This paper explores the effect of a liquid lithium curtain on fusion reactor plasma, such curtain is utilized as the first wall for the engineering outline design of the Fusion Experimental Breeder （FEB-E）. The rela...This paper explores the effect of a liquid lithium curtain on fusion reactor plasma, such curtain is utilized as the first wall for the engineering outline design of the Fusion Experimental Breeder （FEB-E）. The relationships between the surface temperature of a liquid lithium curtain and the effective plasma charge, fuel dilution and fusion power production have been derived. Results indicate that under normal operation, the evaporation of liquid lithium does not seriously affect the effective plasma charge, but effects on fuel dilution and fusion power are more sensitive. As an example, it has investigated the relationships between the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity and the rise of surface temperature based on operation scenario II of the FEB-E design with reversed shear configuration and high power density. Results show that even if the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity is as low as 0.5 m/s, the effects of evaporation from the liquid lithium curtain on plasma are negligible. In the present design, the sputtering of liquid lithium curtain and the particle removal effects of the divertor are not yet considered in detail. Further studies are in progress, and in this work implication of lithium erosion and divertor physics on fusion reactor operation are discussed.展开更多
In the IFMIF （International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility）, high-intensity deuteron ion beam is targeted at flowing liquid Li to produce neutron for long-time irradiation test of fusion materials. Radioactiv...In the IFMIF （International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility）, high-intensity deuteron ion beam is targeted at flowing liquid Li to produce neutron for long-time irradiation test of fusion materials. Radioactive tritium （T） will be produced as by-product of the D-Li reaction. Y hot trap is expected as an effective system to recover T from the liquid Li target loop. In the present study, absorption behavior of hydrogen isotopes in Y plates is experimentally and analytically investigated under stirring conditions of liquid Li. Experiments clarified that H2 absorption rates of solid Y immersed in Li are independent of the rotating rate in the range of 0 to 100 rpm and are in proportion to the inlet H2 concentration. The rate-determining step is H diffusion in Y. A mass-transfer coefficient is a useful parameter to correlate the overall H transfer from the gaseous phase through liquid Li to the solid Y plate. The effect of activation temperature on the overall performance when Y absorbs H is comparatively investigated. It is considered that heating at 673 K is effective to activate Y along with HF treatment.展开更多
In order to investigate the temperature effect on the stopping power of liquid lithium material for keV D＋, the excitation functions of the α-particle yields for the 6Li（d,α）4He reaction in liquid lithium （495-6...In order to investigate the temperature effect on the stopping power of liquid lithium material for keV D＋, the excitation functions of the α-particle yields for the 6Li（d,α）4He reaction in liquid lithium （495-600 K） have been measured for the bombarding energies from 50 to 70 keV by 2.5 keV steps. The observations show that the thick-target α-yield increases statistically as lithium temperature increases. These phenomena revealed that the only possible reason is a temperature effect on the stopping power, i.e., increasing temperature resulting in a lower stopping power. As the lithium temperature increased from 495 to 600 K, the energy loss of deuterons decreased about 6.7% in the energy region of E〈70 keV.展开更多
Tin mono-sulphide（Sn S） nanoparticles（Nps） have been successfully synthesised through ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal method using hydrated tin（II） chloride as a precursor, thiourea as sulphur source precurso...Tin mono-sulphide（Sn S） nanoparticles（Nps） have been successfully synthesised through ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal method using hydrated tin（II） chloride as a precursor, thiourea as sulphur source precursors using 2-Methoxy ethyl methyl imidazolium methane sulfonate ionic liquid as co-solvent. The Reitveld refinement on powder X-ray diffraction（PXRD） confirmed the presence of orthorhombic Sn S structure as major phase along with traces amount of Sn S2 and Sn2 S3. Diffuse reflectance spectrum studies revealed the energy band gap around 1.38 e V. TEM images confirmed the Sn S Nps with average particle size of 40 nm and HRTEM suggest good crystallinity. The electrochemical property for lithium storage behaviour shows an initial discharge capacity of 658 m Ah/g and it retains discharge capacity of 426 m Ah/g for 16 cycles, at current density 100 m A/g. The obtained results indicate that Sn S Nps to be one of the possible promising anode materials for next generation Lithium batteries. Photoluminescence study of Sn S Nps shows a strong green emission at 530 nm. Sn S Nps were also tested for the photocatalytic adsorption of methylene blue and Rhodamine B.展开更多
