Living systems are full of astonishing diversity and complexity of life.Despite differences in the length scales and cognitive abilities of these systems,collective motion of large groups of individuals can emerge.It ...Living systems are full of astonishing diversity and complexity of life.Despite differences in the length scales and cognitive abilities of these systems,collective motion of large groups of individuals can emerge.It is of great importance to seek for the fundamental principles of collective motion,such as phase transitions and their natures.Via an eigen microstate approach,we have found a discontinuous transition of density and a continuous transition of velocity in the Vicsek models of collective motion,which are identified by the finite-size scaling form of order-parameter.At strong noise,living systems behave like gas.With the decrease of noise,the interactions between the particles of a living system become stronger and make them come closer.The living system experiences then a discontinuous gas-liquid like transition of density.The even stronger interactions at smaller noise make the velocity directions of the particles become ordered and there is a continuous phase transition of collective motion in addition.展开更多
An original mathematical model,previously tested by the authors on other non-demographic objects,is proposed for describing and forecasting demographic systems—the population of the countries of the World using the e...An original mathematical model,previously tested by the authors on other non-demographic objects,is proposed for describing and forecasting demographic systems—the population of the countries of the World using the examples of the USA,China and Russia,as well as the number of mice in the“mouse paradise”experiment of the American scientist John Calhoun.The proposed approach allows us to describe the stages and features of this dynamics:population growth in the USA,growth and possible decrease in the population in China,loss of a part of the population of the Russian Empire and the USSR due to two world wars and the collapse of the USSR,biological degradation of the“mouse paradise”up to its complete extinction.The use of the kinetic model of aging of various types of living systems to predict the development of the number of demographic systems is based on the assumptions that the aging and development processes are related to each other and have the same statistical regularity,reflecting the fractal principle of Nature-the unity of structure and function.The results obtained suggest that a person,a population of the World,humanity and other biological species develop and simultaneously age like each other under the conditions of the always existing syndrome of general adaptation(stress)and according to the same pattern corresponding to the mathematical model proposed here.展开更多
Carboxylesterase 1(CES1), one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in mammals, has drawn much attentions in recent years, owing to this enzyme involves in many physiological processes via hydrolysis of both endogeno...Carboxylesterase 1(CES1), one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in mammals, has drawn much attentions in recent years, owing to this enzyme involves in many physiological processes via hydrolysis of both endogenous esters and xenobiotic esters. Herein, to real-time monitor the activities of CES1 in various biological systems, a practical and iso form-specific fluorescent probe was developed on the basis of the substrate preference of CES1, as well as the structural and optical properties of BODIPY dyes. After screening of a panel of BODIPY ester derivatives, probe 1 displayed the best combination of specificity,sensitivity, enzymatic kinetics and applicability for monitoring CES1 activities in real samples. This probe was successfully used to detect CESl activities in several biological systems including tissue preparations,living cells, tissue slices and zebrafish. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of probe 1 for screening of CES1 inhibitors were also demonstrated using tissue preparations or living cells as enzyme sources. In summary, a practical and broadly applicable tool for real-time monitoring CES1 in biological systems was developed and well-characterized, which held great promise for further investigations on CES1-associated drug discovery, clinical practice and fundamental research.展开更多
In this paper,there are discussed the informational functions of the living structures,analyzing the properties of the simplest eukaryotic cell as an example of a structural unit of the living unicellular and multicel...In this paper,there are discussed the informational functions of the living structures,analyzing the properties of the simplest eukaryotic cell as an example of a structural unit of the living unicellular and multicellular systems.The initiation of this analysis starts from an older example of an imaginary mechanism,particularly that described by the Maxwell’s demon experiment,which along the history of the information development concepts accompanied the philosophic vision on the structuration of matter and of the living entities,showing that these are actually the result of the intervention of information on the matter available substrate.Particularly,it is shown that the deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)structure is appropriate to store a large quantity of structural information,allowing the transfer of this information by transcription and translation mechanisms to proteins,which act as(re)structuration/transmission informational agents,or the generation of a new cellular daughter structure by a replication process.On the basis of the theory of information in communication channels,applicable also in biological systems,it was discussed the followed line for the evaluation of the quantity of structural information in various cells,demonstrating the evolution of organism complexity by the increase of the structural information quantity from unicellular(bacterium)to human cell.Applying a natural strategy of entropy lowering mainly by heat elimination,folding protein structuration and compartmentalization on the evolutionary scale,the living structures act as dynamic entities assuring their self-organizational structure by a permanent change of matter,energy and information with the environment in an efficient way,following a negative entropic process by internal structuration,similarly with Maxwell’s demon work.It is shown that to assure such a communication with external and internal intracellular structure,it was necessary the development of an own info-operational system of communication and decision,in which the operational“Yes/No”decisional binary(Bit)unit is essential.These revolutionary results show that the cell unit complies with the similar informational functions like the multicellular structure of the human body,organized in seven-type informational components,allowing the informational modeling of the activity of the living biologic structures and the opening of a shortcutting way to mimic the biologic functions in artificial cells.展开更多
The origin of homochirality in living organisms is controversial,stands out of being particularly important and a question which is still not satisfactorily answered.A mental picture of sequence of events that is thou...The origin of homochirality in living organisms is controversial,stands out of being particularly important and a question which is still not satisfactorily answered.A mental picture of sequence of events that is thought to have preceded the existence of chirality in molecules is described.A chemical model to mimic the original abiotic conditions in an attempt to explain the preference of homochirality in living systems was tried.The effect which might have influenced this preference is presented.The surpri...展开更多
