With the rapid development of communication technology,the problem of antenna array optimization plays a crucial role.Among many types of antennas,line antenna arrays(LAA)are the most commonly applied,but the side lob...With the rapid development of communication technology,the problem of antenna array optimization plays a crucial role.Among many types of antennas,line antenna arrays(LAA)are the most commonly applied,but the side lobe level(SLL)reduction is still a challenging problem.In the radiation process of the linear antenna array,the high side lobe level will interfere with the intensity of the antenna target radiation direction.Many conventional methods are ineffective in obtaining the maximumside lobe level in synthesis,and this paper proposed a quantum equilibrium optimizer(QEO)algorithm for line antenna arrays.Firstly,the linear antenna array model consists of an array element arrangement.Array factor(AF)can be expressed as the combination of array excitation amplitude and position in array space.Then,inspired by the powerful computing power of quantum computing,an improved quantum equilibrium optimizer combining quantum coding and quantum rotation gate strategy is proposed.Finally,the proposed quantum equilibrium optimizer is used to optimize the excitation amplitude of the array elements in the linear antenna array model by numerical simulation to minimize the interference of the side lobe level to the main lobe radiation.Six differentmetaheuristic algorithms are used to optimize the excitation amplitude in three different arrays of line antenna arrays,the experimental results indicated that the quantum equilibrium optimizer is more advantageous in obtaining the maximum side lobe level reduction.Compared with other metaheuristic optimization algorithms,the quantum equilibrium optimizer has advantages in terms of convergence speed and accuracy.展开更多
Side lobe level reduction(SLL)of antenna arrays significantly enhances the signal-to-interference ratio and improves the quality of service(QOS)in recent and future wireless communication systems starting from 5G up t...Side lobe level reduction(SLL)of antenna arrays significantly enhances the signal-to-interference ratio and improves the quality of service(QOS)in recent and future wireless communication systems starting from 5G up to 7G.Furthermore,it improves the array gain and directivity,increasing the detection range and angular resolution of radar systems.This study proposes two highly efficient SLL reduction techniques.These techniques are based on the hybridization between either the single convolution or the double convolution algorithms and the genetic algorithm(GA)to develop the Conv/GA andDConv/GA,respectively.The convolution process determines the element’s excitations while the GA optimizes the element spacing.For M elements linear antenna array(LAA),the convolution of the excitation coefficients vector by itself provides a new vector of excitations of length N=(2M−1).This new vector is divided into three different sets of excitations including the odd excitations,even excitations,and middle excitations of lengths M,M−1,andM,respectively.When the same element spacing as the original LAA is used,it is noticed that the odd and even excitations provide a much lower SLL than that of the LAA but with amuch wider half-power beamwidth(HPBW).While the middle excitations give the same HPBWas the original LAA with a relatively higher SLL.Tomitigate the increased HPBWof the odd and even excitations,the element spacing is optimized using the GA.Thereby,the synthesized arrays have the same HPBW as the original LAA with a two-fold reduction in the SLL.Furthermore,for extreme SLL reduction,the DConv/GA is introduced.In this technique,the same procedure of the aforementioned Conv/GA technique is performed on the resultant even and odd excitation vectors.It provides a relatively wider HPBWthan the original LAA with about quad-fold reduction in the SLL.展开更多
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to improve energy efficiency and further reduction of side lobe level the algorithm proposed is firework algorithm.In this paper,roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers...Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to improve energy efficiency and further reduction of side lobe level the algorithm proposed is firework algorithm.In this paper,roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers,a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm(FA)is proposed for work enhancement.The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers.In the FA,two blast(search)forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned.To approve the presentation of the proposed FA,correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA,the standard PSO(SPSO)and the clonal PSO(CPSO).Design/methodology/approach-The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system.The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology to improve the spectral efficiency,fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced.One of the most important