The current electrolytic processes for magnesium(Mg)metal have several disadvantages,such as anhydrous magnesium chloride(MgCl_(2))preparation and generation of harmful chlorine(Cl_(2))gas.To overcome these drawbacks,...The current electrolytic processes for magnesium(Mg)metal have several disadvantages,such as anhydrous magnesium chloride(MgCl_(2))preparation and generation of harmful chlorine(Cl_(2))gas.To overcome these drawbacks,a novel Mg production process to produce high-purity Mg metal directly from magnesium oxide(MgO)was investigated in this study.The electrolysis of MgO was conducted using a liquid tin(Sn)cathode and a carbon(C)anode in the eutectic composition of a magnesium fluoride(MgF_(2))-lithium fluoride(LiF)molten salt under an applied voltage of 2.5 V at 1053-1113 K.Under certain conditions,the Mg-Sn alloys with Mg_(2)Sn and Mg(Sn)phases were obtained with a current efficiency of 86.6%at 1053 K.To produce high-purity Mg metal from the Mg-Sn alloy,vacuum distillation was conducted at 1200-1300 K for a duration of 5-10 h.Following the vacuum distillation,the concentration of Mg in the Mg-Sn alloy feed decreased from 34.1 to 0.17 mass%,and Mg metal with a purity of 99.999%was obtained at 1200 K.Therefore,the electrolytic process developed here is feasible for the production of high-purity Mg metal from MgO using an efficient method.展开更多
Laser-induced discharge plasmas(LDPs) have the potential to be inspection and metrology sources in extreme ultraviolet(EUV) lithography. An LDP EUV source was developed to avoid tin electrode erosion in which a tin po...Laser-induced discharge plasmas(LDPs) have the potential to be inspection and metrology sources in extreme ultraviolet(EUV) lithography. An LDP EUV source was developed to avoid tin electrode erosion in which a tin pool was used as a cathode. A CO2 pulse laser was focused on the liquid tin target surface, and then a breakdown occurred in a very short time. The voltage-current characteristics of the discharge oscillated, lasting for several microseconds, and an RLC fitting model was used to obtain the inductance and resistance. An intensified chargecoupled device(ICCD) camera was used to investigate the dynamics of LDP, which can explain the formation of a discharge channel. The EUV spectra of laser-induced liquid tin discharge plasma were detected by a grazing incident ultraviolet spectrometer, compared with a laser-produced tin droplet plasma EUV spectrum. To explain the EUV spectrum difference of laser-induced liquid tin discharge plasma and laser-produced tin droplet plasma,the collision radiation(CR) model combined with COWAN code was used to fit the experimental EUV spectrum, which can estimate the electron temperature and density of the plasma.展开更多
The bias voltage-enhanced plasma was utilized to investigate the compatibility of liquid tin and CPS(capillary porous system)in Sichuan University Plasma Surface Interaction(SCU-PSI).Prewetted(through static heating m...The bias voltage-enhanced plasma was utilized to investigate the compatibility of liquid tin and CPS(capillary porous system)in Sichuan University Plasma Surface Interaction(SCU-PSI).Prewetted(through static heating method)and unwetted(without preheating)Sn-CPS were prepared and then irradiated by different bias voltage-driven plasma.In comparison to bare CPS exposed to plasma,the Sn wetted CPS showed slightly internal and external morphology variation after plasma irradiation with+20 V and−20 V bias voltage.However,for unwetted Sn-CPS samples,the CPS revealed varying degrees of damage along with a range of bias voltage(0 V to−16 V),which has not been observed before.It is interesting that there is no obvious surface structure change or damage for bare CPS after the irradiation of plasma and corrosion of liquid tin from other report.The inside mechanism still needs further investigation.展开更多
The lack of experimental data and / or limited experimental information concerning both surface and transport properties of liquid alloys often require the prediction of these quantities. An attempt has been made to l...The lack of experimental data and / or limited experimental information concerning both surface and transport properties of liquid alloys often require the prediction of these quantities. An attempt has been made to link the thermophysical properties of a ternary Cu-Sn-Ti system and its binary Cu-Sn, Cu-Ti and SnoTi subsystems with the bulk through the study of the concentration dependence of various thermodynamic, structural, surface and dynamic properties in the frame of the statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with the quasi-lattice theory （QLT）. This formalism provides valuable qualitative insight into mixing processes that occur in molten alloys.展开更多