Biosystems are complex. Their physiology is well-controlled with various negative feedback signals and processes, it describes by opposite interfering effects which are characterized in the Eastern philosophy by Yin-Y...Biosystems are complex. Their physiology is well-controlled with various negative feedback signals and processes, it describes by opposite interfering effects which are characterized in the Eastern philosophy by Yin-Yang (Y-Y) pairs. Y-Y pairs could be described by the promoter-suppressor pairs in a wide range of physiologic signals creating the homeostasis of the complex system. This type of control appears as fluctuations from the average (mean) value of the signal. The mean carries an ineluctable fluctuation (called pink-noise or 1/f noise). All signals in homeostasis have equal entropy (SE = 1.8), which is the character of the complex equilibrium. The various controlling opposite signals (Y-Y) have different time-scales which change by aging. The processes with smaller time-scale are degraded by aging, but the pink-noise ensures that the deviations of the signals of the healthy homeostatic system remain constant. Meridians are connected to the general transport systems that combined the material and the information transport with the considerable transport networks, like blood, lymph, nerve, cell-junctions, mesenchymal “ground substance” cytoskeletons. The meridians in this meaning only virtual line averaged from multiple realized paths to connect two acupuncture points by the material, energy and information transport processes. The meridian network is designed by various coupling points (acupoints), which could be perturbed by actuating stimulus. Our objective is to describe the meridian system from complexity point of view.展开更多
It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of...It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of mice bone brain, dry seeds of the highest plants, blood lymphocytes of pilots and cosmonauts) and water medium. In model experiments under the chronic ionized radiation in doses comparable with the doses of ionized radiation inside the orbital space stations and during the flight in interplanetary space was shown alike with morphological deviations (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger), the phenomenon of radiation hormezis (Aspergillus niger, mezenchim stem cells), the increasing of the germination of seeds, the decreasing of spontaneous motion activity of spirostoms and DNA damage, chromosome aberrations and the increased radio-sensitivity to adding radiation load in blood lymphocytes. These data testified the fact that the definite factor of ionized radiation effect is the changing of water medium state. Thus under the interplanetary cosmic flight and long stay on the orbit in the region of magnetosphere the studying kinds of radiation first effected on the water medium of organism as a result morpho-functional structures were changed.展开更多
We propose a hypothesis according to which there is a hierarchy of included steady states in living systems. Each steady state is not stable and exists only in a certain frame of time, named characteristic time. Evolu...We propose a hypothesis according to which there is a hierarchy of included steady states in living systems. Each steady state is not stable and exists only in a certain frame of time, named characteristic time. Evolution of system to any steady state leads to a change of boundary conditions for all steady states having lesser characteristic time. It should not be very rapid. In the opposite case, the level of entropy production could change so much that the system achieves a critical unstable point of any included steady state. Passing through the critical point leads to reorganization of the entire hierarchy of the steady states or to the complete collapse of the system as a dissipative structure. Also one should take into account that living systems are the result of long-term biological evolution. The species that are able to maintain their integrity for the longest time interval have evolutionary advantage. Therefore, it is quite likely that difference between current value of the entropy production and value of the entropy production in nearest steady state is small enough to satisfy the laws of linear thermodynamics. Experimental data confirm the hypothesis. Limits of applicability of linear thermodynamics to biological systems are discussed.展开更多
Living organisms are high ordered and organized systems accumulating and successively using low entropy energy to support all the processes needed for life. This low level of entropy is a required condition in order t...Living organisms are high ordered and organized systems accumulating and successively using low entropy energy to support all the processes needed for life. This low level of entropy is a required condition in order to make possible the use of endogenous energy for producing, for example, mechanical work. The commonly accepted picture of condensed matter physics, exclusively considering the perturbative coupling between QED Zero-Point-Field also known as “Quantum Vacuum” and the matter system, is unable to thoroughly explain the true origin of this low entropy energy reservoir and its dynamics. Recent researches instead suggested that energy and mass of every particle or body could be actually considered as arising from Quantum Vacuum dynamics which, in turn, can exhibit, under suitable conditions always occurring in the case of living systems, a coherent behavior characterized by a strong phase correlation between matter and an electromagnetic field trapped inside this ensemble. In this paper the preliminary model of Quantum Vacuum already proposed by author is reformulated in terms of QED coherence in condensed matter showing it is able to explain the origin of internal energy stock of living organisms. Within this theoretical framework, an interpretation of some important experimental results about biophotons emission by living systems under the influence of external stimuli is also proposed, suggesting their origin could also arise from Quantum Vacuum dynamics. This model, as shown, opens very interesting and exciting scenarios of further developments in the understanding of the birth and dynamics of life.展开更多
The article represents the generalizing data for the studying of the effect of hypomagnetic field on physico-chemistry properties of water and bio-objects. It was revealed the changing state of water: increasing of it...The article represents the generalizing data for the studying of the effect of hypomagnetic field on physico-chemistry properties of water and bio-objects. It was revealed the changing state of water: increasing of its oxidation-reduction potential and oxidative properties as magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline, that testifies about the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the germination of seeds of the highest plants, embryonic development of Planorbarius corneus and the changing of energy state of growing mediums for cell culture of mammals. It is supposed that namely the changing state of water is the main component in the effects of weakening of magnetic field on the studying bio-objects.展开更多
The spatial and temporal structuring and functioning of living systems are associated with scaling independent qualitative characteristics (gauge invariance) and quantitative laws (power laws). This is allowed by the ...The spatial and temporal structuring and functioning of living systems are associated with scaling independent qualitative characteristics (gauge invariance) and quantitative laws (power laws). This is allowed by the emergence of new blueprints through the systems merging into ‘Associations for the Reciprocal and Mutual Sharing of Advantages and Dis-Advantages’(ARMSADA). The local actors become more and more mutually integrated into their new global Whole. Then they are more and more independent from their previous local situations of emergence. Reversely (systemic constructal law), the global Whole is more and more integrating local parceners. The relationship between actors within a living system was described using allometric laws, e.g. the metabolic rate of a lot of species was supposed to be proportional to its mass according to a 3/4 exponent power-law (Kleiber’s law). But, according to the gauge invariance paradigm, an other explanation of the invariant scaling of living systems is proposed with a 2/3 power-law. Whatever its level of organization, a living system,‘system of systems’ emerging by embedments and juxtapositions of previous ones, effectively functions in 4 dimensions (VA: the Adult system Volume, and tg: the time of generation, the duration that is necessary to acquire the capacity of reproduction). Looking at the gauge invariance paradigm as a ‘factual’ system, from the quantum of Planck to the Universe as a Whole, a meta-analysis of a database of the systems internal (endophysiotope) and external (ecoexotope) interactions can allow to quantify 45-18 allometric relationships. This allows to evidence a ‘grammar’: 1. Invariant independent processes (power-laws with exponent e= 0);2. Simultaneous limiting interactions regulation processes (e=+1);3. Feedback (e=-1);4. Competition between actors (e= 1/2);5. Optimal exchanges flow (e= 2/3) processes. Brownian motion is the basic fundamental process that governs all functions. From the Monera to the ecosystem levels the increasing of regulation processes allows more and more autonomy of the endophysiotope from the ecoexotope dependence. From the point of view of matter and energy flows, living systems optimize the input and output exchanges at their interface. The greater diversity of regulation processes occurs for the endophysiotope throughput flows. Whatever the organization level, living systems optimize their survival by adjusting ‘the capacity to be hosted’ of their endophysiotope (HOSTED) to the changes of ‘the hosting capacity’ of their ecoexotope (HOSTING).展开更多