In this paper we report the results of combined cycle- and life-aging and abuse tests carried out under severe conditions on Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>/LiFePO<sub...In this paper we report the results of combined cycle- and life-aging and abuse tests carried out under severe conditions on Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>/LiFePO<sub>4</sub> lithium-ion stacked prototypes using a PYR<sub>14</sub> FSI-LiTFSI ionic liquid electrolyte. No relevant degradation phenomena took place within ionic liquid electrolyte during prolonged inactivity period or overcharging. No fire/explosion or venting event as well as no gas development occurred during abuse tests, which led only to modest raise in temperature. Therefore, electrodes based on Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and LiFePO<sub>4</sub> active materials can be favorably combined with non-volatile and non-flammable pyrrolidinium FSI ionic liquid electrolytes to realize highly safe lithium-ion battery systems.展开更多
Hybrid liquid/solid electrolytes（HLSEs） consisting of conventional organic liquid electrolyte（LE）, polyacrylonitrile（PAN）, and ceramic lithium ion conductor Li（1.5）Al（0.5）Ge（1.5）（PO4）3（LAGP） are propos...Hybrid liquid/solid electrolytes（HLSEs） consisting of conventional organic liquid electrolyte（LE）, polyacrylonitrile（PAN）, and ceramic lithium ion conductor Li（1.5）Al（0.5）Ge（1.5）（PO4）3（LAGP） are proposed and investigated. The HLSE has a high ionic conductivity of over 2.25 × 10^（-3） S/cm at 25？C, and an extended electrochemical window of up to 4.8 V versus Li/Li＋. The Li｜HLSE｜Li symmetric cells and Li｜HLSE｜Li FePO4 cells exhibit small interfacial area specific resistances（ASRs） comparable to that of LE while much smaller than that of ceramic LAGP electrolyte, and excellent performance at room temperature. Bis（trifluoromethane sulfonimide） salt in HLSE significantly affects the properties and electrochemical behaviors. Side reactions can be effectively suppressed by lowering the concentration of Li salt. It is a feasible strategy for pursuing the high energy density batteries with higher safety.展开更多
1 Introduction Salt lakes are widely distributed in the western of China,especially in the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.A series of salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin,located in Qinghai Province,China,is famous fo...1 Introduction Salt lakes are widely distributed in the western of China,especially in the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.A series of salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin,located in Qinghai Province,China,is famous for their abundance of lithium,potassium and boron resources(Zheng et al,1988;Deng et al,2012).It is well known that the展开更多
Magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） pressure drop in the Chinese Dual Functional Liquid Lithium-lead Test Blanket Module （DFLL-TBM） proposed for ITER is discussed in this paper. Electrical insulation between the coolant cha...Magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） pressure drop in the Chinese Dual Functional Liquid Lithium-lead Test Blanket Module （DFLL-TBM） proposed for ITER is discussed in this paper. Electrical insulation between the coolant channel surfaces and the liquid metal is required to reduce the MHD pressure drop to a manageable level. Insulation can be provided by a thin insulating coating, such as Al2O3, which can also serve as a tritium barrier layer, at the channel surfaces in contact with LiPb. The coating＇s effectiveness for reducing the MHD pressure drop is analysed through three-dimensional numerical simulation. A MHD-based commercial computational fluid dynamic （CFD） software FLUENT is used to simulate the LiPb flow. The effect on the MHD pressure drop due to cracks or faults in the coating layer is also considered. The insulating performance requirement for the coating material in DFLL-TBM design is proposed according to the analysis.展开更多