properties of antenna array is beam pattern.A directional main lobe with low side lobe level(SLL)of the beam pattern will reduce the interference and enhance the quality of communication.The classical methods for reducing the side lobe level are differential evolution algorithm and PSO algorithm.In this paper,roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers,a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm(FA)is proposed for work enhancement.The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers.In the FA,two blast(search)forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned.To approve the presentation of the proposed FA,correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA,the standard PSO(SPSO)and the clonal PSO(CPSO).It is demonstrated that the FA plainly beats the SPSO and the CPSO in both enhancement exactness and combination speed.The results convey that the side lobe level is reduced to34.78dB and fill rate is increased to 78.53.Findings-Samples including 16-element LAAs are conducted to verify the optimization performances of the SLL reductions.Simulation results show that the SLLs can be effectively reduced by FA.Moreover,compared with other benchmark algorithms,fireworks has a better performance in terms of the accuracy,the convergence rate and the stability.Research limitations/implications-With the use of algorithms radiation is prone to noise one way or other.Even with any optimizations we cannot expect radiation to be ideal.Power dissipation or electro magnetic interference is bound to happen,but the use of optimization algorithms tries to reduce them to the extent that is possible.Practical implications-16-element linear antenna array is available with latest versions of Matlab.Social implications-The latest technologies and emerging developments in the field of communication and with exponential growth in users the capacity of communication system has bottlenecks.The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system.The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology which is to improve the spectral efficiency,fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced.Originality/value-By using FA,the fill rate is increased to 78.53 and the side lobe level is reduced to 35dB,when compared with the bench mark algorithms.展开更多
In this paper, an optimal design of linear antenna arrays having microstrip patch antenna elements has been carried out Cat swarm optimization （CSO） has been applied for the optimization of the control parameters of...In this paper, an optimal design of linear antenna arrays having microstrip patch antenna elements has been carried out Cat swarm optimization （CSO） has been applied for the optimization of the control parameters of radiation pattern of an antenna array. The optimal radiation patterns of isotropic antenna elements are obtained by optimizing the current excitation weight of each element and the inter-element spacing. The antenna arrays of 12, 16, and 20 elements are taken as examples. The arrays are designed by using MATLAB computation and are validated through Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio （CST-MWS）. From the simulation results it is evident that CSO is able to yield the optimal design of linear antenna arrays of patch antenna elements.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62066005Project of the Guangxi Science and Technology under Grant No.AD21196006.
文摘With the rapid development of communication technology,the problem of antenna array optimization plays a crucial role.Among many types of antennas,line antenna arrays(LAA)are the most commonly applied,but the side lobe level(SLL)reduction is still a challenging problem.In the radiation process of the linear antenna array,the high side lobe level will interfere with the intensity of the antenna target radiation direction.Many conventional methods are ineffective in obtaining the maximumside lobe level in synthesis,and this paper proposed a quantum equilibrium optimizer(QEO)algorithm for line antenna arrays.Firstly,the linear antenna array model consists of an array element arrangement.Array factor(AF)can be expressed as the combination of array excitation amplitude and position in array space.Then,inspired by the powerful computing power of quantum computing,an improved quantum equilibrium optimizer combining quantum coding and quantum rotation gate strategy is proposed.Finally,the proposed quantum equilibrium optimizer is used to optimize the excitation amplitude of the array elements in the linear antenna array model by numerical simulation to minimize the interference of the side lobe level to the main lobe radiation.Six differentmetaheuristic algorithms are used to optimize the excitation amplitude in three different arrays of line antenna arrays,the experimental results indicated that the quantum equilibrium optimizer is more advantageous in obtaining the maximum side lobe level reduction.Compared with other metaheuristic optimization algorithms,the quantum equilibrium optimizer has advantages in terms of convergence speed and accuracy.