In Ambient Assistant Living(AAL) systems, it is a fundamental problem to ensure prompt delivery of detected events, such as irregular heart rate or fall of elderly, to a central processing device(e.g. gateway node). M...In Ambient Assistant Living(AAL) systems, it is a fundamental problem to ensure prompt delivery of detected events, such as irregular heart rate or fall of elderly, to a central processing device(e.g. gateway node). Most of recently proposed MAC protocols for low-power embedded sensing systems(e.g. wireless sensor networks) are designed with energy efficiency as the first goal, so they are not suitable for AAL systems. Although some multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed to address the problem, most of those protocols ignore the cost of channel switching, which can have reverse effect on network performance, especially latency of data delivery. In this paper, we propose a Delay-Sensitive Multi-channel MAC protocol(DS-MMAC) for AAL systems, which can provide high packet delivery ratio and bound low latency for data delivered to the gateway node. The novelty of the protocol is that an efficient distributed time slot scheduling and channel assignment algorithm is combined with the process of route establishment, which takes the channel switching cost into account and reduces endto-end delay to meet the required delay bound of each data flow. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated through extensive simulations. Results show that DS-MMAC can bound low latency for delivering detected events in AAL system to the gateway, while providing high delivery reliability and low energy consumption.展开更多
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a leading cause of arthritis-related morbidity.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as living biopharmaceuticals,have emerged as a potential treatment option due to their anti-inflammator...BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a leading cause of arthritis-related morbidity.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as living biopharmaceuticals,have emerged as a potential treatment option due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.AIM To compare the safety and efficacy of allogenic MSCs(^(Allo)MSCs)vs autologous MSCs(^(Auto)MSCs)in treating KOA in clinical settings.METHODS We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of^(Allo)MSCs vs^(Auto)MSCs in treating KOA.Our systematic search of four databases,including PubMed,Cochrane,Embase,and ClinicalTrials.gov,identified relevant randomized controlled trials(RCTs)reporting MSC-based treatment for KOA and reporting visual analog scale,Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis scores,and adverse events.We assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and calculated risk ratios(RRs)and weighted mean differences[with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)].Our statistical analyses used the R-Studio network meta-packages(version 2023.12.0).The study protocol was pre-registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(ID:CRD42024590866).RESULTS Nineteen RCTs involving 1216 patients with KOA met the inclusion criteria of the study.The network metaanalysis showed that^(Allo)MSCs gave a significant re-duction in visual analog scale scores by 14.91 points(95%CI:-24.52 to-5.30)vs 12.95 points with^(Auto)MSCs(95%CI:-24.42 to-1.48).For Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis score,^(Allo)MSCs led to a significant reduction of 23.12 points(95%CI:-31.15 to-15.10)compared with 12.45 points using^(Auto)MSCs(95%CI:-19.31 to-5.59),thus revealing a significant improvement with^(Allo)MSCs(weighted mean difference:-10.62,95%CI:-21.23 to-0.11).Additionally,^(Auto)MSCs treatment showed a higher risk of joint-related adverse events(RR=1.39,95%CI:1.07-1.79)compared with^(Allo)MSCs(RR=1.13,95%CI:1.01-1.25).CONCLUSION^(Allo)MSCs may offer superior clinical outcomes with a lower risk of adverse events compared with^(Auto)MSCs in the treatment of KOA.However,the need for further RCTs directly comparing the two MSC types is crucial to validate this data,underscoring the importance of our findings in this field.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as a living bio-drug,are being considered as a potential treatment for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-induced acute res-piratory distress syndrome(ARDS)due to their immunomo...BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as a living bio-drug,are being considered as a potential treatment for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-induced acute res-piratory distress syndrome(ARDS)due to their immunomodulatory and repa-rative properties.AIM To synthesize the existing evidence on MSCs and their derivative exosomes for treating COVID-19-induced ARDS,with a focus on the key outcomes of safety and efficacy.METHODS Four databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials assessing MSCs and their derived exosomes for COVID-19-induced ARDS trea-tment.Their safety and efficacy were evaluated based on the duration of mecha-nical ventilation,hospital and intensive care unit stay,6-minute walk distance,mortality rates,and adverse events.Weighted mean differences and odds ratios with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were calculated to estimate treatment out-comes:A network meta-analysis(NMA)evaluated mortality,adverse events,and the number of ventilation-free days.RESULTS Sixteen randomized controlled trials involving 1027 ARDS patients were in-cluded,with 574 receiving MSCs or MSC-derived exosomes.MSC-based therapy did not significantly improve mechanical ventilation duration,ventilation-free days,hospital or intensive care unit stay,or 6-minute walk distance.Sensitivity analysis revealed a significant reduction in mechanical ventilation duration when excluding an outlier(weighted mean difference:-4.84 days;95%CI:-8.21 to-1.47;I2=20%).In contrast,no significant differences were observed in the other outcomes.Mortality and adverse events were comparable between the groups(odds ratio for mortality:0.77;95%CI:0.56-1.06).An NMA of ventilation-free days,mortality,and adverse events revealed no significant difference among MSCs,exosomes,and controls.Exosomes ranked highest in terms of probability of benefit,although without statistical significance.CONCLUSION MSC and exosome-based therapies were found to be safe and associated with a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS.NMA showed that exosome-based therapy matched the benefits of its parent cells,but with practical and logistical advantages.展开更多