All-solid-state batteries offer an attractive option for developing safe lithium-ion batteries.Among the various solid-state electrolyte candidates for their applications,sulfide solid electrolytes are the most suitab...All-solid-state batteries offer an attractive option for developing safe lithium-ion batteries.Among the various solid-state electrolyte candidates for their applications,sulfide solid electrolytes are the most suitable owing to their high ionic conductivity and facile processability.However,their performance is extensively lower compared with those of conventional liquid electrolyte-based batteries mainly because of interfacial reactions between the solid electrolytes and high capacity cathodes.Moreover,the kinetic evolution reaction in the composite cathode of all-solid-state lithium batteries has not been actively discussed.Here,electrochemical analyses were performed to investigate the differences between the organic liquid electrolyte-based battery and all-solid-state battery systems.Combined with electrochemical analyses and synchrotron-based in situ and ex situ X-ray analyses,it was confirmed that inhomogeneous reactions were due to physical contact.Loosely contacted and/or isolated active material particles account for the inhomogeneously charged regions,which further intensify the inhomogeneous reactions during extended cycles,thereby increasing the polarization of the system.This study highlighted the benefits of electrochemo-mechanical integrity for securing a smooth conduction pathway and the development of a reliable homogeneous reaction system for the success of solid-state batteries.展开更多
Liquid lead-lithium (Pb-16Li) is of primary interest as one of the candidate materials for tritium breeder, neutron multiplier and coolant fluid in liquid metal blanket concepts relevant to fusion power plants. For an...Liquid lead-lithium (Pb-16Li) is of primary interest as one of the candidate materials for tritium breeder, neutron multiplier and coolant fluid in liquid metal blanket concepts relevant to fusion power plants. For an effective and reliable operation of such high temperature liquid metal systems, monitoring and control of critical process parameters is essential. However, limited operational experience coupled with high temperature operating conditions and corrosive nature of Pb-16Li severely limited application of commercially available diagnostic tools. This paper illustrates indigenous calibration test facility designs and experimental methods used to develop non-contact configuration level diagnostics using pulse radar level sensor, wetted configuration pressure diagnostics using diaphragm seal type pressure sensor and bulk temperature diagnostics with temperature profiling for high temperature, high pressure liquid Pb and Pb-16Li applications. Calibration check of these sensors was performed using analytical methods, at temperature between 380°C - 400°C and pressure upto 1 MPa (g). Reliability and performance validation were achieved through long duration testing of sensors in liquid Pb and liquid Pb-16Li environment for over 1000 hour. Estimated deviation for radar level sensor lies within [−3.36 mm, +13.64 mm] and the estimated error for pressure sensor lies within 1.1% of calibrated span over the entire test duration. Results obtained and critical observations from these tests are presented in this paper.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10085001）, and in part the U.S. Department of Energy （Contract No W-31-109-ENG-38）.
文摘This paper explores the effect of a liquid lithium curtain on fusion reactor plasma, such curtain is utilized as the first wall for the engineering outline design of the Fusion Experimental Breeder （FEB-E）. The relationships between the surface temperature of a liquid lithium curtain and the effective plasma charge, fuel dilution and fusion power production have been derived. Results indicate that under normal operation, the evaporation of liquid lithium does not seriously affect the effective plasma charge, but effects on fuel dilution and fusion power are more sensitive. As an example, it has investigated the relationships between the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity and the rise of surface temperature based on operation scenario II of the FEB-E design with reversed shear configuration and high power density. Results show that even if the liquid lithium curtain flow velocity is as low as 0.5 m/s, the effects of evaporation from the liquid lithium curtain on plasma are negligible. In the present design, the sputtering of liquid lithium curtain and the particle removal effects of the divertor are not yet considered in detail. Further studies are in progress, and in this work implication of lithium erosion and divertor physics on fusion reactor operation are discussed.
