance lodging resistance.Identifying the traits that contribute to lodging resistance is crucial.Key factors include biochemical,anatomical,and morphological traits,such as the levels of lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,silicon,and potassium,along with the number and area of vascular bundles and the thickness,diameter,and length of the culm.Moreover,markers associated with lodging-related genes,like SCM2,SCM3,SCM4,and prl4,can be utilized effectively in marker-assisted backcrossing to develop rice varieties with desirable culm traits.This literature review aims to aid rice breeders in addressing the issue of lodging by examining traits that influence lodging resistance,developing phenotyping strategies for these traits,identifying suitable instrumentation,exploring methods for screening lodging-resistant plants,understanding the mathematical relationships involved,and considering molecular breeding aspects for pyramiding genes related to lodging.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer levels on lodging and yield of rice. [Method] A total of four treatments were designed and applied with 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. After seedling transplanting, the biological characteristics of rice at different growth stages in each treatment and the biological and economic characteristics of rice after lodging were determined for statistical analysis. [Result] Application with 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer had significant promotion effect on the increase of rice yield; compared with the control (6 kg of nitrogen fertilizer), rice yield in three experimental treatments (9, 12 and 15 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively) increased by 50.74%, 89.11% and 94.48%, respectively; lodging-resistance mechanical strengths of the three experimental treatments were 103.97%, 132.01% and 89.83% of the control, respectively; rice lodging resistance of treatment C (12 kg of nitrogen fertilizer) was the strongest, with the highest yield. [Conclusion] This study provides reference data and technical support for the rational fertilization of rice production.
文摘This paper aims to characterize management accounting techniques at the Portuguese lodging industry, identifying the techniques adopted and the determinants of adopting them and their adequacy for the decision-making process. It is also a purpose to understand the extent to which the industry adopts the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry （USALI）. The sample includes 35 hotels, which were analyzed in the years 2009 and 2010. Evidence is found supporting the fact management accounting is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of hotels and useful to support the decision-making process. The proportion used of traditional management accounting techniques is higher than the proportion of use of contemporary ones. The adoption of these techniques is influenced by the fact of the hotels being subsidiaries of a multinational hotel chain, as well as by their annual turnover. In Portugal, there is a weak use of USALI. It is more used in the large hotels and in hotels with a foreign control. Management accounting supports hotels to improve their performance, thus becoming relevant to analyze management accounting practices used by them, particularly which instruments and techniques. In this context, this study, the first of its kind in Portugal, is justified with the increasing need for accurate and actual information of the accounting practices of the hotels operating in Portugal.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB100302)the Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS (KSCX2-EW-N-02)
文摘Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diameter, and stem diameter, were extensively investigated in earlier studies. However, the solid stem trait was rarely considered. In this study, we measured a range of anatomical and chemical characteristics on solid and hollow stemmed wheat cultivars. Significant correlations were detected between resistance to lodging and several anatomical features, including width of mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls. Morphological features that gave the best indication of improved lodging resistance were increased stem width, width of mechanical tissue layer, and stem density. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 99% of the variation in lodging resistance could be explained by the width of the mechanical tissue layer, suggesting that solid stemmed wheat has several anatomical features for increasing resistance to lodging. In addition, microsatellite markers GWM247 and GWM340 were linked to a single solid stem QTL on chromosome 3BL in a population derived from the cross Xinongshixin(solid stem)/Line 3159(hollow stem). These markers should be valuable in breeding wheat for solid stem.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2015CB150401)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300101)the National Maize Industrial Technology System, China
文摘Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150404)Shandong Province Higher Education Science and Technology Program (J15LF07)Youth Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Shandong Agricultural University (2014-2)
文摘Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates(early sowing on October 1, normal so,wing on October8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield,and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years,postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6%compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency(UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively,owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency(UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD16B14,2012BAD20B05)the Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Funds of Jiangsu Province,China(CX(11)2011)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)
文摘The objective of this study was to determine the morphology mechanism of nitrogen （N） fertilizer rates and ratio on lodging resistance through analying its effects among lodging index （LI）, lodging-related morphological traits and physical strength in basal intemodes by comparing japonica and indica super rice cultivars. Field experiments, with three nitrogen levels （0, 150 and 300 kg ha-L） and two ratios of basal to topdressing （8：2 and 5：5） with two super rice cultivars （Yliangyou 2 and Wuyunjing 23）, were conducted in the Baolin Farm, Danyang Country, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2011 and 2012. Effects of N fertilizer rates and ratios on morphology of whole plant, morphology traits in basal intemodes and culm＇s physical strength parameters were investigated at 20 d after full heading stage. LI of Yliangyou 2 was significant greater than that of Wuyunjing 23 due to larger bending moment by whole plant （WP） with higher plant height and gravity center height. With higher volume of N fertilizer, LI of two super rice cultivars was increased conspicuously. However, no significant effect was detected with increase of panicle fertilizer ratio. The size of breaking strength （M） in basal intemodes was the key factor determining LI among N fertilizer treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that M value was positively related bending stress （BS） of Wuyunjing 23 and section modulus （Z） of Yliangyou 2, respectively. The higher N fertilizer levels induced reduction ofBS of Wuyunjing 23 due to weak culm and leaf sheath plumpness status and reduced Z of Yliangyou 2 owning to small diameter and culm wall thickness, consequently, influencing their M indirectly. These results suggested that breaking strength was the key factor influencing LI with increase of N fertilizer levels. However, the lodging-related morphology mechanism was different with genotypes. Culm wall thickness and diameter in basal internodes of indica super rice and culm and leaf sheath plumpness status of japonica super rice influenced breaking strength, as well as lodging index, respectively.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300302)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of the Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in China(1703)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘The accurate evaluation of maize stalk lodging resistance in different growth periods enables timely management of lodging risks and ensures stable and high maize yields.Here,we established five diferent sowing dates to create diferent conditions for maize growth.We evaluated the effects of the different growth conditions on lodging resistance by determining stalk morphology,moisture content,mechanical strength and dry matter,and the relationship between stalk breaking force and these indicators during the silking stage(R1),milk stage(R3),physiological maturity stage(R6),and 20 days after R6.Plant height at R1 positively affected stalk breaking force.At R3,the cofficient of ear height and the dry weight per unit length of basal internodes were key indicators of stalk lodging resistance.At R6,the key indicators were the coefficient of the center of gravity height and plant fresh weight.After R6,the key indicator was the coefficient of the center of gravity height.The crushing strength of the fourth internode correlated significanty and positively with the stalk breaking force from R1 to R6,which indicates that crushing strength is a reliable indicator of stalk mechanical strength.These results suggest that high stalk strength and low ear height beneft lodging resistance prior to R6.During and after R6,the cofficient of the center of gravity height and the mechanical strength of basal internodes can be used to evaluate plant lodging resistance and the appropriate time for harvesting in fields with a high lodging risk.