About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interven...About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interventions,is still widespread,affecting social and environmental sustainability in cocoa production.In this context,cocoa farmers are still often treated as a homogeneous group of small-scale producers(mainly males),resulting in interventions being conceptualized as one-size-fits-all approaches and failing to deliver support schemes that take farmers’specific conditions appropriately into account.Applying a broader typology approach that combines farm characteristics with farmers’characteristics,this study aims to delineate Ivorian cocoa farmers and their farms into specific types in order to improve advice for targeted sustainability interventions and living income(LI)potentials.Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of a household dataset collected in 2022 in five cocoa-growing regions of Côte d’Ivoire were chosen to identify types of male-headed farms.To assure gender sensitive analysis,a female-headed farm type was created artificially.The specific characteristics of the identified types were captured using descriptive analysis.Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were then applied to examine the relationships between these farm types and various outcomes.Additionally,a binary logistic model was used to estimate the probability of these links in relation to variables relevant for achieving a LI.Finally,Spearman non-parametric correlation was used to identify eventual differences in the strength of relationships between key variables per farm type.Three different types of male-headed farms are identified:type 1(the most productive and diversified farms with larger size),type 2(middle-sized farms with strong focus on cash crops),and type 3(small-sized farms with a good level of diversification for self-consumption).The artificially created type 4 represents female-headed farms with the smallest size.On average,none of these farm types achieves a LI.However,type 1 shows the smallest LI gap,while type 4 is by far the worst.Our analyses reveal underlying socio-economic factors systematically disadvantaging female-headed cocoa farms,most notably limited access to land and other material assets.The key contribution of this study lies in the empirical identification of the different characteristics of farms in a given farming system,thereby identifying the need for targeted support interventions.Type-specific recommendations are made,showing pathways to provide tailored programs to farmers of different types in order to reduce their LI gaps.展开更多
BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular ana...BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular anastomosis to the recipient’s external iliac vein.These anatomical constraints can complicate graft implantation and increase the risk of postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARY To address the issue of short right renal veins,several surgical strategies have been proposed.In this report,we describe our experience with three cases in which venous extension was successfully achieved using a venous cuff interposition technique during back-table reconstruction.This approach was used to facilitate secure vascular anastomosis and improve graft positioning in anatomically complex transplant scenarios.CONCLUSION Venous cuff interposition represents an effective technique for managing short renal veins in living-donor kidney transplantation.It provides additional length and flexibility,easing anastomotic tension and supporting successful transplantation.展开更多
Distinguishing things from beings, or matters from lives, is a fundamental question. Extending E. Schr?dinger's neg-entropy and I. Prigogine's dissipative structure, we propose a chemical kinetic view that the...Distinguishing things from beings, or matters from lives, is a fundamental question. Extending E. Schr?dinger's neg-entropy and I. Prigogine's dissipative structure, we propose a chemical kinetic view that the earliest "live" process is embedded essentially in a special interaction between a pair of specific components under a particular, corresponding environmental conditions. The interaction exists as an inter-molecular-force-bond complex(IMFBC) that couples two separate chemical processes: one is the spontaneous formation of the IMFBC driven by a decrease of Gibbs free energy as a dissipative process; while the other is the disassembly of the IMFBC driven thermodynamically by free energy input from the environment. The two chemical processes coupled by the IMFBC originated independently and were considered non-living on Earth, but the IMFBC coupling of the two can be considered as the earliest form of metabolism: the first landmark on the path from things to a being. The dynamic formation and disassembly of the IMFBC, as a composite individual, follows a principle designated as "… structure for energy for structure for energy…", the cycle continues; and for short it will be referred to as "structure for energy cycle". With additional features derived from this starting point, the IMFBC-centered "live" process spontaneously evolved into more complex living organisms with the characteristics currently known.展开更多
Subject Code:H30With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Basic Research Program of China,the group led by Prof.Ge Guangbo(葛广波)and Prof.Yang Ling(杨凌)from the Laboratory of ...Subject Code:H30With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Basic Research Program of China,the group led by Prof.Ge Guangbo(葛广波)and Prof.Yang Ling(杨凌)from the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,reported a highly specific ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe to detect展开更多
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can noninvasively monitor the intracellular concentrations and kinetic properties of numerous inorganic and organic compounds. These characteristics have made NMR a useful tool for ...Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can noninvasively monitor the intracellular concentrations and kinetic properties of numerous inorganic and organic compounds. These characteristics have made NMR a useful tool for dynamic studies of living systems. Applications of NMR to living systems have successfully extended to many areas, including studies of metabolic regulation, ion transport, and intracellular reaction rates in vivo. The major purpose of this review is to summarize the results that can be obtained by modern NMR techniques in living systems. With the advances of new techniques, NMR measurements of various nuclides have been performed for specific physiological purposes. Although some technical problems still remain and there are still discrepancies between NMR and traditional biochemical results, the abundant and unique information obtained from NMR spectra suggests that NMR will be more extensively applied in future studies of living systems. The fast development of these new techniques is providing many new NMR applications in living systems, as well as in structural biology.展开更多
Enzyme-and catalyst-generated reactive species have been leveraged in the past decade to covalently label biomolecules within a short range of a defined site or space inside cells or at the cell–cell interface.Due to...Enzyme-and catalyst-generated reactive species have been leveraged in the past decade to covalently label biomolecules within a short range of a defined site or space inside cells or at the cell–cell interface.Due to their high spatial resolution,such proximity labeling strategies have been coupled with various bioanalytical techniques for dissecting dynamic and complex biological processes.Here,we review the development of enzyme-and catalyst-triggered proximity chemistry and their applications to identifying protein interaction networks as well as cell–cell communications in living systems.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2019XD-A10)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71731002)。
文摘Living systems are full of astonishing diversity and complexity of life.Despite differences in the length scales and cognitive abilities of these systems,collective motion of large groups of individuals can emerge.It is of great importance to seek for the fundamental principles of collective motion,such as phase transitions and their natures.Via an eigen microstate approach,we have found a discontinuous transition of density and a continuous transition of velocity in the Vicsek models of collective motion,which are identified by the finite-size scaling form of order-parameter.At strong noise,living systems behave like gas.With the decrease of noise,the interactions between the particles of a living system become stronger and make them come closer.The living system experiences then a discontinuous gas-liquid like transition of density.The even stronger interactions at smaller noise make the velocity directions of the particles become ordered and there is a continuous phase transition of collective motion in addition.