The degradation mechanism of an Sn_4P_3 electrode as Na-ion battery anode was investigated by using a transmission electron microscopic observation. At the first desodiation, we confirmed that Sn nanoparticles with 6 ...The degradation mechanism of an Sn_4P_3 electrode as Na-ion battery anode was investigated by using a transmission electron microscopic observation. At the first desodiation, we confirmed that Sn nanoparticles with 6 nm in size were dispersed in an amorphous-like P matrix.Compared to this, we observed aggregated Sn particles with sizes exceeding 50 nm after the drastic capacity fading. The capacity fading mechanism was for the first time confirmed to be Sn aggregation. To improve the capacity decay, we carried out the two kinds of chargeàdischarge cycling tests under the reduced volume changes of Sn particles and P matrix by limiting desodiation reactions of Nae Sn and Na3P, respectively. The Sn_4P_3 electrode exhibited an excellent cyclability with the discharge capacity of 500 mA hg^(-1) for 420 cycles under the limited desodiation, whereas the capacity decay was accelerated under the limited sodiation. The results suggest that the Sn aggregation can be improved by the reduced volume change of the P matrix, and that it is very effective for improving anode performance of Sn_4P_3 electrode.展开更多
In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displ...In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) immediately.In this study,the basic sensor was the tin oxide pH electrode,which was fabricated by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering system on the indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate.Moreover,the major blocks of the system consist of the tin oxide electrode-based ion selective electrodes (ISEs),an analog front-ended readout circuit,a microcontroller with built-in analog to digital (A/D) converter.In addition,by the embedded system design,the measurement results can be transmitted to a portable system or computer through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) interface immediately.According to the experimental results,the multi-sensing system has high performance and reliability for pH,K^+,and Na^+ detection.展开更多
The compatibility of the austenitic AISI 304 steel with Pb-Bi-Sn alloy was analyzed. The AISI 304 steels were immersed in stagnant molten Pb-33.3Bi-33. 3Sn alloy at 400, 500 and 600℃ for different exposure times （10...The compatibility of the austenitic AISI 304 steel with Pb-Bi-Sn alloy was analyzed. The AISI 304 steels were immersed in stagnant molten Pb-33.3Bi-33. 3Sn alloy at 400, 500 and 600℃ for different exposure times （100-2 000 h） respectively. XRay diffraction spectrum （XRD） with a Y-4Q system （CuKα,λ= 0. 154 78 nm） was used to identify the phases on the surface of specimens after exposing to Pb-Bi-Sn liquid metal （LM）. The surface and cross section of the specimens were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. The result showed that a FeSn alloy layer on the surface of all specimens was formed, and it prevented AISI 304 steel matrix from penetration attack and loss of alloy elements at 400 and 500 ℃.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Council of Science and Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.CRC-1506-KIGAM)。
文摘The current electrolytic processes for magnesium(Mg)metal have several disadvantages,such as anhydrous magnesium chloride(MgCl_(2))preparation and generation of harmful chlorine(Cl_(2))gas.To overcome these drawbacks,a novel Mg production process to produce high-purity Mg metal directly from magnesium oxide(MgO)was investigated in this study.The electrolysis of MgO was conducted using a liquid tin(Sn)cathode and a carbon(C)anode in the eutectic composition of a magnesium fluoride(MgF_(2))-lithium fluoride(LiF)molten salt under an applied voltage of 2.5 V at 1053-1113 K.Under certain conditions,the Mg-Sn alloys with Mg_(2)Sn and Mg(Sn)phases were obtained with a current efficiency of 86.6%at 1053 K.To produce high-purity Mg metal from the Mg-Sn alloy,vacuum distillation was conducted at 1200-1300 K for a duration of 5-10 h.Following the vacuum distillation,the concentration of Mg in the Mg-Sn alloy feed decreased from 34.1 to 0.17 mass%,and Mg metal with a purity of 99.999%was obtained at 1200 K.Therefore,the electrolytic process developed here is feasible for the production of high-purity Mg metal from MgO using an efficient method.
文摘Laser-induced discharge plasmas(LDPs) have the potential to be inspection and metrology sources in extreme ultraviolet(EUV) lithography. An LDP EUV source was developed to avoid tin electrode erosion in which a tin pool was used as a cathode. A CO2 pulse laser was focused on the liquid tin target surface, and then a breakdown occurred in a very short time. The voltage-current characteristics of the discharge oscillated, lasting for several microseconds, and an RLC fitting model was used to obtain the inductance and resistance. An intensified chargecoupled device(ICCD) camera was used to investigate the dynamics of LDP, which can explain the formation of a discharge channel. The EUV spectra of laser-induced liquid tin discharge plasma were detected by a grazing incident ultraviolet spectrometer, compared with a laser-produced tin droplet plasma EUV spectrum. To explain the EUV spectrum difference of laser-induced liquid tin discharge plasma and laser-produced tin droplet plasma,the collision radiation(CR) model combined with COWAN code was used to fit the experimental EUV spectrum, which can estimate the electron temperature and density of the plasma.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2019SCU12072)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M663487)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11875198 and 11905151)the Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91426303)Kun Zhang is grateful to the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for its financial support.