基金Research Supporting Project Number(RSPD2023R 585),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Side lobe level reduction(SLL)of antenna arrays significantly enhances the signal-to-interference ratio and improves the quality of service(QOS)in recent and future wireless communication systems starting from 5G up to 7G.Furthermore,it improves the array gain and directivity,increasing the detection range and angular resolution of radar systems.This study proposes two highly efficient SLL reduction techniques.These techniques are based on the hybridization between either the single convolution or the double convolution algorithms and the genetic algorithm(GA)to develop the Conv/GA andDConv/GA,respectively.The convolution process determines the element’s excitations while the GA optimizes the element spacing.For M elements linear antenna array(LAA),the convolution of the excitation coefficients vector by itself provides a new vector of excitations of length N=(2M−1).This new vector is divided into three different sets of excitations including the odd excitations,even excitations,and middle excitations of lengths M,M−1,andM,respectively.When the same element spacing as the original LAA is used,it is noticed that the odd and even excitations provide a much lower SLL than that of the LAA but with amuch wider half-power beamwidth(HPBW).While the middle excitations give the same HPBWas the original LAA with a relatively higher SLL.Tomitigate the increased HPBWof the odd and even excitations,the element spacing is optimized using the GA.Thereby,the synthesized arrays have the same HPBW as the original LAA with a two-fold reduction in the SLL.Furthermore,for extreme SLL reduction,the DConv/GA is introduced.In this technique,the same procedure of the aforementioned Conv/GA technique is performed on the resultant even and odd excitation vectors.It provides a relatively wider HPBWthan the original LAA with about quad-fold reduction in the SLL.
文摘Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to improve energy efficiency and further reduction of side lobe level the algorithm proposed is firework algorithm.In this paper,roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers,a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm(FA)is proposed for work enhancement.The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers.In the FA,two blast(search)forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned.To approve the presentation of the proposed FA,correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA,the standard PSO(SPSO)and the clonal PSO(CPSO).Design/methodology/approach-The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system.The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology to improve the spectral efficiency,fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced.One of the most important properties of antenna array is beam pattern.A directional main lobe with low side lobe level(SLL)of the beam pattern will reduce the interference and enhance the quality of communication.The classical methods for reducing the side lobe level are differential evolution algorithm and PSO algorithm.In this paper,roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers,a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm(FA)is proposed for work enhancement.The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers.In the FA,two blast(search)forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned.To approve the presentation of the proposed FA,correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA,the standard PSO(SPSO)and the clonal PSO(CPSO).It is demonstrated that the FA plainly beats the SPSO and the CPSO in both enhancement exactness and combination speed.The results convey that the side lobe level is reduced to34.78dB and fill rate is increased to 78.53.Findings-Samples including 16-element LAAs are conducted to verify the optimization performances of the SLL reductions.Simulation results show that the SLLs can be effectively reduced by FA.Moreover,compared with other benchmark algorithms,fireworks has a better performance in terms of the accuracy,the convergence rate and the stability.Research limitations/implications-With the use of algorithms radiation is prone to noise one way or other.Even with any optimizations we cannot expect radiation to be ideal.Power dissipation or electro magnetic interference is bound to happen,but the use of optimization algorithms tries to reduce them to the extent that is possible.Practical implications-16-element linear antenna array is available with latest versions of Matlab.Social implications-The latest technologies and emerging developments in the field of communication and with exponential growth in users the capacity of communication system has bottlenecks.The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system.The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology which is to improve the spectral efficiency,fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced.Originality/value-By using FA,the fill rate is increased to 78.53 and the side lobe level is reduced to 35dB,when compared with the bench mark algorithms.
基金Project supported by SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(No.SB/EMEQ-319/2013)
文摘In this paper, an optimal design of linear antenna arrays having microstrip patch antenna elements has been carried out Cat swarm optimization （CSO） has been applied for the optimization of the control parameters of radiation pattern of an antenna array. The optimal radiation patterns of isotropic antenna elements are obtained by optimizing the current excitation weight of each element and the inter-element spacing. The antenna arrays of 12, 16, and 20 elements are taken as examples. The arrays are designed by using MATLAB computation and are validated through Computer Simulation Technology-Microwave Studio （CST-MWS）. From the simulation results it is evident that CSO is able to yield the optimal design of linear antenna arrays of patch antenna elements.