文摘An original mathematical model,previously tested by the authors on other non-demographic objects,is proposed for describing and forecasting demographic systems—the population of the countries of the World using the examples of the USA,China and Russia,as well as the number of mice in the“mouse paradise”experiment of the American scientist John Calhoun.The proposed approach allows us to describe the stages and features of this dynamics:population growth in the USA,growth and possible decrease in the population in China,loss of a part of the population of the Russian Empire and the USSR due to two world wars and the collapse of the USSR,biological degradation of the“mouse paradise”up to its complete extinction.The use of the kinetic model of aging of various types of living systems to predict the development of the number of demographic systems is based on the assumptions that the aging and development processes are related to each other and have the same statistical regularity,reflecting the fractal principle of Nature-the unity of structure and function.The results obtained suggest that a person,a population of the World,humanity and other biological species develop and simultaneously age like each other under the conditions of the always existing syndrome of general adaptation(stress)and according to the same pattern corresponding to the mathematical model proposed here.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 21572029, 31600641,81703604, 81773687, 81672961 and 81573501)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2017YFC1700200 and 2017YFC1702000)+2 种基金Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No. 18XD1403600)Shuguang Program (No. 18SG40)supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and the Innovative Entrepreneurship Program of High-level Talents in Dalian (Nos. 2016RQ025 and 2017RQ121)
文摘Carboxylesterase 1(CES1), one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in mammals, has drawn much attentions in recent years, owing to this enzyme involves in many physiological processes via hydrolysis of both endogenous esters and xenobiotic esters. Herein, to real-time monitor the activities of CES1 in various biological systems, a practical and iso form-specific fluorescent probe was developed on the basis of the substrate preference of CES1, as well as the structural and optical properties of BODIPY dyes. After screening of a panel of BODIPY ester derivatives, probe 1 displayed the best combination of specificity,sensitivity, enzymatic kinetics and applicability for monitoring CES1 activities in real samples. This probe was successfully used to detect CESl activities in several biological systems including tissue preparations,living cells, tissue slices and zebrafish. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of probe 1 for screening of CES1 inhibitors were also demonstrated using tissue preparations or living cells as enzyme sources. In summary, a practical and broadly applicable tool for real-time monitoring CES1 in biological systems was developed and well-characterized, which held great promise for further investigations on CES1-associated drug discovery, clinical practice and fundamental research.
文摘In this paper,there are discussed the informational functions of the living structures,analyzing the properties of the simplest eukaryotic cell as an example of a structural unit of the living unicellular and multicellular systems.The initiation of this analysis starts from an older example of an imaginary mechanism,particularly that described by the Maxwell’s demon experiment,which along the history of the information development concepts accompanied the philosophic vision on the structuration of matter and of the living entities,showing that these are actually the result of the intervention of information on the matter available substrate.Particularly,it is shown that the deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)structure is appropriate to store a large quantity of structural information,allowing the transfer of this information by transcription and translation mechanisms to proteins,which act as(re)structuration/transmission informational agents,or the generation of a new cellular daughter structure by a replication process.On the basis of the theory of information in communication channels,applicable also in biological systems,it was discussed the followed line for the evaluation of the quantity of structural information in various cells,demonstrating the evolution of organism complexity by the increase of the structural information quantity from unicellular(bacterium)to human cell.Applying a natural strategy of entropy lowering mainly by heat elimination,folding protein structuration and compartmentalization on the evolutionary scale,the living structures act as dynamic entities assuring their self-organizational structure by a permanent change of matter,energy and information with the environment in an efficient way,following a negative entropic process by internal structuration,similarly with Maxwell’s demon work.It is shown that to assure such a communication with external and internal intracellular structure,it was necessary the development of an own info-operational system of communication and decision,in which the operational“Yes/No”decisional binary(Bit)unit is essential.These revolutionary results show that the cell unit complies with the similar informational functions like the multicellular structure of the human body,organized in seven-type informational components,allowing the informational modeling of the activity of the living biologic structures and the opening of a shortcutting way to mimic the biologic functions in artificial cells.
文摘The origin of homochirality in living organisms is controversial,stands out of being particularly important and a question which is still not satisfactorily answered.A mental picture of sequence of events that is thought to have preceded the existence of chirality in molecules is described.A chemical model to mimic the original abiotic conditions in an attempt to explain the preference of homochirality in living systems was tried.The effect which might have influenced this preference is presented.The surpri...