文摘In the IFMIF （International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility）, high-intensity deuteron ion beam is targeted at flowing liquid Li to produce neutron for long-time irradiation test of fusion materials. Radioactive tritium （T） will be produced as by-product of the D-Li reaction. Y hot trap is expected as an effective system to recover T from the liquid Li target loop. In the present study, absorption behavior of hydrogen isotopes in Y plates is experimentally and analytically investigated under stirring conditions of liquid Li. Experiments clarified that H2 absorption rates of solid Y immersed in Li are independent of the rotating rate in the range of 0 to 100 rpm and are in proportion to the inlet H2 concentration. The rate-determining step is H diffusion in Y. A mass-transfer coefficient is a useful parameter to correlate the overall H transfer from the gaseous phase through liquid Li to the solid Y plate. The effect of activation temperature on the overall performance when Y absorbs H is comparatively investigated. It is considered that heating at 673 K is effective to activate Y along with HF treatment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11305080,11275085)
文摘In order to investigate the temperature effect on the stopping power of liquid lithium material for keV D＋, the excitation functions of the α-particle yields for the 6Li（d,α）4He reaction in liquid lithium （495-600 K） have been measured for the bombarding energies from 50 to 70 keV by 2.5 keV steps. The observations show that the thick-target α-yield increases statistically as lithium temperature increases. These phenomena revealed that the only possible reason is a temperature effect on the stopping power, i.e., increasing temperature resulting in a lower stopping power. As the lithium temperature increased from 495 to 600 K, the energy loss of deuterons decreased about 6.7% in the energy region of E〈70 keV.
基金BRNS-BARC,Department of Atomic Energy,Govt.of India(37(2)/14/25/2015/BRNS dated 03/12/2015)for financial help to carry out the research workISRO-RESPOND(Project no.ISRO/RES/3/661/2014-15 Dated 14-07-2014)Govt.of India for financial supportVision Group of Science and Technology,Govt.of Karnataka,for the financial help under the scheme of Seed Money to Young Scientists for research activities.(SMYSR,GRD Number–498)
文摘Tin mono-sulphide（Sn S） nanoparticles（Nps） have been successfully synthesised through ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal method using hydrated tin（II） chloride as a precursor, thiourea as sulphur source precursors using 2-Methoxy ethyl methyl imidazolium methane sulfonate ionic liquid as co-solvent. The Reitveld refinement on powder X-ray diffraction（PXRD） confirmed the presence of orthorhombic Sn S structure as major phase along with traces amount of Sn S2 and Sn2 S3. Diffuse reflectance spectrum studies revealed the energy band gap around 1.38 e V. TEM images confirmed the Sn S Nps with average particle size of 40 nm and HRTEM suggest good crystallinity. The electrochemical property for lithium storage behaviour shows an initial discharge capacity of 658 m Ah/g and it retains discharge capacity of 426 m Ah/g for 16 cycles, at current density 100 m A/g. The obtained results indicate that Sn S Nps to be one of the possible promising anode materials for next generation Lithium batteries. Photoluminescence study of Sn S Nps shows a strong green emission at 530 nm. Sn S Nps were also tested for the photocatalytic adsorption of methylene blue and Rhodamine B.
文摘In this paper we report the results of combined cycle- and life-aging and abuse tests carried out under severe conditions on Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>/LiFePO<sub>4</sub> lithium-ion stacked prototypes using a PYR<sub>14</sub> FSI-LiTFSI ionic liquid electrolyte. No relevant degradation phenomena took place within ionic liquid electrolyte during prolonged inactivity period or overcharging. No fire/explosion or venting event as well as no gas development occurred during abuse tests, which led only to modest raise in temperature. Therefore, electrodes based on Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> and LiFePO<sub>4</sub> active materials can be favorably combined with non-volatile and non-flammable pyrrolidinium FSI ionic liquid electrolytes to realize highly safe lithium-ion battery systems.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB932400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51772167)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016M591169)the Shenzhen Municipal Basic Research Project,China(Grant No.JCYJ20170412171311288)
文摘Hybrid liquid/solid electrolytes（HLSEs） consisting of conventional organic liquid electrolyte（LE）, polyacrylonitrile（PAN）, and ceramic lithium ion conductor Li（1.5）Al（0.5）Ge（1.5）（PO4）3（LAGP） are proposed and investigated. The HLSE has a high ionic conductivity of over 2.25 × 10^（-3） S/cm at 25？C, and an extended electrochemical window of up to 4.8 V versus Li/Li＋. The Li｜HLSE｜Li symmetric cells and Li｜HLSE｜Li FePO4 cells exhibit small interfacial area specific resistances（ASRs） comparable to that of LE while much smaller than that of ceramic LAGP electrolyte, and excellent performance at room temperature. Bis（trifluoromethane sulfonimide） salt in HLSE significantly affects the properties and electrochemical behaviors. Side reactions can be effectively suppressed by lowering the concentration of Li salt. It is a feasible strategy for pursuing the high energy density batteries with higher safety.