文摘The bias voltage-enhanced plasma was utilized to investigate the compatibility of liquid tin and CPS(capillary porous system)in Sichuan University Plasma Surface Interaction(SCU-PSI).Prewetted(through static heating method)and unwetted(without preheating)Sn-CPS were prepared and then irradiated by different bias voltage-driven plasma.In comparison to bare CPS exposed to plasma,the Sn wetted CPS showed slightly internal and external morphology variation after plasma irradiation with+20 V and−20 V bias voltage.However,for unwetted Sn-CPS samples,the CPS revealed varying degrees of damage along with a range of bias voltage(0 V to−16 V),which has not been observed before.It is interesting that there is no obvious surface structure change or damage for bare CPS after the irradiation of plasma and corrosion of liquid tin from other report.The inside mechanism still needs further investigation.
基金This work was financially supported by THERMOLAB - ESA MAP PROJECT, Contract No. AO-99-022. A part of this work was performed in the framework of the E.C. action COST 531 project: "Lead-free solder materials".
文摘The lack of experimental data and / or limited experimental information concerning both surface and transport properties of liquid alloys often require the prediction of these quantities. An attempt has been made to link the thermophysical properties of a ternary Cu-Sn-Ti system and its binary Cu-Sn, Cu-Ti and SnoTi subsystems with the bulk through the study of the concentration dependence of various thermodynamic, structural, surface and dynamic properties in the frame of the statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with the quasi-lattice theory （QLT）. This formalism provides valuable qualitative insight into mixing processes that occur in molten alloys.
基金partially supported by Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program(ALCA,16200610802)Joint Usage/Research Program on Zero-Emission Energy Research,Institute for Applied Ecology,Kyoto University(ZE29A-14,ZE30A-05,ZE30A-06)+1 种基金Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(Grant Number 17H03128,17K17888,16K05954)supported by "Advanced Characterization Nanotechnology Platform,Nanotechnology Platform Program of the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT),Japan" at the Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy in Osaka University(A-17-OS-0020,A-18-S-0002)
文摘The degradation mechanism of an Sn_4P_3 electrode as Na-ion battery anode was investigated by using a transmission electron microscopic observation. At the first desodiation, we confirmed that Sn nanoparticles with 6 nm in size were dispersed in an amorphous-like P matrix.Compared to this, we observed aggregated Sn particles with sizes exceeding 50 nm after the drastic capacity fading. The capacity fading mechanism was for the first time confirmed to be Sn aggregation. To improve the capacity decay, we carried out the two kinds of chargeàdischarge cycling tests under the reduced volume changes of Sn particles and P matrix by limiting desodiation reactions of Nae Sn and Na3P, respectively. The Sn_4P_3 electrode exhibited an excellent cyclability with the discharge capacity of 500 mA hg^(-1) for 420 cycles under the limited desodiation, whereas the capacity decay was accelerated under the limited sodiation. The results suggest that the Sn aggregation can be improved by the reduced volume change of the P matrix, and that it is very effective for improving anode performance of Sn_4P_3 electrode.
文摘In this study,the multi-sensing system based on the tin oxide pH electrode for the ion-determination was presented. With the advantages of the real-time supervisory control apparatus,the measured values could be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) immediately.In this study,the basic sensor was the tin oxide pH electrode,which was fabricated by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering system on the indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate.Moreover,the major blocks of the system consist of the tin oxide electrode-based ion selective electrodes (ISEs),an analog front-ended readout circuit,a microcontroller with built-in analog to digital (A/D) converter.In addition,by the embedded system design,the measurement results can be transmitted to a portable system or computer through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) interface immediately.According to the experimental results,the multi-sensing system has high performance and reliability for pH,K^+,and Na^+ detection.
基金Item Sponsored by Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Nuclear Fuel and Materials of China(2009C7001)
文摘The compatibility of the austenitic AISI 304 steel with Pb-Bi-Sn alloy was analyzed. The AISI 304 steels were immersed in stagnant molten Pb-33.3Bi-33. 3Sn alloy at 400, 500 and 600℃ for different exposure times （100-2 000 h） respectively. XRay diffraction spectrum （XRD） with a Y-4Q system （CuKα,λ= 0. 154 78 nm） was used to identify the phases on the surface of specimens after exposing to Pb-Bi-Sn liquid metal （LM）. The surface and cross section of the specimens were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX）. The result showed that a FeSn alloy layer on the surface of all specimens was formed, and it prevented AISI 304 steel matrix from penetration attack and loss of alloy elements at 400 and 500 ℃.