文摘Biosystems are complex. Their physiology is well-controlled with various negative feedback signals and processes, it describes by opposite interfering effects which are characterized in the Eastern philosophy by Yin-Yang (Y-Y) pairs. Y-Y pairs could be described by the promoter-suppressor pairs in a wide range of physiologic signals creating the homeostasis of the complex system. This type of control appears as fluctuations from the average (mean) value of the signal. The mean carries an ineluctable fluctuation (called pink-noise or 1/f noise). All signals in homeostasis have equal entropy (SE = 1.8), which is the character of the complex equilibrium. The various controlling opposite signals (Y-Y) have different time-scales which change by aging. The processes with smaller time-scale are degraded by aging, but the pink-noise ensures that the deviations of the signals of the healthy homeostatic system remain constant. Meridians are connected to the general transport systems that combined the material and the information transport with the considerable transport networks, like blood, lymph, nerve, cell-junctions, mesenchymal “ground substance” cytoskeletons. The meridians in this meaning only virtual line averaged from multiple realized paths to connect two acupuncture points by the material, energy and information transport processes. The meridian network is designed by various coupling points (acupoints), which could be perturbed by actuating stimulus. Our objective is to describe the meridian system from complexity point of view.
文摘It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of mice bone brain, dry seeds of the highest plants, blood lymphocytes of pilots and cosmonauts) and water medium. In model experiments under the chronic ionized radiation in doses comparable with the doses of ionized radiation inside the orbital space stations and during the flight in interplanetary space was shown alike with morphological deviations (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger), the phenomenon of radiation hormezis (Aspergillus niger, mezenchim stem cells), the increasing of the germination of seeds, the decreasing of spontaneous motion activity of spirostoms and DNA damage, chromosome aberrations and the increased radio-sensitivity to adding radiation load in blood lymphocytes. These data testified the fact that the definite factor of ionized radiation effect is the changing of water medium state. Thus under the interplanetary cosmic flight and long stay on the orbit in the region of magnetosphere the studying kinds of radiation first effected on the water medium of organism as a result morpho-functional structures were changed.
文摘We propose a hypothesis according to which there is a hierarchy of included steady states in living systems. Each steady state is not stable and exists only in a certain frame of time, named characteristic time. Evolution of system to any steady state leads to a change of boundary conditions for all steady states having lesser characteristic time. It should not be very rapid. In the opposite case, the level of entropy production could change so much that the system achieves a critical unstable point of any included steady state. Passing through the critical point leads to reorganization of the entire hierarchy of the steady states or to the complete collapse of the system as a dissipative structure. Also one should take into account that living systems are the result of long-term biological evolution. The species that are able to maintain their integrity for the longest time interval have evolutionary advantage. Therefore, it is quite likely that difference between current value of the entropy production and value of the entropy production in nearest steady state is small enough to satisfy the laws of linear thermodynamics. Experimental data confirm the hypothesis. Limits of applicability of linear thermodynamics to biological systems are discussed.
文摘Living organisms are high ordered and organized systems accumulating and successively using low entropy energy to support all the processes needed for life. This low level of entropy is a required condition in order to make possible the use of endogenous energy for producing, for example, mechanical work. The commonly accepted picture of condensed matter physics, exclusively considering the perturbative coupling between QED Zero-Point-Field also known as “Quantum Vacuum” and the matter system, is unable to thoroughly explain the true origin of this low entropy energy reservoir and its dynamics. Recent researches instead suggested that energy and mass of every particle or body could be actually considered as arising from Quantum Vacuum dynamics which, in turn, can exhibit, under suitable conditions always occurring in the case of living systems, a coherent behavior characterized by a strong phase correlation between matter and an electromagnetic field trapped inside this ensemble. In this paper the preliminary model of Quantum Vacuum already proposed by author is reformulated in terms of QED coherence in condensed matter showing it is able to explain the origin of internal energy stock of living organisms. Within this theoretical framework, an interpretation of some important experimental results about biophotons emission by living systems under the influence of external stimuli is also proposed, suggesting their origin could also arise from Quantum Vacuum dynamics. This model, as shown, opens very interesting and exciting scenarios of further developments in the understanding of the birth and dynamics of life.
文摘The article represents the generalizing data for the studying of the effect of hypomagnetic field on physico-chemistry properties of water and bio-objects. It was revealed the changing state of water: increasing of its oxidation-reduction potential and oxidative properties as magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline, that testifies about the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the germination of seeds of the highest plants, embryonic development of Planorbarius corneus and the changing of energy state of growing mediums for cell culture of mammals. It is supposed that namely the changing state of water is the main component in the effects of weakening of magnetic field on the studying bio-objects.
文摘The spatial and temporal structuring and functioning of living systems are associated with scaling independent qualitative characteristics (gauge invariance) and quantitative laws (power laws). This is allowed by the emergence of new blueprints through the systems merging into ‘Associations for the Reciprocal and Mutual Sharing of Advantages and Dis-Advantages’(ARMSADA). The local actors become more and more mutually integrated into their new global Whole. Then they are more and more independent from their previous local situations of emergence. Reversely (systemic constructal law), the global Whole is more and more integrating local parceners. The relationship between actors within a living system was described using allometric laws, e.g. the metabolic rate of a lot of species was supposed to be proportional to its mass according to a 3/4 exponent power-law (Kleiber’s law). But, according to the gauge invariance paradigm, an other explanation of the invariant scaling of living systems is proposed with a 2/3 power-law. Whatever its level of organization, a living system,‘system of systems’ emerging by embedments and juxtapositions of previous ones, effectively functions in 4 dimensions (VA: the Adult system Volume, and tg: the time of generation, the duration that is necessary to acquire the capacity of reproduction). Looking at the gauge invariance paradigm as a ‘factual’ system, from the quantum of Planck to the Universe as a Whole, a meta-analysis of a database of the systems internal (endophysiotope) and external (ecoexotope) interactions can allow to quantify 45-18 allometric relationships. This allows to evidence a ‘grammar’: 1. Invariant independent processes (power-laws with exponent e= 0);2. Simultaneous limiting interactions regulation processes (e=+1);3. Feedback (e=-1);4. Competition between actors (e= 1/2);5. Optimal exchanges flow (e= 2/3) processes. Brownian motion is the basic fundamental process that governs all functions. From the Monera to the ecosystem levels the increasing of regulation processes allows more and more autonomy of the endophysiotope from the ecoexotope dependence. From the point of view of matter and energy flows, living systems optimize the input and output exchanges at their interface. The greater diversity of regulation processes occurs for the endophysiotope throughput flows. Whatever the organization level, living systems optimize their survival by adjusting ‘the capacity to be hosted’ of their endophysiotope (HOSTED) to the changes of ‘the hosting capacity’ of their ecoexotope (HOSTING).