基金Financial support from the NSFCs (21106103, 21276194 and 21306136)the Specialized Research Funds for the Doctoral Program of Chinese Higher Education (20101208110003, 20111208120003)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (12JCQNJC03400)Senior Professor Program for TUST (20100405)
文摘1 Introduction Salt lakes are widely distributed in the western of China,especially in the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.A series of salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin,located in Qinghai Province,China,is famous for their abundance of lithium,potassium and boron resources(Zheng et al,1988;Deng et al,2012).It is well known that the
基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.070413085)Anhui Education Department Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2006KJ264)
文摘Magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） pressure drop in the Chinese Dual Functional Liquid Lithium-lead Test Blanket Module （DFLL-TBM） proposed for ITER is discussed in this paper. Electrical insulation between the coolant channel surfaces and the liquid metal is required to reduce the MHD pressure drop to a manageable level. Insulation can be provided by a thin insulating coating, such as Al2O3, which can also serve as a tritium barrier layer, at the channel surfaces in contact with LiPb. The coating＇s effectiveness for reducing the MHD pressure drop is analysed through three-dimensional numerical simulation. A MHD-based commercial computational fluid dynamic （CFD） software FLUENT is used to simulate the LiPb flow. The effect on the MHD pressure drop due to cracks or faults in the coating layer is also considered. The insulating performance requirement for the coating material in DFLL-TBM design is proposed according to the analysis.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2021M3H4A1A02045953 and No.NRF-2021R1C1C2007797)。
文摘All-solid-state batteries offer an attractive option for developing safe lithium-ion batteries.Among the various solid-state electrolyte candidates for their applications,sulfide solid electrolytes are the most suitable owing to their high ionic conductivity and facile processability.However,their performance is extensively lower compared with those of conventional liquid electrolyte-based batteries mainly because of interfacial reactions between the solid electrolytes and high capacity cathodes.Moreover,the kinetic evolution reaction in the composite cathode of all-solid-state lithium batteries has not been actively discussed.Here,electrochemical analyses were performed to investigate the differences between the organic liquid electrolyte-based battery and all-solid-state battery systems.Combined with electrochemical analyses and synchrotron-based in situ and ex situ X-ray analyses,it was confirmed that inhomogeneous reactions were due to physical contact.Loosely contacted and/or isolated active material particles account for the inhomogeneously charged regions,which further intensify the inhomogeneous reactions during extended cycles,thereby increasing the polarization of the system.This study highlighted the benefits of electrochemo-mechanical integrity for securing a smooth conduction pathway and the development of a reliable homogeneous reaction system for the success of solid-state batteries.
文摘Liquid lead-lithium (Pb-16Li) is of primary interest as one of the candidate materials for tritium breeder, neutron multiplier and coolant fluid in liquid metal blanket concepts relevant to fusion power plants. For an effective and reliable operation of such high temperature liquid metal systems, monitoring and control of critical process parameters is essential. However, limited operational experience coupled with high temperature operating conditions and corrosive nature of Pb-16Li severely limited application of commercially available diagnostic tools. This paper illustrates indigenous calibration test facility designs and experimental methods used to develop non-contact configuration level diagnostics using pulse radar level sensor, wetted configuration pressure diagnostics using diaphragm seal type pressure sensor and bulk temperature diagnostics with temperature profiling for high temperature, high pressure liquid Pb and Pb-16Li applications. Calibration check of these sensors was performed using analytical methods, at temperature between 380°C - 400°C and pressure upto 1 MPa (g). Reliability and performance validation were achieved through long duration testing of sensors in liquid Pb and liquid Pb-16Li environment for over 1000 hour. Estimated deviation for radar level sensor lies within [−3.36 mm, +13.64 mm] and the estimated error for pressure sensor lies within 1.1% of calibrated span over the entire test duration. Results obtained and critical observations from these tests are presented in this paper.