基金supported by the International S&T Cooperation Program of China (ISTCP) under Grant No. 2013DFA10690the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 61100180
文摘In Ambient Assistant Living(AAL) systems, it is a fundamental problem to ensure prompt delivery of detected events, such as irregular heart rate or fall of elderly, to a central processing device(e.g. gateway node). Most of recently proposed MAC protocols for low-power embedded sensing systems(e.g. wireless sensor networks) are designed with energy efficiency as the first goal, so they are not suitable for AAL systems. Although some multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed to address the problem, most of those protocols ignore the cost of channel switching, which can have reverse effect on network performance, especially latency of data delivery. In this paper, we propose a Delay-Sensitive Multi-channel MAC protocol(DS-MMAC) for AAL systems, which can provide high packet delivery ratio and bound low latency for data delivered to the gateway node. The novelty of the protocol is that an efficient distributed time slot scheduling and channel assignment algorithm is combined with the process of route establishment, which takes the channel switching cost into account and reduces endto-end delay to meet the required delay bound of each data flow. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated through extensive simulations. Results show that DS-MMAC can bound low latency for delivering detected events in AAL system to the gateway, while providing high delivery reliability and low energy consumption.
文摘BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a leading cause of arthritis-related morbidity.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as living biopharmaceuticals,have emerged as a potential treatment option due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.AIM To compare the safety and efficacy of allogenic MSCs(^(Allo)MSCs)vs autologous MSCs(^(Auto)MSCs)in treating KOA in clinical settings.METHODS We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of^(Allo)MSCs vs^(Auto)MSCs in treating KOA.Our systematic search of four databases,including PubMed,Cochrane,Embase,and ClinicalTrials.gov,identified relevant randomized controlled trials(RCTs)reporting MSC-based treatment for KOA and reporting visual analog scale,Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis scores,and adverse events.We assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and calculated risk ratios(RRs)and weighted mean differences[with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)].Our statistical analyses used the R-Studio network meta-packages(version 2023.12.0).The study protocol was pre-registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(ID:CRD42024590866).RESULTS Nineteen RCTs involving 1216 patients with KOA met the inclusion criteria of the study.The network metaanalysis showed that^(Allo)MSCs gave a significant re-duction in visual analog scale scores by 14.91 points(95%CI:-24.52 to-5.30)vs 12.95 points with^(Auto)MSCs(95%CI:-24.42 to-1.48).For Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis score,^(Allo)MSCs led to a significant reduction of 23.12 points(95%CI:-31.15 to-15.10)compared with 12.45 points using^(Auto)MSCs(95%CI:-19.31 to-5.59),thus revealing a significant improvement with^(Allo)MSCs(weighted mean difference:-10.62,95%CI:-21.23 to-0.11).Additionally,^(Auto)MSCs treatment showed a higher risk of joint-related adverse events(RR=1.39,95%CI:1.07-1.79)compared with^(Allo)MSCs(RR=1.13,95%CI:1.01-1.25).CONCLUSION^(Allo)MSCs may offer superior clinical outcomes with a lower risk of adverse events compared with^(Auto)MSCs in the treatment of KOA.However,the need for further RCTs directly comparing the two MSC types is crucial to validate this data,underscoring the importance of our findings in this field.
文摘BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),as a living bio-drug,are being considered as a potential treatment for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-induced acute res-piratory distress syndrome(ARDS)due to their immunomodulatory and repa-rative properties.AIM To synthesize the existing evidence on MSCs and their derivative exosomes for treating COVID-19-induced ARDS,with a focus on the key outcomes of safety and efficacy.METHODS Four databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials assessing MSCs and their derived exosomes for COVID-19-induced ARDS trea-tment.Their safety and efficacy were evaluated based on the duration of mecha-nical ventilation,hospital and intensive care unit stay,6-minute walk distance,mortality rates,and adverse events.Weighted mean differences and odds ratios with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were calculated to estimate treatment out-comes:A network meta-analysis(NMA)evaluated mortality,adverse events,and the number of ventilation-free days.RESULTS Sixteen randomized controlled trials involving 1027 ARDS patients were in-cluded,with 574 receiving MSCs or MSC-derived exosomes.MSC-based therapy did not significantly improve mechanical ventilation duration,ventilation-free days,hospital or intensive care unit stay,or 6-minute walk distance.Sensitivity analysis revealed a significant reduction in mechanical ventilation duration when excluding an outlier(weighted mean difference:-4.84 days;95%CI:-8.21 to-1.47;I2=20%).In contrast,no significant differences were observed in the other outcomes.Mortality and adverse events were comparable between the groups(odds ratio for mortality:0.77;95%CI:0.56-1.06).An NMA of ventilation-free days,mortality,and adverse events revealed no significant difference among MSCs,exosomes,and controls.Exosomes ranked highest in terms of probability of benefit,although without statistical significance.CONCLUSION MSC and exosome-based therapies were found to be safe and associated with a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS.NMA showed that exosome-based therapy matched the benefits of its parent cells,but with practical and logistical advantages.
基金This work was conducted in the frame of the accompanying research on strategies for improving farmer families’incomes and sustainable cocoa production funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ).
文摘About 44%of the world’s cocoa is produced in one single country,Côte d’Ivoire.Providing this important raw material,most Ivorian cocoa farmers live in severe poverty,which,despite a multitude of sector interventions,is still widespread,affecting social and environmental sustainability in cocoa production.In this context,cocoa farmers are still often treated as a homogeneous group of small-scale producers(mainly males),resulting in interventions being conceptualized as one-size-fits-all approaches and failing to deliver support schemes that take farmers’specific conditions appropriately into account.Applying a broader typology approach that combines farm characteristics with farmers’characteristics,this study aims to delineate Ivorian cocoa farmers and their farms into specific types in order to improve advice for targeted sustainability interventions and living income(LI)potentials.Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of a household dataset collected in 2022 in five cocoa-growing regions of Côte d’Ivoire were chosen to identify types of male-headed farms.To assure gender sensitive analysis,a female-headed farm type was created artificially.The specific characteristics of the identified types were captured using descriptive analysis.Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were then applied to examine the relationships between these farm types and various outcomes.Additionally,a binary logistic model was used to estimate the probability of these links in relation to variables relevant for achieving a LI.Finally,Spearman non-parametric correlation was used to identify eventual differences in the strength of relationships between key variables per farm type.Three different types of male-headed farms are identified:type 1(the most productive and diversified farms with larger size),type 2(middle-sized farms with strong focus on cash crops),and type 3(small-sized farms with a good level of diversification for self-consumption).The artificially created type 4 represents female-headed farms with the smallest size.On average,none of these farm types achieves a LI.However,type 1 shows the smallest LI gap,while type 4 is by far the worst.Our analyses reveal underlying socio-economic factors systematically disadvantaging female-headed cocoa farms,most notably limited access to land and other material assets.The key contribution of this study lies in the empirical identification of the different characteristics of farms in a given farming system,thereby identifying the need for targeted support interventions.Type-specific recommendations are made,showing pathways to provide tailored programs to farmers of different types in order to reduce their LI gaps.
文摘BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular anastomosis to the recipient’s external iliac vein.These anatomical constraints can complicate graft implantation and increase the risk of postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARY To address the issue of short right renal veins,several surgical strategies have been proposed.In this report,we describe our experience with three cases in which venous extension was successfully achieved using a venous cuff interposition technique during back-table reconstruction.This approach was used to facilitate secure vascular anastomosis and improve graft positioning in anatomically complex transplant scenarios.CONCLUSION Venous cuff interposition represents an effective technique for managing short renal veins in living-donor kidney transplantation.It provides additional length and flexibility,easing anastomotic tension and supporting successful transplantation.
基金supported by MST (2003CB715906 to Shunong Bai)National Natural Science Foundation of China (11021463 to Qi Ouyang)
文摘Distinguishing things from beings, or matters from lives, is a fundamental question. Extending E. Schr?dinger's neg-entropy and I. Prigogine's dissipative structure, we propose a chemical kinetic view that the earliest "live" process is embedded essentially in a special interaction between a pair of specific components under a particular, corresponding environmental conditions. The interaction exists as an inter-molecular-force-bond complex(IMFBC) that couples two separate chemical processes: one is the spontaneous formation of the IMFBC driven by a decrease of Gibbs free energy as a dissipative process; while the other is the disassembly of the IMFBC driven thermodynamically by free energy input from the environment. The two chemical processes coupled by the IMFBC originated independently and were considered non-living on Earth, but the IMFBC coupling of the two can be considered as the earliest form of metabolism: the first landmark on the path from things to a being. The dynamic formation and disassembly of the IMFBC, as a composite individual, follows a principle designated as "… structure for energy for structure for energy…", the cycle continues; and for short it will be referred to as "structure for energy cycle". With additional features derived from this starting point, the IMFBC-centered "live" process spontaneously evolved into more complex living organisms with the characteristics currently known.
文摘Subject Code:H30With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Basic Research Program of China,the group led by Prof.Ge Guangbo(葛广波)and Prof.Yang Ling(杨凌)from the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,reported a highly specific ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe to detect
基金Supported by the"985" F oundation and the THSJZ ofTsinghua Universit
文摘Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can noninvasively monitor the intracellular concentrations and kinetic properties of numerous inorganic and organic compounds. These characteristics have made NMR a useful tool for dynamic studies of living systems. Applications of NMR to living systems have successfully extended to many areas, including studies of metabolic regulation, ion transport, and intracellular reaction rates in vivo. The major purpose of this review is to summarize the results that can be obtained by modern NMR techniques in living systems. With the advances of new techniques, NMR measurements of various nuclides have been performed for specific physiological purposes. Although some technical problems still remain and there are still discrepancies between NMR and traditional biochemical results, the abundant and unique information obtained from NMR spectra suggests that NMR will be more extensively applied in future studies of living systems. The fast development of these new techniques is providing many new NMR applications in living systems, as well as in structural biology.
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.21937001,22222701,22137001,91957101,and 22077004)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(grant nos.2022YFA1304700,2019YFA0904201,and 2021YFA1302603)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant no.Z200010).
文摘Enzyme-and catalyst-generated reactive species have been leveraged in the past decade to covalently label biomolecules within a short range of a defined site or space inside cells or at the cell–cell interface.Due to their high spatial resolution,such proximity labeling strategies have been coupled with various bioanalytical techniques for dissecting dynamic and complex biological processes.Here,we review the development of enzyme-and catalyst-triggered proximity chemistry and their applications to identifying protein interaction networks as well as cell–cell communications in living systems.
